CHAN N U 6 ( UUNL. VAl V K ^ r i
ANH HUONG CUA TUOI GA NOI M A I LAI LEN NANG SU-AT VA CHAT LlJONG T R C N G
Um Viai Himg'- vd Ly Vd Vm Li"i'
\ g a \ nhgn bai bao: 28,0^,201 -J - \gay nhgn bai phan bicn 31AO/2019 Xga\ bai bao dupc chap nhgn dang: OS 11,2019
TOM T A T
Td'ng sd'6(X)ga mai Xoi tai Iiic 24 tuan tudi dugc bo tri de khao sat n.ing-^iKit va chat lugng tning giai dogn tir 24 den 36 tuan tud'i de danh gia sy anh hudng cua tudi Ga dugc nudi bang khau phan dinh dudng gid'ng nhau, dugc an va ud'ng nudc ty do, dupc phdng mpt so bpril-i thdng thudng gid'ng nhau. Trung ga dugc thu thgp hang ngay de tinh ty le de; dugc can khoi lugng de tinh chuyen hda thiic an va khdi lugng hung; dugc do de tinh chi so hinh dang; dugc dap rade rinh chi sd'Idng dd, chi sd'ldng trang, chi sd'Haugh va tv Ip vo tning. Ket qua khao sat cho tha'y ty le de h-ung (38,03-39,51%) va ty Ip vd triing (1 l,36-12,76"o) aia ga Ndi lai giai dogn 24-36 tuan tudi bj anh hudng bdi tudi de, nhung tud'i de cua ga Noi lai kh6ng anh hudng len khdi lugng tning (49,59-54,51 g), chuyen hda thirc Sn (2,836-2,898), chi so hinh dang (0,74-0,76), chi so long do (0,359-0,400), chi sd long h-5ng (0,065-0,076) va chi sd Haugh (76,29-79,71).
Tir khoa. Gd Not lui, tudn tudi di- vd chdi Iirgng trimg.
ABSTRACT
Effects of age of Noi crossbred hens on egg productivity and quality A lotal of 600 Noi crossbred hens with 24 weeks of age was observed to evaluate birds' egg productivity and quality hom 24 to 36 weeks of age. Experimental birds were fed by the diets containing equivalent nuhitious value, supplied and watered ad libitum; prevented common diseases. Eggs were collected every day to calculate egg laying ratio; weighed lo calculate egg weight and conversion ratio feed of eggs; measured lo calculate shape index; broken to calculate yolk index, albumin index, and Haugh index. The result showed that the laying egg ratio (38.03- 39.51%) and eggshell ratio (11.36-12.76''o) of Noi crossbred of 24-36 weeks of age were influened bv birds' age, but Noi crossbred age did not impact on egg weight (49-59-54,51 g), conversion ratio feed of egg (2.836-2.898), shape index (0.74-0.76), yolk index (0.359-0.400), albumin index (0.065-0.076), and Haugh index (76.29-79.71).
Keywords: Noi lai chicken, age of laying egg, and quality of egg.
1. B A T V A N D ^ (Nguyen Van Thudng, 2004). Vdi vd'n dau hr _, , -• - .L- • i. • J" I.- - '^ba'p, cd the tan dung dupc ngudn thiic an Chan nuoi ga tha vuem tai dong bang song .'^.. . . . .^ ^ 5 V^M mui. du
^ 1 ,r-.Dc>-i s J u ' . ^ - ' u ~ ^^ ^^' ^^ '^^'^ ^^^ *^"g 'rone vudn lhi viec Cua Lone (DBSCL), dang phat tnen manh me, .. . . , , . , . . . ^, , ° ^ H im VI^L
^...•,: . .. .,/^. . V, - M - ""Ol ga NOI cho hipu qua kinh te kha cap. Ga pho bien a cae eiong ga tha \aron nhu ga Noi, . , , . ^-' „ i . ^ ^u • i. - ^ „ - T- LI • • ou ^- I,-: - Noi hong tnrong thanh ngng 2,8-3,2kg va mai Tam Hoang, Luong Phugng, dae biet giong .^^ - ^ o oi,„ /xr - w- i,
' xi- .. -• u - u-~- u-. u- \ 1' "^"S 2,0-2,2kg (Nguyen Van Thudng, 2004), ga Not dupc nuoi pho bien nhat, duem U' Ip ,^, 43 ^^^ tudi con trdng nang 3 132g va con khoang 70% trong cac giong ga tha ^aran va ^ - ; ^ , , g 2,2165 (Nguyin Van Quyen, 2008) eodiieu huong phat tnen manh trong ea nuoc -^uy nhien, cac gid'ng ga tha vudn nay cho
Truong Dgi hpc Tra Vinh n i n g SUal t n i n g tha'p.
