NONG NGHIEP-NONG THON
Phaong phap danh gia hieu biet v a icy nang cua hp nong dan: trudng hpp chan nuoi Ipn quy mo Idn
6 mot so tinh mien Bac Viet Nam
HOANG V U QUANG
J d i viet trinh bdy khdi niem ve nong ddn chuyen nghiep, nhiing yeu cdu ddi vdi ndng
* ddn chuyen nghiip, phUdngphdp ddnh gid hieu bii't, ky ndng cua hd chan nuoi Idn, kit qud ddnh gid thitc te'vdi cdc hg chdn nudi Idn quy md Idn d mdt sdtinh miiii Bac. Bdi viet ciing chi rd mgt sdhgn chi'vd hUdng cdi thien phUdng phdp cung nhU cdc chu de nghien ciiu gdn vdi viic ddnh gid hieu biet vd ky ndng cua hg nong ddn.
Tii khda: ndng ddn ehuyen nghiep, trang trai, tieu chi, chi so', ky ndng, chdn nudi Idn.
1. D a t v a n d e
Kha nang cua ngUdi ndng dan cd vai trd quan trong trong n a n g cao hieu qua san xua't ndng nghiep. Su hi^u biet va ky n a n g td't khuyen khich nong dan md rong quy md san xuat, ap dung eac tien bd ky t h u a t , cdng nghe cao vao san xua't ndng nghiep, qua dd giam rui ro san xua't, giam gia t h a n h , t a n g nang sua't va t a n g ldi n h u a n (Erin 2004, Dao Quye't T h a n g 2018, P h a m Le Thdng va edng sU 2011). Ho ndng d a n ed k i n h nghiem san xua't ciing tao t h u a n ldi eho doanh nghiep lien ke't san xua't va bao tieu san ph^m (Hoang Vu Quang va edng sU, 2017).
So'ludng hp ndng d a n cua Viet Nam dang tid'p tuc giam (Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke, 2018) do nhu cau lao ddng phi ndng nghiep tang, da't san xua't ngay cang giam, trong k h i viec ap dung tie'n bd ky t h u a t hien dai vao san xua't ngay mot tang lam t a n g n a n g sua't lao dong ndng nghiep... Nhieu hd dUdc p h a n loai nhU hd nong dan nhUng san xua't ndng nghiep khong cdn la hoat ddng sinh ke chu ye'u eiia hd nUa- do ddng gdp tii ndng nghiep cua hd vao t h u nhap tha'p va thdi gian lao dong gia dinh danh cho san xua't ndng nghiep cung r a t it. Trong bd'i canh hdi n h a p kinh te qud'e te va sU p h a t trien n h a n h eua khoa hoc edng nghe thi mot nen ndng nghiep hien dai can phai ed ndng dan chuyen nghiep. P h a t
trien ndng d a n chuyen nghiep dUdc coi la mpt giai p h a p de n a n g cao hieu qua hoat ddng san xua't ndng nghiep cua Viet Nam trong bd'i canh t a i cd ca'u ndng nghiep hien n a y (Thu t u d n g C h i n h p h u , 2013). Tuy nhien, chUa ed k h a i niem ve ndng dan chuyen nghiep ciing nhU ehUa ed tieu chi ve hieu biet, ky n a n g nao cdn t h i e t cho ndng d a n ehuyen nghiep.
Mpt sd' n g h i e n etiu da tien h a n h d a n h gia cha't lUdng ngudn n h a n lue, t u y n h i e n cae nghien eiiu n a y chu ye'u d a n h gia cha't lUdng ngudn n h a n lUe t r o n g eac linh vUc phi ndng nghiep n h u can bd cac cd q u a n dich vu cdng, cae doanh nghiep. Cha't lUdng nguon n h a n lUc trong eae nghien ciiu n a y t h u d n g dUdc d a n h gia t r e n 3 k h i a canh la t r i lUc, th^ lUc va t a m lUc. Cac k h i a e a n h n a y v l cd ban p h a n a n h t r i n h do, kie'n thiic, ky nang, siic khde va t h a i dp lam viec eua nhiing lao ddng di lam t h u e . Trong khi dd, hg ndng dan viia la ngudi t r u e tiep lam viec, la ngUdi trUc tie'p q u a n ly t r a n g t r a i va dUa r a cac quyet dinh lien q u a n de'n san xua't kinh doanh cua t r a n g t r a i . Do vay, hp can ed nhiing ky n a n g k h a e niia ngoai kid'n thiie, ky n a n g ky t h u a t san xua't.
Hoang Vii Quang, TS., Vidn Chinh sach va chie'n luoc phat trign nflng nghiep n6ng th6n.
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PhUtfng phap dang gid hieu biet.
2. Phufdng phap danh gia hieu biet va ky nang cua ho chan nudi Idn 2.1. Tieu chi nong ddn chuyen nghiep Mdt each ap dung ehung nha't hien nay ve hp ndng nghiep la hp cd boat ddng san xua't nong nghiep. Trong thiic te' cd hd ndng nghiep nhtUig ngudn t h u n h a p tii boat ddng san xuat hoac thdi gian lam viec cua lao ddng gia dinh trong ndng nghiep chid'm ty trong r^t thgp.
