NGHIEN Clhl - TRAO DOI
TS. NGUYEN BA NGOC
PIJO Hieu trudng Trirong Dai ijpc Lao dpng-Xd Ijpi
1. Bd Chi tieu danh gia thj trirang lao dong KILM ciia ILO
Cac chi tieu chii yeu danh gia thj trudng lao ddng (Key Indicators of the Labour Market- KILM) vao nam 1999 la chuang trinh cua ILQ nham bo sung cho viec thu thap so lieu thudng ki va hoan thien phuang thirc danh gia tren thj trudng lao ddng the gidi. KILM duge thiet ke vdi hai mue tieu chinh: (1) danh gia duge thue chat tinh trang thj trudng lap ddng; va (2) n a n g c a p kha n a n g e h i ra khuynh hudng viec lam m d i . Tieu chuan lua chpn cae chi tieu bae gdm: (a) xac dang ve mat ndi dung; (b) ed kha nang thu thap dugc; va (c) so sanh tuang ddi dugc giifa eac nudc va cac khu vuc. Lan xuat ban thir nha't (1999), KILM gdm 18 chi tieu, den lan thif hai (2001- 2002) bd sung 2 chi tieu mdi.
Nhu vay, KILM hien cd 20 chi tieu, bao gom KILM 1: Ti le tham gia luc lugng lao ddng;
KILM 2: Ti le viec lam so vdi dan sd; KILM 3: Tinh trang viee lam; KILM 4: Viec lam theo ITnh vuc; KILM 5: Viee lam ban thdi gian; KILM 6: So gid lam viec;
KILM 7: Viee lam trong khu vuc phi ehinh thirc; KILM 8: Thait nghiep; KILM 9: That nghiep t h a n h m e n ; K I L M 10: T h a t nghiep dai han; KILM 1 1 : Thait nghiep chia theo trinh do hpc vain; KILM 12: Thieu viee lam thee khia canh thdi gian; KILM 13: Ti le khdng tham gia hoat ddng kinh te; KILM 14: Trinh dd
hpe van va ti le biet chi?; KILM 15: T i e n l u g n g t r p n g c d n g nghiep ehe bien; KILM 16: Tien luang va thu nhap theo nghe;
KILM 17: Chi phi bii dSp thee gid; KILM 18: Nang suat lao ddng va chi phi lap ddng; KILM 19: Op CP gian viee lam; KILM 20: Ti le nghee, nghep lam viec va phan phoi thu nhap.
Tren thuc te, chua cd nudc nao cd day du ea 20 chi tieu KILM. Nhifng nudc phat trien n h u C a n a d a , D a n M a c h va Ireland cung cdn thieu nhi/ng chi tieu sd lieu lien quan den khu v u e p h i c h i n h t h i f c (KILM 7).
2. Vai trd ciia KILM trong phan tich thj trirong lao dOng
KILM cd vai trd rat quan trpng trpng phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, the hien d nhifng diem chinh sau:
• Thuc day Chuong trinh Nghi su Viec lam Dang hoang ciia ILO nham md rdng ea hdi viec lam cd- nang sua] treng dieu kien t u do, binh dang, an sinh va tdn trpng nhan pham ddi vdi ca nu va nam (han ehe va tien tdi loai bd nhL?ng viee lam khdng du sdng hoac lam viec trong nhi?ng dieu kien ma d dd, nhi?ng nguyen tac ca ban va quyen ciia ngudi lao ddng tai nai lam viec khdng dugc tdn trgng).