- Tac gia him h?: TS- Lam Thai Himg, Tnrong khoa Ni.ng p . . . . ,^. .- ... , .
nghiep-•Diiiv san, Truong Dgi hgc Tra Vinh, Email: Ithungfc _ '^^ ' ^ ° ' '^l 'a g i o n g ga d u g c lai t a o g i u a tx'uedo,™ gidng ga Not Binh Dinh va ga ban dja cua
KHKTChdn nuoi .so 254 - thdng 2 ndm 2i)20
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DBSCL. Gid'ng ga nay cd siic de khang cao, thich nghi td't vdi dieu kipn chan tha d \Tjng DBSCL va tiipn nay dugc mgt sd' hd dan nudi de lay tning. Tuy nhien, nang sua't tning khdng cao va cd the thay ddi do tudi de, do dd viec nghien ciiu "Anh hudng oia tuoi ga mai Ndi lai len nang sua't va chat lugng tning"
nham danh gia miie dg anh hudng cua tud'i de Ien nSng sua't va cha't lupng Ining ga Ndi lai la can thie't.
2. VAT U £ U VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN ClIU 2.1. Vat lipu
Thi nghiem duge rie'n hanh tgi trang hai ga de ciia cac nong hp lai xa Long Diic, huyen Chau Thanh, rinh Tra Vinh tren ga Ndi mai Iai, bi thang 01/2019 den thang 05/2019.
2.2. Phuong phap
Thi nghipm dugc bo tri nham theo doi tren 600 con ga Ndi mai lai bat dau la 24 tuan tudi de so sanh sy khac bipt ve nang sua't va chat Iupng trting giii'a cac tuan de hong giai dogn 24-36 tuan tud'i (12 luan de). Ga dugc riem phdng mgl sd' bpnh tiiudng gap theo dling quy trinh thu y. Ga dupc nudi hen nen xi mang vdi dipn rich 180m- va nen duge Idt bang ldp trau.
Ga thi nghipm dugc nudi bang khau phan vdi gia hi dinh dudng 17,5% CP, 2.700 kcal/
kg ME, 0,9% lysine, 0,7% (methionin+cystein), 8% xo thd 3-4,5% Ca, 0,5-1,2% P vdi dg am 14%. Ga dugc an va ud'ng nudc ty do.
Cae chi rieu theo doi gom: ly le de, chuyen hda thlic an, khd'i lupng tning, chi so' hinh dang, chi so long dd, dii so long trang, chi so Haugh va ty Ip vd tning.
Tning dugc thu gom va dugc de'm so Iupng hong 24 gid (hr 16 gid 30 phiit ngay hom trudc de'n 16 gid 30 phiit ngay hdm sau) de rinh l\' Ip de bang cdng thuc:
Ty Ip de (%) = Tdng so' tning de ra trong 24 gid * 100/Tdng s6' mai cd mat lrong 24 gid.
Tieu td'n thuc an (g thuc an/g tning) = long lugng thlic an (g)/l6ng khd'i lupng hung (g).
Sau do, chgn ngau nhien 120 tning de
can tinh khd'i lugng tning trung binh hang ngay. Dung thudc kep de do dudng kinh ldn va dudng kinh nhd de tinh chi so hinh dang.
Tie'p tyc chgn ngau nhien 12 tning trong 120 tning, tning dupc dap de tinh chi so long dd, chi so' long trang va chi so Haugh cua tning.
Cac chi tieu chat lugng tning dugc xac dinh bing cdng thirc:
Chi so hinh dang = Dudng kinh nhd quit tning/Dudng kinh ldn qua tning.
Chi so long dd = Chieu cao long dd (mm)/
Dudng kinh ldng dd (mm).
Chi so long hSng dgc 2H*(mm)/
D+m*(mmJ; Trong dd: H Id chicn cao long trang dgc, D Id dirdng kinh ldn long trang dge.