Cac hp ndng nghiep ed ngudn thu n h a p chu yeu hoac p h i n Idn thdi gian lam vide ciia lao dong gia dinh trong san xua't nong nghiep thudng la eac hp ed quy md san xua't d trang trai hoac gia trai. Ngoai ra, nhieu hp ciing thue lao dpng de thiic hien cac boat ddng san xua't ndng nghigp - dd cd the la lao ddng nong nghiep chuyen nghidp hoac lao ddng ndng nghiep thdi vu.
Hien nay, khai niem ndng dan ehuyen nghiep hay dude nhdn dd'n, nhung ehUa cd khai niem chinh thiic ve ndng dan ehuyen nghidp nen t h u a t ngfl nay dang dUdc sxi dung de noi ve ea 2 trudng hdp la mdt lao ddng ndng nghiep chuyen nghiep va mdt hd ndng dan chuyen nghiep (tuy theo bdi eanh). Chiing tdi de xua't khai niem ve hd ndng dan chuyen nghiep nhu sau: "Hd ndng dan chuyen nghiep la hp cd ngudn t h u n h a p chu yeu tii ndng nghiep hoac p h a n Idn thdi gian lao ddng eua ho lam viec trong Knh vuc ndng nghiep, cd kie'n thiie, ky nang chuySn sau vd ky t h u a t san xuat ndng nghiep, quan tri trang trai va ed kha nang thich iing vdi sii t h a y doi cua mdi trudng de van h a n h hieu qua hoat ddng san xua't kinh doanh eiia hd." Khai niem nay dUde s^ dung lam can cii de danh gia hieu bie't va kie'n thUc cua hd ndng dan trong nghien ciiu cua chung tdi. Hd san xua't ndng nghiep viia la ngudi thUc Men p h i n Idn cac thiic h a n h san xuat ndng nghiep, ddng thdi la ngUdi quan ly trang trai va dUa ra cac quye't dinh hen quan den boat ddng cua trang trai. De boat ddng hieu qua, hd ndng dan can ed: (i) ky nang quan ly cae thuc h a n h san xua't; (ii) ky nang quan ly tai chinh; (iii) ky nang quan ly san xua't kinh doanh chung; (iv) thai do va ky nang dUa r a
quydt dinh (Michael va cdng sU, 2000). Ngoai ra, boat dpng eiia hp chiu anh hudng bdi mdi trudng xung quanh nhU did'u kien t u nhien, thi trudng va chi'nh sach cua Nha nude va mdi trudng nay khdng ngufng thay dd'i. Vi vSy, de hoat ddng san xua't kinh doanh cua hp ed hieu qua ben viing, thi hd khdng chi hieu biet ve ky thuat ma e i n ed ca hieu biet ve thi trudng va chinh sach eua Nha nude. Cd the r u t r a 5 tieu chi phan anh dae trUng cua mdt hd ndng dan chuyen nghiep nhU sau:
- Hoat ddng san xuat nong nghiep mang lai ngudn t h u n h a p chii ye'u eho hd hoac phan Idn lao dpng cua hd danh cho boat ddng san xua't ndng nghiep;
- Cd hieu bie't va cd ky nang thiic hanh chuyen sau ve san xuat ndng nghiep. Hieu bie't va ky nang ehuyen sau phan anh miie dp hieu bie't td't va t h a n h thao thUe hanh san xua't mpt linh vUe san xuat ndng nghiep cu the, vi du n h u mdt loai eay trong, vat nudi;
- Cd hieu bie't td^ va ed ky nSng quan tri td't trang trai/ed sd san xuat ndng nghiep nhU bie't xay dung chie'n lUde phat trien/ke' hoach hang nam, phan tich kinh t e c a c hoat ddng san xua't ndng kinh doanh, bidt quan tri rui ro (rui ro trong san xuat, riii ro thi trudng...);
- Cd kien thiic thi trUdng nhU bie't each tie'p can ngudn thdng tin, diin bidn thi tnidng, bie't xay diing ke hoach tieu t h u san ph^m, vai trd cua lien ke't (chuoi gia tri, hdp tae xa...);
- Hieu bie't cac quy dinh va chinh saeh cua Nha nude ddi vdi hd va boat dpng san xuSft ndng nghiep cua ho nhU quy dinh ve d n h i l m mdi trudng, s\t dvmg chat ca'm, sii dung lao ddng tre em, bien dd'i khi thai nha kinh, chinh saeh ho trd...
Ngay nay, eae hd ndng nghiep ed nguon t h u ehu ye'u tii boat ddng san xua't ndng nghiep hoac p h i n Idn thdi gian lam viee trong linh vue ndng nghidp thudng la cd hd ed quy md san xua't Idn d mlic trang trai hoac gia trai.
Tii khai niem va cae tieu ehi eua hd ndng dan ehuyen nghiep neu tren, danh gia hieu biet va ky nang eiia hd ndng nghiep bao gdm Nghiin cdu Kmh tes&8(483} - Thing 8/2018
69
Phaang phdp ddng gid hieu biet...
danh gia ve: (i) ky t h u a t san xua't ndng nghiep; (ii) quan tri trang trai; (iii) kie'n thiie thi trUdng va (iv) ehinh sach cua Nha nUdc.