• Hudng tdi nhung muc tieu phat trien thien nien ki
(Millennium Development Goals - MDC) cua Lien hqp qudc,
trong dd: "Viec lam day du, viec lam cd nang suat va viec lam dang hoang cho mqi ngudi" la nhiem vu trung tam cua eae chinh sach eung nhu chien luge phat trien eiia mpi qudc gia va nhifng nd luc qudc te. Oe danh gia viee thuc hien muc tieu giam mdt nua ti le sd ngudi sdng dudi mire 1$/ngay, KILM chi ra d dau lae ddng chua duge huy ddng va d dau thieu viec lam dang heang, dae biet khdng chi the hien tinh trang lam viec khdng du sdng cho ban than va gia dinh (ngheo lam viec - KILM 20) ma ca dudi dang chat lugng viec lam hoac thieu viec lam. Thieu viec lann ed the duge danh gia qua that nghiep (KILM 8 va 9) nhung ed the sir dung ehi tieu ti le khdng tham gia hoat d d n g kinh te (KILM 13) de cd cai nhin bao quat han. Chat lugng viec lam tha'p ed the danh gia qua mdt sd ndi dung eiia eae chi tieu nhu viec lam de bj td'n thuang (treng chi tieu tinh trang viec lam va viec lam thee ITnh vuc - KILM 3 va 4), gid lam viec them (KILM 6), viec lam treng khu vue phi chinh thirc (KILM 7), thieu viec lam (KILM 12) hoac trong nhL?ng cdng viee ed nang suat thap (KILM 18). Trong thuc te, bude dau Lien hgp qudc da chap nhan 4 chi tieu KILM de danh gia tien bd trong thuc hien MDG - dd la ti le viec lam se vdi dan sd (KILM 2), viee lam de bj td'n thuang (trong tinh trang viee lam KILM 3), ngheo
LD & XH - Sd 334 (Id 1-15/5/2008)
NGHIEN Clhl - TRAO DOI
lam viec (KILM 20) va nang suat lao dpng (KILM 18 ).
• Hudng tdi binh dang tren thi trudng lao dqng. Phu ni?gap rat nhieu thach thuc de cd dugc viec lam dang hoang, do vay da so cae ehi tieu KILM deu phan theo gidi tinh nham cho phep sg sanh ea hdi va dd'i x u binh dang gii?a nam va ni? tren thi trudng lao ddng.
• Danh gia viec lam trong dieu kien toan cau hoa. Toan eau hoa cd Igi ich chung nhung den nay chua mang lai Igi ich binh dang cho mpi ngjJdi, vi vay mpi^ qudc gia can nd luc thee dud'i mue tieu ea hdi viee lam d a n g h e a n g eho tat ca mpi ngudi. Cac chi tieu KILM cd the dugc sif dung de danh gia cae chinh sach kinh te - xa hdi trpng dai han, trung han hay ngan han da dap ung muc tieu nay hay chua.
• Xac dinh nhung md hinh thuc tien tdt nhat. Qua KILM ed the xac dinh d dau khdng tdn tai khoang each tien luang theo gidi tinh cua nghe, d dau thanh nien gap nhieu khd khan trong tiep can eae ea hdi viec lam, a dau nang suat lao ddng va thii lao tuang xung vdi nhau va cd tinh canh tranh qudc te eao, d dau tang trudng kinh te di lien vdi md rdng ea hdi viec larn, giam that nghiep va rait nhieu md hinh thue tien quan trpng khac.
3. Nhirng yeu cdu cv ban khi sir dung KILM vao phan tich thj trvdng lao dong Vi$t Nam
Viet Nam la mdt nudc dang phat trien vdi nhi?ng dac trung dien hinh nhu: thu nhap qudc dan thap, lap ddng ndng nghiep chiem ty trgng Idn, ty le ngheo eao, lae ddng tap trung khu vuc phi ket c a u , lae d d n g t h a t nghiep Idn. Do vay, viec phan tich thi trudng lao ddng thep bd chi tieu KILM cua ILO can dap irng 2 yeu cau ca ban sau:
Thd nha't, ddi hdi suf dung ddng thdi nhieu chi tieu KILM de cd the danh gia dugc day du
va chinh xac cac khia canh quy md, t d c do p h a t t r i e n , c h a t lugng, ca cau va quan he ti le eua cac su kien, hien tugng tren thj trudng lao d g n g n h a m phan anh dugc thuc chat tinh hinh.