Chi sd Haugh=1001og*(h-l,7*M*0,37+7,6);
Trong do, h: ehien cao long trang, M: kboi hrang trimg.
2.3. Xir Iy sd lipu
So lipu dugc xu Iy so bp bang phan mem Excel 2010 va dugc xu ly thd'ng ke bing One- way ciia Minilab 13.2 (2000) va so sanh muc dp khac bipt y nghia ciia cae tuan bang Tukey d miic 0,05.
3. K£T QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Anh hudng cua tudi ga Noi mai lai Ien ty Ie de va chuyen hda thiic an
Bang 1 eho tha'y t\' Ie de tning ciia ga Ndi lai bi anh hudng cd v nghia thd'ng ke d cac tuan de (P<0,01), trong dd d tuan tudi 24 lhi ly Ip de tning ciia ga Ndi lai Ia tha'p nha't (38,04%), sau dd ty Ie de lang dan va dat cao nha't de'n luan 36 (39,4%). Ddi vdi ga sinh san lhi ty Ip de la chi tieu the hien kha nang de tning trong sud't thdi gian san xua't tning, nd cung la ehi rieu quan trgng danh gia site san xua'l cua mgt gid'ng ga. Ty le de cang cao va thdi gian dinh diem cang keo did thi cang cd Igi cho nha chan nudi- Ty le de cua ga Ndi Iai dao dpng trong khoang 38,03-39,51% d cac tuan de d nghien Clin nay tha'p hon ke't qua cua Tran Thi Mai Phuong va Le Thi Bien (2007) khi nghien ciin ve dgc diem gid'ng ga Ac giai dogn 13 tuan ludi eho ty Ip de 40,8%; cua Lun Hiiu Manh
"dm 2020
C H A N hiOOi L^s
va et\ (2014) khi nghien ctiu anh hudng cua nang lugng va protein len nang sua't de cua ga Ae giai dogn 14-25 hian tudi cho t\- Ie de la 49,35-53,04".,-
O giai dogn 24-29 tuan hidi, t\- Ip de la 38,03-38,67"o, de'n giai dogn 30-36 tuan ludi tang len 39,03-39,51",>- Theo Bin Hun Doan va ctv (2009) 6 giai doan pha I ga de d thdi ky dinh cao, dgc biet tuan 30-32 cd the dgt tdi 95-97%. Trong khi dd, t\' le de tning cua ga Ndi nudi tgi Ben Tre giai dogn 23-29 tuan tud'i la 30,9% (1 e Phat Dgt, 2013) thap hon kel qua nay 6 24-36 tuan tudi cho tv Ip de trung binh la 38,57o. Theo Bui Him Doan va etv (2011), hidi gia cam cd lien quan chgt che deh san lugng tning, o ga san lugng gia cam tang dan theo ludi, nhung nang sua't trung binh d nam thir hai giam 15-20% so vdi ning sua't tning ga d nam thii nha't.
Bang 1. Anh hudng ciia tuoi len ty Ie de, FCR
•, 2011). Tuy nhien, ket qua o bang iclio len hp HO
Tuan tuoi 24 25 26 27 2S 29 311 31 32 33 34 35 36 P
Tyl«de (•'.,) 38,04'^), 127 38.10^,173 38.03-^1.206 38,40=±0,129 38.6fr±0,115 38,67^0,111 39,03''±0,320 39,30*±0,191 39,51 •Ht0,090 39,40^,100 39,46*10,113 39.51-±0,157 39,40^.082 0,001
FCR (>; TA/g trung) 2,S^)4±0,02S 2,892±0,04S 2,S82±0,034 2,847+0,069 2,836±0,02t;
2,870±0,012 2,883+0.060 2,S26±0,075 2,864±0,075 2,898±0,090 2,880lfl,089 2,876+0,107 2,886+0,076 0,675
Ghi cbu: Cdc gid trt trung binh cimg cgt mang cbt'r so mii kbac nhau la sat khdc co y nghta thong ke (P<0,05j.