2.2. Tieu chi ddnh gid hieu bie't vd ky ndng cua hg chdn nuoi lOn
Hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep ra't da dang va moi nganh ddi hdi nhflng kid'n thiic, thiic hanh san xu^tt rieng, eung nhU ed nhiing dae thu ve thi tnidng, quy dinh va ehinh sach cua Nha nUde. Hieu bie't va ky nang cua hd ehan nudi Idn dUdc danh gia theo 8 true gdm:
(a) True chuong nuoi vd may moc True nay danh gia hieu bie't va ky nang eua hd thdng qua 3 tieu chi la: chuong nudi Idn, cdng nghe xtf ly chat thai chan nudi va may mdc phuc vu chSn nudi Idn. Cd 13 chi sd' phan anh hieu bie't va ky nang ciia hp ve thiet ke chuong nudi, vi tri dat chuong nudi, ldi ieh eua chuong kin, cac loai cdng nghe sii dung trong xii ly eha't thai chan nudi, cac loai may mdc, he thdng didu khien t u ddng ve nhiet dp, dp ^m, eung cap thiic an, nUde udng,
(b) True dinh dUdng vd thdc dn cho Idn Cd 18 chi sd' dfldc s\l dung de danh gia 3 tieu chi cua trflc nay la: (i) nhu cau dinh dfldng ciia Idn; (ii) xay dung kh^u p h i n thfle an cho Idn; (iii) cha't Ifldng thflc an eho Idn.
True nay phan anh hieu biet va ky nang cua hp ve: nhu e l u thflc an, nfldc ud'ng ciia Idn d moi giai doan phat trien, eac trieu chflng rm loan dinh dUdng, liia chon thflc an phu hdp va kha nang xay dUng kh^u p h i n thfle an phu hdp nhu cau dinh dfldng cua Idn d mdi giai doan, cac loai thfle an va each thflc bao quan, each thfle nhan biet thfle an khdng dam bao va eae loai chat ca'm sil dung trong ehan nudi Idn.
(c) Trtic ve sinh, thu y
Hidu bie't va ky nang eua hd chan nudi ve ve sinh, thu y dUdc danh gia qua 6 tieu chi gdm: (i) ve sinh, khii triing; (ii) nguyen nhan gay b§nh va tiem phdng; (iii) kha nang phat hien Idn bi benh; (iv) k h a nang chfla benh cua Idn; (v) hieu bie't ve thud'c t h u y; (vi) thflc hanh tiem cho Idn.True nay phan a n h hieu bidu bie't va ky nang cua hd chan nudi ve: cdng tae ve
sinh, tieu doe, khfl t r d n g khu chSn nudi, may mdc, dung eu sxt dung trong chan nudi; eac loai benh do vi n i t , vi k h u ^ n gay ra; cac loai vaccine va thdi d i i m e i n tiem phdng; trieu chiing, nguyen n h a n va each thflc dieu tri mdt so benh phd bie'n d Idn; k h a nang phat hien Idn bi dm va dieu tri benh; tay giun san cho Idn;
nguyen tae sii dung thuoc t h u y, nguyen nhan gay r a tac dung cong ddn, ddi khang cua cac loai thud'c t h u y; danh muc cae loai thuQc bi ca'm...
(d) True phdi gio'ng vd sinh sdn True nay danh gia hieu bidt va ky nang cua hd ve va'n de phdi gidng va sinh san eua Idn thdng qua 4 tieu chi la: (i) mdi quan he gifla dac di^m sinh hoc va nang sua't thit, nang sua^t sinh san cua Idn; (ii) ddng due cua Idn va t h u tinh n h a n tao; (iii) Idn nai chiia, de; (iv) cham sdc Idn con sd sinh. Cu the, true nay danh gia hieu biet va ky nang cua hd ve: Ifla chpn Idn de phdi gid'ng eho Idn ed nang su^t, eh^t Ifldng thit eao; k h a nang phat hien Idn ddng due, thdi diem t h u tinh thich hdp, kha nang ciia hd trong viee t h u tinh n h a n tao, kha nang n h a n bie't thdi diem Idn de, hd trd Idn de va xrt 1^ tinh huong Idn khd de; k h a n5ng cua hp flng dung mdt sd' cdng nghe cao nhfl edng nghd Ilia chpn gidi tinh Idn, edng nghd gay ddng due h a n g loat, k h a nang cham sdc va dieu tri benh eho Idn eon sd sinh.
(e) True kie'n thdc thi trUdng
True nay danh gia hieu biet cua hd ehan nudi ve: (i) eac kenh tieu t h u san ph^m. Cac kenh, tae n h a n va yeu cau eua mdi tac nhan ddi vdi chat lUdng Idn, khd k h a n va ldi ich cua cac hinh thfle hdp tac, lien ket vdi doanh nghiep; (ii) yeu to a n h hudng de'n gia Idn va tieu t h u san p h i m ; (iii) k h a nang cua ho trong tim kiem thi trudng tieu t h u san pham.
(f) True qudn tri tdi chinh
Hieu bie't va ky n a n g quan tri tai chinh eua hd chan nudi dUdc danh gia qua 3 tieu chi la:
(i) k h a nang huy ddng vd'n d i u tfl de phat trien ehan nudi Idn. Tieu chi nay phan anh k h a nang lap ke' hoach, dii an d i u tu, kha nang huy ddng cae ngudn vd'n; (ii) k h a nang
70 Nghien aiu Kmh Ies6 8(483) - Thing 8/2018
Phuong phap ddng gid hieu biet...
nang cao hieu qua kinh te' chan nudi Idn. Tieu chi nay danh gia k h a nkng cua hd tim Idem eac yen td' d i u vao vdi gia t h a p hdn, k h a nang ban san pham vdi gia eao hdn, cae bien phap ap dung de giam chi phi san xu^t; (iii) k h a nang quan ly tai chinh. Tieu chi nay k h a nang cua hd ve bach toan hieu qua kinh te', ghi ehdp Iflu trfl t h u ehi,..