Vi du, neu chi xem xet rieng ti le that nghiep cua Vidt Nam va so sanh vdi cac nudc khac roi ket luan thj trudng lao dgng nudc ta phat trien han so vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc va tren the gidi thi that sai lam. Trong thuc te, thdi gian lao ddng chua dugc su dung (KILM 12) a nude ta cdn rat Idn, ti le lao ddng t u lam hpae lam viec trpng kinh te hg gia dinh khdng hudng luang (KILM 3) Idn ma ranh gidi giifa lam viec va that nghiep dd'i vdi hp la rat mdng manh, ti trpng lap ddng ndng nghiep (KILM 4) cdn cap. Ket qua la nang suat lao ddng (KILM 18) cua nudc ta rat tha'p va ti le nghee (KILM 20) kha cae. Han nL?a, eung can phan tich so dan khdng tham gia hoat ddng kinh te (KILM 13) va tinh trang that nghiep thep gidi (KILM 8), dp tud'i (KILM 9), thdi gian that nghiep (KILM 10) va trinh dp hgc van (KILM 11)
de lam rd ban chat cua that nghiep nudc ta va dua ra chinh sach thich hgp.
Thu hai, viec phan tich thj trudng lag dgng can gan vdi noi dung chat lugng viec lam dap ung muc tieu viec lam dang hoang (lam viec cd nang suat, cd he thd'ng an sinh xa hoi, dam bao dd'i thoai xa hpi va thuc hien nhifng quyen ca ban tai n a i l a m v i e c ) t r o n g MDG.
Nhifng yeu to phan tich can d u d c n h a ' n m a n h l a : tinh k h u y e n k h i c h c d v i e c lam (KILM 2), giam that nghiep tra hinh (KILM 12), nang cao nang suat va thu nhap cua ngudi lao ddng - phuang thirc chu yeu de thoat ngheo (KILM 15, 16, 18 va 20), lam viec trong he thd'ng d u g c bao v e , tang ti le lam cdng an luang cd bao hiem xa hdi, bao hiem y te va cac che do phuc Igi (KILM 3), giam dan lao ddng lam viec trong khu vuc phi chinh thuc (KILM 7), bao dam lam viec cd narig suat va thu^ nhap (KILM 6) gan vdi bao h i e m viec lam va bao hiem thu nhap.
(Xem tiep trang 60)
Bd chi tieu ddnh gid KILM cd vai trd quan trong trong thtic day chuomg trinh nghi su viec lam ddng hoang cua ILO nhdm md rong ca hdi viec lam cd ndng sudt trong dieu kien tu do, binh ddng, an sinh vd tdn trong nhdn pham ddi vdi cd nif vd nam
So 334 (tu 1-15/5/2008) - LD & XH
GIOI THIEU VAN BAN
THONG T i r LIEN TjCH... (Tldp theo trang 55) nhan dan cap tinh dugc uy quyen (vao thdi diem cudi mdi ky eua nam iipe) ve so lugng hoe sinh, sinh vien dien cir tuyen dang theo hpc; so' hoc sinh bd hpe; ly do bd hoe de lam ea sd lap d u toan kinh phi cap hpc bdng chinh sach theo che dp quy dinh.