Tieu ton thiic an la chi rieu quan hpng trong chan nudi gia cam, dac biel la chan nudi gia cam theo hudng cdng nghiep. Dya vao TTTA va NS mdi dan gia cam thi ehi phi thiic an eho mgt don vi sau pham chan nudi dugc the hien va Kr dd rinh dugc hieu qua cua ehan nudi. Vl vgv, TTTA ed v nghTa ra't quan hgng trong nghien cun ciing nhu trong san xua't cua nganh ehan nudi gia cam {Biii Hun Doan
tha'y tudi de cua ga khdng anh huong ehuyen hda thiic an trong giai dogn 24-. 6 hidi (P>0,05).
3.2. Anh hudng cda ludi ga Ndi mai lai Ien chat Iugng trang
hinli 'jl chi Khdi lugng (KL) trung, chi^ -'^'^
dang, chi so Idng do, ehi sd ldng trang ^ sd Haugh dugc trinh bay o bang 2 cho thay khdng cd su khae bipl v nghia thdng ke a cac hian hidi khac nhau (P>0,05). O giai dogn 24- 36 hian tudi, KL triing dao dgng 49,59-54,51 g/trimg, cao hon ket qua \'e KL trimg ga Ndi hen nghien ciiu cua Le Phat Dgt (2013) la 39,2 g/trung va ciia Nguyen Van Quyen (2008) la 38,1 ^/trimg. Tuy nhien, Zita va ctv (2013) Igi cho rang tudi de gia cam la mgt trong nhieu ye'u id anh hudng den kich cd va KL tn'mg.
Nhieu tac gia cung cho ring KL tning tang len va dgt cao nha't khi tud'i gia cam d ky sinh Siin cudi ciing (Nazhgul va ctv, 2001; Orhan va ctv, 2001). Kel qua nghien cim ciia Padhi va ctv (2013) cung cho tha'y KL trung tang len rii tuan tudi 28 {47,6g) den 52 (61,7g) va sau dd duy tri dn dinh d 72 luan tud'i.
Khd'i Iugng triing va KL vd hung deu tuong quan ducmg vdi chat lugng tru'ng (Nasr va ctv, 2015), do hai ye'u to nay deu cai thipn hau het cae chi tieu ve cha't lugng tning. Trong nghien eiin nay, KL vd tning tang theo tudi de va gia hj nay cao htm 0,2-0,4g so nghien Clin cua Nasr va ctv (2015) va cung cao hon 2,0-4,5% so vdi cac bao cao ciia Hrncar va ctv (2014), Alasahan va ctv (2015) va Hanusova va etv (2016). Su gia tang KL vd tni'ng trong giai doan de cd the phan anh su gia tang KL trung do thdi gian sinh san dai han va tning cd KL ldn hon.
Chi so hinh dang la chi rieu lien quan de'n sy can dd'i giiia chieu dai va chieu rgng eiia qua tning, chi so nay anh huong de'n kha nang a'p nd cua tning cung nhu kha nang chiu dung khi van chuyen. Ket qua khao sat chp tha'y d giai dogn 24-36 tuan tuoi cua ga Ndi lai ed chi sdhinh dang (0,74-0,76), cao htm ca chi so hinh dang tning theo ke't qua nghien
KHKTChdn nudi .so 254 - ihdni/ 'lam 2020
CHAN NUOI DQNG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
aiu ciia Nguyin Diic Hung (2006) d miic 73- 74%. Trung ga cd chi so hinh dang 73-74% la thich hgp, cd ty Ip dap vd tha'p nhat hong qua trinh bao quan, van chuyen va cho ty le ap nd cao. Theo Vd Ba Thg (1996), tning td't la nhiing tning cd chi so hinh dang 65-75%. Ke't qua
nghien ciiu cua Padhi va ctv (2013) cho thay chi s6' hinh dang cua tning khdng khac biet d tudi de khac nhau. Tumova va Gous (2012) Cling cho rang chi so hinh dang tning gid'ng nhau khi quan sat tren ga mai nudi gid'ng.