(g) Triic qudn tri lao ddng
True nay p h a n a n h hieu bie't va ky nang quan tri lao ddng eiia hd chan nudi Idn va dUde danh gia qua 3 tieu chi la (i) hieu bie't ve quy dinh ciia Nha nfldc ve sii dung lao ddng thue, quy dinh ve ve sinh an toan lao ddng; (ii) an toan lao ddng. The hien hieu bie't ve cac riii ro trong ehan nudi Idn va k h a nang sd ca'p eiiu, xxi \S trong riii ro, cac bien p h a p phdng ngfla rui ro; (iii) sfl dung lao ddng hieu qua nhfl thdi diem t h u e lao dpng phii hdp, bd' t r i lao ddng HINH 1: Sc* do cac t r u e v a t i e u chi d a n h gia
thue mUdn phu hdp dd nang eao hieu qua.
(h) True hieu biet ve quy dinh vd chinh sdch cud Nhd nUdc
Hieu bie't cua hd v l eac quy dinh cua Nha nfldc va ehinh sach eua Nha nfldc doi vdi hd chan nudi va hoat ddng ehan nudi Idn dfldc danh gia qua 5 tieu chi la: (i) quy djnh, chinh saeh ve ve sinh, t h u y; (ii) quy dinh v l mdi trudng ddi vdi boat ddng chan nudi; (iii) chinh saeh hd trd thue d i y thUdng mai san p h i m ; (iv) ehinh saeh hd trd trUe tiep cho hp; (v) chinh sach khae. Cac tieu chi nay phan anh eae quy dinh va ehinh saeh ed nhieu anh hfldng den hd chan nudi. NhU vay, cd tdng cdng 30 tieu ehi dUdc sd. dung de danh gia cae true phan anh hieu bidt va ky nang eua hd ehan nuoi ve ky thuat, kien thfle thi trUdng, quan tri trang t r a i va h i i u biet chinh saeh cua Nha nude (hinh 1).
h i i u biet va k y n a n g c u a h o c h a n nuoi Idn
1. Chudng nufli vd mdy m i c
2. Dinh di/Ong ' =-
3. V6 sinh, thu y
S ' , 4 . Phfii gifing vA sinh san
^ 5. Kign t h J c thi trudng
6. QuSn tn tdi chfnh
7. QuSn tri lao dfing <
—. .- 8. Hi^u biSt quy dinh phSp
iu$t vd chinh sSch ' 1. Chu6ng nuAl
2. Cdng nghi xCr \i chfit thii chin nuAl 3. May m6c
1. Nhu cSu dinh di/dng cDa l^n
2. Khi nlng xty di/ng kbSu ptitn IhiJe In eha t^n 3. Chat liT^ng IhilTc In
1. V^ *lnh. KhCr triing
2. Nguytn nhin gly bf nh v l tl4m ph&ng 3. Khi ning phit h<f n I9n b| b^nh
^. Khi nlng chCTa bf nh cho l^n 5. Hl£u bin v l thu£c thii y 6. Th^c hinh Uim 1 ^
1. Quan h# gl(Ta dfc Ottm alnh h^c v i ning auSt lh|t, ning auHl alnh sin
2. e^ng dye l^n v i th^ dnh nhin tfo 3. L^n nil chitm, d i 4. Chim a6c lifn con aO alnh 1. Hitfu bl<t etc kinh titu Ihv sin ph<m 2. Y<u tS inh hUdng gli v i Iliu thg ain phim 3. Khi nang tim klCm th| triMng tiiu lh|^ ain phim
1. Khi nang huy d^ng vfn Stu tir chin nuftl l^n 2. Khi nlng ning cao hlf u qiSa kinh tf chin nuAl l?n 3. Khi ning quin H III chinh
1. Hl^u blA quy djnh nhi niMc vt thui lao d^ng 2. An loin lao d^ng
3. Siirdi^ng hlfu qui lao d^ng thui I . V i alnh thuy
3. Quy d|nh va m6l tnTAng d£l vM hoft d^ng chin nuAl 3. Chinh aich hA trf thdc aty thiMng mai ain phfm 4. HA im Uife tltp ccf >A chin nuAl 5. Chinh Bich khie Nguon- Tfing hap cua tac gia.
Nghien ciiu Kinh tes68(483) • Thing 8/2018 7 1
Phirang phdp ffdng gia hieu biet...
2.3. PhUdng phdp tinh diem cdc tieu chi vd triic
Mdi tieu chi bao gdm nhieu chi sd' khac nhau, dao ddng tfl 2 de'n 10. Mdi chi s o l a mdt cau hdi thu thap thdng tin. Hieu bie't va ky nang cua hd cd t h i dUdc danh gia tfl mfle hoan toan khdng cd hieu bie't/khdng ed ky nang den cd hieu bie't/ed ky nang td't. Xen gifla 2 cflc dd'i lap nay ed t h e dfla r a eae mflc dp hieu bidt khac nhau vdi t h a n g diem khac nhau. Trong nghien eflu nay, 3 mflc hieu biet/ky nang eua hd chan nudi dfldc ap dung de danh gia la: (i) hoan toan khdng ed hieu biet/khong cd ky nang, mfle nay tUdng dUdng vdi diem 1; (ii) ed mdt so'hieu bie't/ed mdt so' ky nang, mflc nay tfldng dudng vdi d i i m 5, tflc la hp cd hieu biet/cd ky nang nhUng chUa t h a t tdt; (iii) ed hieu bie't td't/cd ky nang td't, mflc nay tUdng dfldng vdi diem 10.
