O N iLfU-TRAOD^I
t EQNE NEtiE CtilNIi SAN M T EQA
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« ^ _ ^GSTS. NGUYEN VAN LUAT
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dng nghe s i n xuat hien nay ma ndng dan trdng lua ndn quan tam chfnh la mdt khuyin eao mdi cua Bd Ndng nghiep va PTNT Day la vide thUe hien "Ba khdng", hay phii ap dung ky thuat nao, ap dung quy trinh cdng nghd san xuat lua den mQc nao de dat muc dich: khdng cui cay; va khdng gat lua bang tay; va khdng phdi lua.Ldi fch cua gdi ky thuat mang tfnh phong trao "Ba khdng" nay khdng chl v l kinh t l rat rd, ma ldi fch v l xa hdi cung rat Idn, cd trudng hdp ldn d i n mQc ma khdng cd ldi fch kinh t l nao cd the so sinh dupc.
Mdt bang chQng: mua cay lua d cac tinh phfa Bae rdi dung vao thing lanh nhat khi cay lua xuan, lanh d i n "phit cUdc" dd chan;
eay lua mua cung vao thing ndng nhat, ndng d i n mQc nude rudng nung nau dd chin! Cdng viec cue nhpc nay lai d l u do chj em phu nO lam, bao gdm c i eae ba chQa (ba bau), va ca cac em g i i vj thanh nien!
Cach day vai ba thap ky trd ve trudc, ngudi phu nQ Viet Nam ta thap nhd hdn bay gid, em be thi cdi epe, do suy dinh dudng la chfnh, nhung vide "cui cay" cung;;Cd anh hudng nhat djnh. Ngay mua gat lua bang tay vui thi cd vui, nhung xong mua gat la den nhem, dm nhom, bdi cdng vide that nang nhpc, that khan trUdng, dan mien Tay gpi la ddng ken.
V I lpi fch kinh t l : trong khau thu hpach:
khi cui gat bang tay tfnh ra 1 ha tdn 26 cdng; gat bang m i y r i i hang tdn 16 cdng;
gat bang may gat dap lien hdp cd mdt vai cdng. Sau thdi gian ndng nhan den mua gat yeu cau lao ddng cao dot xuat, tUa nhU "cd chai" c i n trd vide chuyen djch lao ddng tQ ndng nghiep sang cdng nghiep. "Khdng cui gat bang tay" lai la mdt trong nhQng bien phap quan trpng ed tam chiln IUdc trong, cdng cudc cdng nghiep hda nen kinh te cua dat nude. Lpi fch kinh t l ddi vdi ndng dan trdng lua cung rat rd, vl thu hpach lua bang tay tfnh ra tdn d i n 30% tdng sd dau tU trong dd hat gidng, lam dat va tieu tudi nude moi thQ chiim 10%; phan bdn 22%; thudc BVTV 12%..
Cd gidi hda vide gat lua cung giam that thoat khi thu hpach rat rd: That thoat khi thu hpach n l u lam thu cdng thi mat 4-5% s i n lupng, trdng dd khding 1,3 - 1,7% khi gat;
1,2 - 15% khi van chuyen; 1,4 - 1,8% khi tudt lua. Khi diJng m i y gat dap lien hpp mat
1-2 %, cd may dUdi 1 %, eao nhat 3%. Do ldi fch tren, d DBSCL nam 2006 cd vai chuc may gat dap lien hpp (GDLH), d i n nay cd khoang 5.000 miy, gat dupc dp 30% dien tfeh gieo trdng lua. Nhu eau v l may GDLH van cdn nhieu, ndng dan khit khao cd; va cd khd khan v l tiln bac mua miy. Bd Ndng nghiep va PTNT chl dao Vien Lua DBSCL chu tri hang nam binh ehpn may GDLH ndi va ngoai, nhilu khi ndi thang ngoai.
Cd gidi hda gieo trdng lua vdi budc di ban dau la dung dung eu gieo lua theo hang la thfeh hpp nhat. Dung cu nay dupc c h l tao theo mau m i y eua Vien Lua Qudc t l (IRRI
Q NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO DOT
Seeder), tdi da mang v l nam 1990; Vien Lua DBSCL nghien cQu sQ dung va thay ban trUdt bang banh Idng nhd; Doanh nghiep tu nhan Hoang Thang thay vat lieu vd sat bang nhUa. Viec nghien cQu xac djnh Ky thuat sQ dung, cdng vdi hai sang kiln cai tien dung cu trdn, thanh quy trinh cdng nghe dua nhanh tiln bd ky thuat sa hang bang dung cu vao s i n xuat, da dUdc Bd Ndng nghiep chfnh thQc cdng nhan nam 1989 sau Hdi nghi Khoa hpc d Da Lat. Sau dd, nhieu nUdc trdng lua nude den tham quan va mua mau may ve phat trien d nude minh. Ba con ndng dan miln Tay hudng Qng sQ dung trudc trdn cd sd md hinh dung dung cu sa hang tren hang ngan ha d tinh Tra Vinh va NT Sdng Hau khi dd. Ba con ndng dan mien Bac tuy ap dung ky thuat sa hang sau mUdi nam, nhung lai phat trien nhanh hdn.