Bang 2: Anh hudng cua dp tudi ga Noi Iai Ien chat Iupng tning Tuan tuoi
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 P
KL tnin^
51,21+4,74 51,83±2,89 54,51+2,01 51,73+4,34 51,27+5,04 51,89±2,11 51,01±3,01 5],69±2,25 51,30±2,76 49,59+2,96 50,80±3,27 52,00±2,2]
50,36±2,48 0,584
CS hinh dan^
0,75±0,01 0,76±0,02 0,74+0,02 0,76±O,O2 0,76±0,01 0,7S±0,0I 0,76±0,01 0,75±0,01 0,75±0,01 0,75±0,02 0,75±0,01 0,75±0,01 0,75±0,02 0,516
Chi so long do 0,359±0,023 0,380±0,020 0,396±0,025 0,394±0,053 0,400±0,024 0,3S4±0,02 0,400+0,017 0,387+0,027 0,370±0.023 0,384±O.014 0,379±0,023 0,376±0,019 0,377+0,025 0,138
Chi so long trang 0,074±0,008 0,065±0,009 0,069+0,010 0,071+0.011 0,076+0,005 0,075+0,005 0,072+0.005 0,076±0,006 0,071±0,004 0,076±0,005 0,071±0,003 0,073±0,004 0,073+0,004 0,196
Chi so Haugh 78,86±3,24 76,43±4,35 77,71+.5,12 77,57±3,59 7S,57±2,57 79.71 ±2,69 7S,43±2,(>4 78,29+3,25 77,57+2,51 79,29±3,35 76,29+3,30 77,00±2,45 77,57±3,65 0,781
Ti U vo 12,55-''±1,06 12,59'''±1,07 12,06''''±0,49 12,76*10,75 11,66''''±1,06 11,78'*'±0,59 11,86'''±0,75 11,69'*'±0,54 11,88°''±0,60 12,04''''±0,76 11,25'''±0,86 11,36'''±0,68 11,63">'±0,80 0,011 Chi s6'16ng dd cua tning ga d nghien cuu
nay la 0,359-0,400 trong hian hidi 24-36 va ke't qua nay tu'ong ducmg vdi ke't qua nghien ciiu cua Padhi va cb/ (2013) d miie 0,37-0,43, nhung Igi cao hon ke't qua nghien ciiu cnia Chatterjee va ctv (2007) and Rajkumar va ctv (2009). Ket qua nay ciing phii hgp vdi nghien aiu cua Phimg Diic Tie'n va ctv (2007) vdi chi SP long dd d miic 0,41 klii nghien ciin hen ga lai giua ga Ac Viet Nam va ga Ac Thai Hda, nhung tha'p hon so vdi nghien eiin cua Tran Thi Hoan (2013) khi bd sung 6% bpt la khoai mi cho ga Luong Phugng eho chi sd' long do la 0,46 va cung tha'p hem so vdi ke't qua cua Tran Kim Nhan va elv (2010) vdi chi so Idng do 0,45 hen ga lai giiia ga VCN-G15 vdi ga Ai Cgp. Tuy nhien, nghien ciiu ciia Padhi va cl\' (2013) lgi cho thay chi sd'hinh dang cua trung lgi thay ddi d tuan tuoi 28 de'n 40 nhung tuan tudi 40-72 thi khdng tha'y sy khac biet.
Chi so' Idng tring cua tning ga Ndi lai trong nghien ciiu nay la 0,065-0,076, tha'p hon nghien aiu ciia Padhi va cb/ (2013) d miic 0,08-0,10. Chi so long tring theo nghien ciin
cua Padhi va etv (2013) edn cho tha'y ed su khac biel ed y nghia thd'ng ke va chi sd' nay giam luc ga 72 tuan tudi. Dong thdi, ke't qua cua Rajkumar va ctv (2009) ehng cho tha'y chieu cao cua long h i n g giam va dp rpng cua long hang lgi tang khi ga de cang gia.
Chi so Haugh dugc dimg de danh gia chat lugng tning va tning ed chat lugng eao khi chi so' nay cang eao, Chi sd' Haugh theo nghien ciin nay cho tha'y khdng khac biet cd y nghia d nhung do tudi khac nhau. Tuy nhien, nghien cun ciia Padhi va ct\' (2013) Igi cho tha'y chi so Haugh khac biel d tud'i de khac nhau. Chi so Haugh giam d cuo'i chu ki de ciia Niranjan va ct\' (2008); Rajkumar va ctv (2009) va Tumova va Gous (2012). Ke't qua ngliien a i u nay cd chi so Haugh tha'p hon so vdi ket qua cua Tran Kim Nhan va ctv (2010) khi nghien oin tning ga lai giiia ga VCN-G15 vdi gil Ai Cap d ca 2 cdng thuc lai VGA (mai VCN-15 X trd'ng Ai Cap) va AVG (trdng VCN- 15 X mai Ai Cap) cho chi so Haugh lan lupt la 90,79 va 90,19. Tuy nhien ket quit nay lai cao hem so vdi nghien oin cua Dd Vd Anh
7 2020
C H . \ N N U O i t J y N o v.^i
Khn.i (2013) khi nghien ciiu hen tning ga Tau vang d cimg giai dogn la 67,1 nhung tha'p hem nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Ba Mui va Phgm Kim Dang (2016) khi nghien ciiu tren tning ga Ri va eon lai (Ri-5asso x Lupng Phugng) lan lugt la 80,9 v'a 81,56.