Diem 10 dfldc sii dung d l t h u a n ldi eho viec tinh toan va t h u a n ldi cho viec theo doi theo thdi quen dung t h a n g diem 10 cua ngudi Viet. Viec danh gia hieu bie't, ky nang h mflc nao la hoan toan dfla vao tfl danh gia cua hp chan nudi ma khdng co mdt diem c h u i n nao.
Do sd' Ifldng ebi sd' (cau hdi) d moi tieu chi la khac nhau nen se khdng p h u hdp neu ap dung phfldng phap tinh d i i m eua tieu chi la tong diem ta't ca chi sd' trong mdi tieu chi.
PhUdng phap t i n h diem tieu ehi la diim trung binh eua cac chi so' phii hdp hdn nen dflde ap dung trong nghien cflu nay.Dilm tieu ehi dfldc tinh nhfl trong cdng thflc (1.1)
ky n a n g eao nha't eo t h i dat dfldc la 80 diim.
I','
(1.1)Trong do: T,° la diem cua tieu chi thii j ciia true D; 1 / la diem ciia chi so i ciia tieu chi T; n la so'ludng chi so cua tieu chi T.
TUdng tu, mSi triic co so luOng tieu chi khac nhau, nen diem cua mSi true la diem t r u n g binh ciia cac tieu chi (cong thflc 1.2) va cuoi ciing diem hieu biet va ky nang ciia ho chan nuoi lii tong diem cua 8 true (cong thiic 1.3). Theo each t i n h n a y , diem hieu biet va
h*j s SCORE = ^ 0 ,
(1.2) (1.3) Trong dd: D^ la diem eua true ndi dung thfl z (z=l,2,..8); j la sd'lUdng tieu chi trong true D va h la sd hd; SCORE la td'ng d i i m h i i u bie't va ky nang.
3. K e t q u a d a n h g i a h i e u b i e t v a k y n a n g c u a h o c h a n n u o i Idn PhUdng p h a p de xua't h t r e n da dUdc ap dung de d a n h gia hieu bie't va ky nang eiia 162 hd chan nudi h quy md t r a n g t r a i va gia t r a i thude 4 tinh la H a Nam, H a Ndi, Vinh Phiic va P h u Thp. Hd chan nudi d H a Nam va H a Ndi dai dien cho dia b a n ddng bang, hd chan nudi h Vinh P h u c va Phfl Thp dai dien cho dia b a n t r u n g du. Hd dUdc coi la trang t r a i ne'u quy md chan nudi tfl 200 Idn thit/lfla (hoac Idn nai tUdng dUdng) va nudi toi thieu 2 Ifla/nam. Gia t r a i la hp ehan nudi quy md tfl tfl 30 Idn thit/lfla (hoac Idn nai tfldng dfldng) va nudi tdi t h i i u 2 Ifla/nam. Moi t i n h dieu tra 40 hd, rieng Vinh Phiic la 42 hd, thudc 2 huydn dai didn ed n h i i u hd ehan nudi quy md Idn. Cac hp dieu t r a la cae hd chan nudi quy md Idn, vi t r u n g binh cac t r a n g t r a i nudi 387 Idn thit/lfla va gia t r a i la 125 eon/lfla va p h i n Idn lao dpng eiia hd t h a m gia chan nudi Idn.
Trong 162 hd chan nudi cd 83 t r a n g t r a i (30 h ddng bang va 53 d t r u n g du) va 79 gia trai (50 h ddng b a n g va 29 d t r u n g du). Quy md p h a n bd m l u nhfl vay du dam bao dp tin cay cua ket qua t i n h toan.
Cac hd eua mdi huyen dUdc liia chpn n g l u nhien dfla t r e n d a n h sach eae hp ehan nudi quy md Idn do can bd t h u y huyen eung ca'p va hd ddng y t r a ldi phdng va'n. Phfldng phap phong viLn true tie'p ehu hd chan nudi va sxi dung bang eau hdi ddng dudc ap dung.
Ke't qua d a n h gia dUde p h a n tieh theo eac nhdm t r a n g t r a i va gia trai eho mdi dia b a n
72 Nghien aiu Kinh tes6 8(483) - Thing 8/2018
Phuong phdp dang gia hieu biet.
ddng b a n g va t r u n g du. Diem d a n h gia cae tieu ehi hieu bie't v a ky n a n g cua hd ehan nudi dfldc t r i n h b a y h b a n g 1 va h i n h 2. Ke't qua cho tha'y: n h i n c h u n g d i i m eac tidu chi p h a n a n h hieu biet v a ky n a n g ve cac npi dung ky t h u a t e h a n nudi Idn eao hdn diem cae tieu ehi k h a c ; d i i m cao nha't la 8,3 d i i m
thudc ve tieu chi thflc h a n h tiem Idn h t r a n g t r a i d ddng b a n g .
H i n h 2 eiing cho thiTy: t r a n g trai d ddng bang cung cd diem eac tieu ehi eao nha't va diem t h i p nhSt la cua gia trai vung t r u n g du;
diem cua t r a n g t r a i d t r u n g du cd t h i ndi la tUdng dUdng vdi d i i m eua gia trai d dong bang.