TQ thap ky 90 da cd kit q u i nghien cQu va k i t q u i s i n xuat cho thay: so vdi sa lan tap quan d DBSCL, sa lua theo hang bang dung cu tilt kiem dupe ft nhat la 1 ta thdc, hay 1 tridu ha la 10.000 tan thdc; giim 6\J6c 1 bao ure; giam dupe vai bdn lUdt phun thudc sat trijng, lua cQng eay hdn, thu hpach de hdn.. NhOng kit q u i chfnh trong s i n xuat d i n nay, d Nam cung nhu Bac, v i n la xung quanh nhQng con sd trdn, la cd sd thuc te de ky thuat nay phat trien ben vOng. D i n nay, da cd met sd miy sa hang tuf hanh dang dupe gidi thieu vao s i n xuat, mdt ngay cd the sa dUde 3 - 5 ha lua, hien phd biln la sa bang kee tay, dupe 0,6 - 1,0 ha/ ngay.. Trd ngai chfnh che vide i p dung ky thuat sa hang d mien Tay la mat rudng chua bang phang; d mien Bac la thQa rudng nhd..
Theo thdng ke nam 2010, say lua he thu 39%, trong khi mQc dp ed gidi hda lam dat trdng lua dat 75%, tUdi lua chu ddng 85%, va gieo sa dat 20%, hay viec ed gidi hda s i n xuat lua thap nhat d khau gieo trdng, va khau say. Phdi lua ngdai trdi vQa
lam that thoat v l sd lupng, vQa lam giam chat lupng gac. Da cd k h i nhieu kieu may say, nhu loai dau tu thap ed leu say lua, loai phd biln hien nay la may say tmh vT ngang ; m i y say true dQng, may say true nam.. Nhu eau v l m i y say lua rat cao, ngay ca ddi vdi nhQng vu lua ft gap mUa luc gat, nhu vdi vu ddng xuan va vu thu ddng d DBSCL, nlu say 6\jac lua thi chat lUdng gao van tdt hdn.
Trdng mdt dip tham quan tai Malaysia, chung tdi quan sat thay: ndng dan thu hpach bang may, d td tai chuyen thing thdc mdi gat ve nha may, chang phii chd lau da cd k i t qua t)/ Id tap chat, dd am va gia mua, nhan the tfn dung. NgUdi hudng dan cho bilt, nhQng ndng dan nay khi d i n day mua gao an thi 6\Jac mua vdi gia re hdn thj trudng, ngudi ndng dan khdng phii ginh chju rat nhieu rui ro tQ sau khi thu hpach den lue b i n xong s i n pham.
Ndi Chung, "Ba khdng"; eung nhu "Mdt phai Nam giim" deu la "gdi djnh hudng ky thuat md" nham thue hien "Ba tang Ba giim", mdt gdi ky thuat md mang tfnh phong trao cd t i c dung dua nhanh ky thuat mdi vao s i n xuat. Vi la gdi ky thuat md, nen d miln Bac la "Khdng cui cay" cdn d DBSCL la "Khdng sa lan lang phi hat gidng", d l u ndn dung dung cu sa lua theo hang khi ehua cd dung cu hoac m i y mdc nao thfeh hdp hdn. ^ tudng ban dau v l gdi ky thu§t (Technical Package) la tQ cd quan qudc t l IRRI, FAO. Vl khdng the cd 1 ky thuat nao, hoac gdi ky thuat ddng nao cd the ap dung trong mpi dilu kien s i n xuat lua ndi rieng, va ndi ehung la s i n xuat ndng nghiep, nen can M 6 eho nhQng ky thuat va gidng lua thfeh hdp trong tQng dilu kien eu the.
(Opened Technical Package). Can lam t h i nao de chfnh ngudi ndng dan nam dUdc du thdng tin de chpn gidng va ky thuat dUa vao
"gdi" thue hien tren ddng rudng cua minh, vdi sU hd trp true tilp eua ein bd khuyin ndng, dUa theo dinh hudng eua eie ed quan chQc nang dja phUdng va trung Udng.
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