Ty le vo tning ga Ndi Iai khae bipt cd y nghia thdng ke (P<0,05) d nhiing tuan tud'i de khac nhau. \ o tning cung la chi rieu quan trgng de danh gia chat lugng tning xi nd cd the anh hudng tryc tie'p tning trong qua trinh bao quan \'a van chuyen. Ket qua nghien ciiu nay phii hgp \di ket qua nghien ciiu ciia Padhi va etv (2013) vdi dp dav vo tning tang len khi tudi de tang len.
4. K ^ L U A N
Tudi de ciia ga Ndi lai anh huang len ty Ip de va ty Ip vo tning, nhung khdng anh huong len kh6i lugng tning, ehi so hinh dang, chi so ldng dd, chi sd'ldng tring va chi sd'Haugh.
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Vet. Sci., 31 :.13-24
2. C h a t t c i i e c R.N., Rai R.B, K u n d u A, S e n a n a i S. a n d J a i S u n d e r (2007) Egg qualilv traits of i n d i g e n o u s breeds of chicken of A n d a m a n , Indi'an Vel ].,84' 206-08- 3. Lc Phat D a t (2013) Khao sat dgc d i e m sinh h o c va n a n g
suat sinh san ciia giong ga Noi 6 Ben Tre, Luan van Dai hpc, Trucmg Dgi h p c Can T h o .
4. Biii H u u D o a n , N g u y e n Thi Mai va H o a n g T h a n h (2009) Ciao trinh chan nuoi gia cam, Nxb Nong Nghi&p.
5. Biii Hihi Doan, N g u y e n Thj M a i , N g u y e n T h a n h S o n va N g u y e n H u y Dat (2011) Cac chi tieu d u n g trong nghien cuu than nuoi gia cam, Nvb N o n g nghiep. Ha Noi, 6. H a n u s o v a E., H m c a r C , H a n u s A. a n d Oravcova M .
(2016). Egg traits m !.ip.inL-.L' quails, A d a Fytotech.
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7. Tran Thi H o a n (2013) \ g h i e n c u u trong s i n thu la va Sll d u n g I'l'l la s-an trong chan nuoi ga thil va ga bo m ? Lupng riiiiiiiv,; 1 ii.ji' an Tien si, Truong Dai h p c N o n g Lam rh.ii \ v ; i u e n
8. H m c a r C , H.inusoi j E., H a n u s A., a n d Bujko J. (2014), 1 UfCl of genot\'pe on egg q u a i m ' characlenshcs o l l.ip.iiiese quail (Cotiiniu (flfniiiico), Slovak ] .Amm Sci-, 47 0-11
t . N g u \ e n D u e H u n g (2006) G u o t n n h d w n nui'i gia cam tri«mg dgi hi,ic H u e , N \ b \ i ) n g \ g h i c p . Ha Npi.
10. D o Vo A n h Khoa 2013) Anh h u o n g cua khoi l u p n g t r u n g va chi -.' I- nh d a n g len tv 1§ ap nir v.i thong so' t r u n g ga T.iu vang, T g p chi KH, Dai h p c Can Tho, 26 12-lS
11. L u u Hihi M a n h , T r u o n g v i n •**"""•-. l^.-nh SuW"S Xuan D u n g , D o n g T h a n h Lpc vJ N i;>' 1 hi ^' ^^^^^
(2014). Anh h u t m g cua cac m u c d o -lanp l">"'f^ .^ j , , s u a ! sinh san \ a chat l u v n g t r i m g cua f;-" • ' '
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