BANG 1: D i e m t i e u c h i v e h i e u b i e t v a k y n a n g c u a h o c h a n n u o i Itfn
Tieu chf 11. Chuong nu6i va may moc 12. Cdng nghe xtr ly chaft thai chan nu6i 13. May m6c phuc vu chan nu6i 21. Nhu Ciiu dinh du5ng ciia Ion 22. Xay dung kh£u phSn thirc an cho iDn 23. Chat luong thiic an
31. Vd smh, khir tmng
32. Nguyen nhan gay b6nh va tidm ph6ng 33. Kha nang phat hign benh Ion 34. Kha nang chiia b6nh Ion 35. Hieu bie't v^ thuoc thtj y 36. Thuc hanh tiem Ion
41.Quanhegii}adac di€m sinh h p c v a n ^ g s u ^ t c h ^ n u 6 i 42. D6ng due Ion va thu tinh nhan tao
43. Lon nai chica, de 44. Cham soc on con
51. Hieu biet cac k£nh tieu thij s a n p h ^ 52. Y6u tfi anh huong da'n gia va tifiu thu san ph^m 53 Kha nang tim kiem thi trutmg tifiu thti san ph^m 61. Kha nang huy dong v6'n d^u tuphat tri^n chan nu6i lon 62. Kha nang nang cao hiSu qua kinh tS' chan nu6i lon 63. Kha nang quan ly tai chinh
71. Quy djnh nha nu6c v^ sit dung lao d6ng 72. An toan lao dgng
73. Sir dung hieu qua lao d6ng 81. Chi'nh sach ve ve sinh thu y 82. Quy djnh ve moi tnicmg dfii vdi chan nu6i 83. Chinh sach hO trg thuc Aiy thuong mai san phSm 84. H6 trg true tiep cho cham soc chan nu6i lon 85. Chinh sach khac
Trang trai dong b i n g
5,3 3,6 4,8 6,1 5,4 8,1 6,5 7,3 7,5 6,9 6,8 8,3 6,3 6,0 8,1 8,1 6,0 4,2 5,3 4,3 6,7 3,2 3,7 5,6 5,8 5,6 3,7 3,5 2,5 2,1
Gia trai dong biing
4,0 3,0 4,4 5,4 5,6 7,9 6,0 6,2 7,1 6,5 6,1 7,6 5,7 5,1 7,2 7,5 4,7 3,8 4,3 3,3 6.6 2,7 2,5 4,6 3,9 4,3 2,9 2,4 2,4 1,8
Trang trai trung du
4,6 3,6 4,3 5.7 5.9 7,5 6,2 5,7 7,3 6,5 5,9 7,5 6,6 5,8 7.6 8,1 4,5 4,0 3.8 3,8 5,4 2,6 3,3 4,0 3,7 4,5 3.9 3,6 2,9 2,6
Gia trai trung du 3,6 2,7 4,0 4,8 5,3 6,9 5.7 5,1 6,6 5,6 4,9 7,3 5,8 5,4 7,0 7.9 4,1 3,4 3.6 3,0 5.2 2,4 2,6 3.6 2,4 4,1 3,3 3,1 2,4 1.7 Nguon: Ti'nh toan tir k ^ qua dieu tra 162 ho chan nuoi nam 2018.
Ghichii: chu s6 dSu tien cua con s6 phia trudc m6i ti£u chf phan anh true ma tifeu c
Nghien ciiu Kmh tesd'8(483) - Thing 8/2018
73
Phuong phap d^ng g i i hieu biet...
HINH 2: Diem cac tieu chi h i e u biet v a k y n a n g c u a h o c h a n n u o i Idn t h e o q u y m o v a ilia b a n
—•—Iraig tr^ aSrtg banc * 31a trai ding bing 11 S5. Chfnii Ba;h khac S4. He TO tiu c tiep cte. ..
33.Chhh5achh6t-o•...
&2. Guj- dinh ve m6i..
=.1 Chim sach ve'.•§..
73 Sil' dyrg his.u cua.. Jh'T»J^
72 Anfoan laodpng 1 ^^^\<
"'I Qjy dinh ma nuoc... J^y 53. Khci nfing quan ty... ^S^^^^tM,
62. Kha nang naig cac S'. <ha njng huy d'^ng.
53 Kha nang CiTi MSm,.
•=o=':rang trpi trjng du •—•—ga tr^i lii-ng du l^hucnc nuoi
en " I S Cong ngha 70
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^ififfi
il.fl
V\
\^
21
| S ^
"£3 ^^ Jl
xC' 1/...
rrocphucvy ., Niu cau dinh...
22. Xaji dung khau...
23. ChirtlL'O'igthCcan J 31. V? Sim, f-JiLT trdng
^ 32 Ngui-en nhangff,^..
^y^ 33 ^>ia narg phii hi|n ..
34, 'Che nanc chCra,,.
35 H i l j bletvilhjoc...
33.Th^/c hii+i tilmloT C^an he giOa d$c...
52 Y J U tfi iot- hufeng . " ^ 42.B$ng dye Ipn wi S'.Hi&ubistcac ^enh ,, -^3.-.jn n& chu-a d§
^A Chgm socicrn con
Diem t r u n g binh cua moi true-cho t r a n g trai va gia trai h dia ban dong bang va t r u n g du dildc trinh bay S bang 2. Ket qua cho tha'y: cac true c6 di^m k h a cao la ve sinh, thii y, phoi gio'ng va sinh san, dinh dtldng va thiic an. Ket qua nay phu hdp v6i thiic te ap dung cong nghe, ky thu$,t va thuc h a n h chan nuoi cua ho. Ket qua dieu t r a cho theify: p h a n Idn cac ho til thu tinh n h a n tao cho Idn, til tiem BANG 2: Diem so' c u a c a c t r u e va d i e m t o n g so'
phong vaccine, tU dieu tri benh cho Idn; r^t it ho can trd giiip cua can bo thti y trong cac thilc h a n h t r e n . KS't qua cung cho thIlLy: hieu bie't va ky n a n g vi t h i trudng, quan tri trang t r a i va dac biet hieu biet ve chinh sach cua N h a ntldc con thSlp. Day cung la nhQng n6i dung ma da so' cac ho chan nuoi dieu tra co n h u c i u ditdc dao tao, t a p hua'n nang cao kie'n thiic va ky n a n g .
ve h i e u biet v a 1 ^ n a n g c u a h o c h a n n u o i Icta True
1. Qiufing nuOi v& may moc 2. Dinti duSng vii thiic an 3. ve sinh thu y 4. Phdi giong va .sinh san 5. Kie'n thiic thi tnrtmg 6. Quan tri tai chinh 7. Quan tri lao d6ng 8. Hi£u bie't chinh sach
Ting sS
Trang trai dong b ^ g 4,5 6,5 7,2 7.1 5,2 4,7 5,0 3,5 43,7
Gia trai dong bing 3,8 6,3 6,6 6,4 4,3 4,2 3,7 2,8 38,1
IVang trai tning du 4,2 6,4 6,5 7,0 4,1 3,9 3,7 3,5 39,3
Gia trai tnmg du 3,4 5,6 5,9 6,5 3,7 3,5 2,9 2,9 34,4 WgHon; Ti'nh toan tfrka't qua di^u tra 162 h6 chan nu6i nam 2018.
74 Nghien aiu Kinh tgs6 8(483) - Thing 8/2018
Phuong phap ddng gid hieu biet.
Tong diem hieu biet va ky nSng cao nha't la t r a n g t r a i ci dong bang vdi 43,7 diem (diem toi da la 80) va tha'p nha't la gia t r a i h t r u n g du v6i 34,4 diem. Gia t r a i h dong bang co diem tUdng dildng vdi t r a n g t r a i h t r u n g du.
Hinh 3 cho tha'y ro sil khac n h a u giiia cac
kieu ho h moi vung ve hieu bie't va ky nang c i n thiet de q u a n tri hieu qua cO sh chan nuoi. Theo do t r a n g t r a i ci dong bang luon co diem cao nha't h ta't ca cac true danh gia va gia t r a i 6 t r u n g du co diem thStp nha't h g i n n h u t a t ca cac true.
HINH 3: Sii k h a c n h a u ve h i e u b i e t v a k y n a n g c u a c a c l o a i h o c h a n n u o i & c a c d i a b a n
——T-ang li^i i3Sng bang -
8. rliiu b i i t chf rh sach
7. Quin tn lao dong 5,C
5 Quan tri tsi chfrh
—^Gialrai <36ng b^ng
3,5
4.7
1 !
Chuong 5.0 7.0 6.0 4.5 3,0 4 J ( ^ ^
1.0 0.0
5,2 5. Thu one
nuoi
mai
Tranc trai trung du " Gia Crgl trung du
5 ^ Dmh duo'ng
\ ^ I L
) » y 3:,S/e sinh thii y
4 - S i m san
4. K e t l u a n v a d e xua't
PhUdng p h a p d a n h gia hi^u biet va ky nang cua ho chan nuoi theo phildng p h a p cho diem theo chi so', tieu chi va t r u e cho phep dinh Itldng hieu biet va ky n a n g . Khi CO ra't nhi^u chi so dUdc sxi d u n g de d a n h gia t h i phtldng p h a p cho diem n a y t h u a n ldi cho vigc d a n h gia miic do hi^u biet va ky n a n g theo tCrng n h o m tieu chi va true noi dung.
Ket qua nghien ciiu cho tha'y thong tin can t h i e t hoan toan co t h e t h u t h a p t h o n g q u a dieu t r a phong va'n trtlc tiep chu hp c h a n nuoi. Ke't qua ap d u n g p h u d n g p h a p
diem chi so' de d a n h gia hieu biet va ky n a n g cua 162 ho chan nuoi quy mo Idn h 4 t i n h H a N a m , H a Noi, Vinh Phiic va P h u Tho cho tha'y: cac ho chan nuoi co hieu biet va ky n a n g cao hdn do'i v6i cac true ve dinh du3ng va thiic an, ve sinh thii y va sinh san, phoi gio'ng cho Idn; ngildc lai, diem hieu biet ve t h i trilcfng, q u a n tri t r a n g t r a i va chinh sach eua N h a nu6c tha'p hdn. Dieu nay p h u hdp thilc te la p h a n 16n cac ho chan nuoi difdc t a p huS'n ve cac noi dung ky t h u a t , trong khi ra't it t a p hua'n ve kien thiic t h i trilcJng, q u a n t r i t r a n g t r a i va chinh sach cua n h a niidc. Ke't qua cung chi ro hieu bie't va ky n a n g cua t r a n g t r a i cao
Nghien ciiu Kmh tesd 8(483) - Thing 8/2018 7 5
Phuong phap dang gia hieu biet.
hdn gia t r a i , ho h dong b a n g cd h i e u biet cao hdn ho h t r u n g du.
PhUdng p h a p diem chi so'cho p h e p so s a n h hi^u bie't va ky n a n g eiia cac nhom ho k h a c n h a u (trang t r a i , gia t r a i , ho quy mo nho), giiia cac dia b a n (viing, t i n h ) hoac sxt cai thien theo thdi gian. Tuy n h i e n , phUdng p h a p gidi thieu trong b a i vie't n a y v a n con mot so' b a n che nhil: (i) vai tro c u a cac tieu chf dUdc danh gia ngang b a n g n h a u , se p h u hdp hdn moi tieu chi dUdc dinh lildng theo t a m quan trong cua nd. Cd t h e ap dung phildng p h a p hoi quy tuyen t i n h nhii ap dung trong phUdng p h a p xay dilng chi sd'PCI (VCCI a n d Asia Foundation, 2005) de dinh lUdng t a m quan trgng cua cac tieu chi nhii hoi quy tuyen tinh a n h hxihng cua diem cac tieu chi de'n miic do r u i ro t r o n g c h a n nuoi (ty le Idn 6'm, che't), d§'n hieu qua ky t h u a t (khd'i lUdng tang trong Idn/ngay; hoac miic do tieu ton thiic an/kg t a n g trong), den h i e u qua k i n h te (chi phi san xua't, ldi n h u a n ) . . . PhUdng p h a p chuyen gia eiing ed t h e ap dung de dinh liidng t i m quan trong cua mdi tieu chi nhU ap dung trong phtldng p h a p chi so' dich v u cong nong nghiep ndng t h d n (Hoang Vii Quang va Vii Trong Binh, 2017). (ii) Sd'lUdng t h a n g diem sxi dung t r o n g nghien ciiu n a y cdn it, chi cd 3 miic la 1, 5 va 10 diem; se p h u hdp hdn ne'u sxi dung t h a n g diem 5 mtic Likert hoac t h a n g diem 10. Khi dd sil khae biet ve diem hieu bie't va ky n a n g se k h a c biet hdn va ke't qua cd t h e se p h a n a n h thilc te td't hdn. (iii) Nghien ciiu d a n h gia thii nghiem may mdi dUde ap dung t r e n mot sd' dia ban cl phia Bac; se td't hdn n e u dUdc d a n h gia t r e n pham vi ca ntldc, vdi n h i e u dia b a n dai dien hdn. Cac h a n che va giai p h a p cai thien phtldng p h a p vCfa n e u h t r e n l a cac chu de cd the la cac chu de, hiidng nghien ctiu trong thdi gian tdi./.
Thuan, Vietnam, International Journal of Economics, Commerce and ManagemenI, Vol VI, Issue 1, 355:365
2. Erin M. Godtland, Elisabeth Sadoulet, Alain de Janvry, RinkuMurgai and Oscar Ortiz (2004), "The Impact of Farmer Field Schools on Knowledge and fVoductivity: A Study of Potato Farmers in the Peruvian Andes," Economic Development and Cultural Change 53, no. 1 (October 2004): 63-92.
3. Hoang Vu Quang, Pham Duy Khanh, Bui Quang Nguyen,Biji TuSii Anh, Nguygn Van Ba (2017), Lifin kfi't san xua't, tifiu thu san phim chan nu6i: thuc trang va chinh sach, bao cao ket qua nghifin clhi.
4. Hoang Vu Quang, Vu Trong Binh (2017). Chi s6' cha^t luong dich vu c6ng ndng nghifip nflng thSn dua tren phan h6i cua ngufri sit dung djch vu, Tgp chi kinh le va phdt trien, s6' 241, 59-67.
5. Michael Boehlje, Craig Dobbins, Alan Miller, Janet Bechman, and Aadron Rausch (2000), Checking your fami business skills, lD-237, Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service.
6. Pham La Thdng, Huynh Thi Dan Xufln va Trfc Thi Thu Duydn (2011), So s5nh hifiu qua kinh t^ c6a vu lua he thu va thu dbng 6 d6ng bang s6ng c ^ long, Tgp chi Khoa hgc. Dgi hgc Cdn Tho, 2011: 18a, 267-276
7 TCTK (2018), Ket qua tdng dieu Ira ndng thdn.
ndng nghiep, thuy sdn ndm 2016, Nxb ban Thtfng kS, 2018.
8. Thu tudng Oiinh phu (2013), QuyS't dinh s6 889/20I3/QD-TTg ngay 10 thang 6 nam 2013 ciia TTiu tucmg Chinh phu phft duydt d^ an tai co ca'u nganh nflng nghiSp theo hudng nSng cao gia tri gia tSng va phit tri^n ben viing.
9. VCa and Asia Foundation (2005). The Vietnam Provincial Competitiveness Index 2005 measuring economic governance for private sector development. V N Q policy paper #4.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Dao Quyet Thang (2018), Analysing the impact of select factors on investment decisions for agricultural development under the GAP of households in Ninh
Ngay nhan bai: 5-6-2018 Ngay duyet dang: 10-7-2018
76 Nghien aiu Kinh te's6'8(483) • Thing 8/2018