4. Thdng tu nay cd hieu luc thi hanh sau 15 ngay, ke tif ngay dang Cdng bao va thay the cho cac quy dinh ve hpe bong ehinh sach tai Thdng tu Lien tich s d 5 3 / 1 9 9 8 / T T - L T / B G D O T - B T C - BLDTBXH ngay 25 thang 8 nam 1998 Lien tich Bd Giao dijc va Dao tao, Bp Tai chinh, Bd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi hudng d i n thue hien ehe dp hpe bdng va trp cap xa hdi dd'i vdi
hpc sinh, sinh vien cac trudng dao tao cdng lap, Thdng tu lien tich so 13/2002/TTLT-BGDOT-Btc ngay 28 thang 3 nam 2002 cua Lien Bp Bo Giao due va Dao tao, Bd Tai chinh hudng dan thi/c hien Quyet dinh sd 194/2001/QO-TTg ngay 21 thang 12 nam 2001 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu ve viee dieu chinh mirc hpc bdng chinh sach va trgf cap xa hdi ddi vdi hpc sinh, sinh vien la ngudi dan toe thieu sd hpe tai cac trudng dao tao cong lap quy d i n h t a i Q u y e t d j n h s d 1121/1997/
QD-TTg ngay 23 thang12 nam 1997 cua ThO tudng Chinh phu.
Trong qua trinh then khai thuc hien, neu co vudng mac can phan anh ve Bo Giao duo va Dao tao, Bd Lao ddng Thuang binh va Xa hpi, Bd Tai chinh de xem xet, giai quyet./.
KT. BO T R a O N G BO TAI CHINH _THLrTRL;aNG 0 6 Hoang A n h Tuan
(Oa ky)
KT. BO TRL/ONG BO LAO OONG- THL/ONG BINH VA XA HOI
T H J TRL/ONG Dam Hiru Oac
(Da ky)
KT. BO TRUONG BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO
T H L ; TRL/ONG Pham Vu Luan
" (Da ky) '
PHAN TiCH THI TRirVNG...
(Tiep theo trang 20)
4. Dieu kien Sir ilung KILM uao phan tich thi tru^vng iao dong nnac ta
Oe SLf dung KILM vao phan tich thi trudng lao ddng nudc ta, dieu kien dau tien la phai thuc h i e n n h i f n g cdng viee quan trpng sau:
Mpt la, ra seat lai he thdng thdng tin thi trudng lao ddng (ca eac chi tieu thdng ke eiia t d n g cue Thdng ke, eua Bd Lao ddng Thuang binh va Xa hdi, Bd Giao due - Oao tao, ciia eae ea quan khac va he thdng bao cao hanh chinh). Hien tai, eae chi tieu: sd gid lam viee theo tuan, theo nam (KILM 6), tien luang va thu nhap theo nghe (KILM 16), chi phi bii d&p theo gid (KILM 17), dp CO gian viec lam (KILM 19) chua cd trong he thdng bao eao t h d n g ke c u n g n h u b a o cao hanh chinh cua nude ta.
Hai la, chuan hoa nhirng khai niem, ndi dung, phuang p h a p x a c d i n h va t i n h l o a n nhii'ng ehi tieu da cd theo pham
vi va phuang phap luan cua ILO. Vi du, can thdng nhat danh gia trinh dp ciia lue lugng lao ddng theo tieu thirc nao (ILO SLT dung tieu thire phan loai theo trinh dp hpc van va theo trinh dp nghe nghiep ciia UNESCO vdi phien ban nam 1997 gdm 10 trinh d p , trong khi hien nay ehiing ta dang su dung chi tieu lao ddng qua dao tao ma ndi ham eiia nd chua that rd rang), ehiing ta chua ed khai niem ngheo lam viec ma mdi ed ti le ngheo chung va t i le ngheo l u a n g t h u e , t h u c p h a m (KILM 20).
Ti le that nghiep thudng chi nhan manh den tinh trang d thanh thi ma bd qua tinh hinh chung cLJa ea nude (KILM 8), chua xac dinh ti le that nghiep t h a n h n i e n tud'i 15 - 2 4 (KILM 9), s d t h d i gian chua dugc sif dung mdi ehi ed d khu vuc ndng thdn (KILM 12), mdi cd tinh hinh thu nhap ciia lao d p n g khu v i / c nha n u d c ma chua cd d eae loai hinh khac (KILM 15)...
Ba la, ve mat td chuc, Bd
Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi nen giao nhiem vu cho mot dan vi thudc Bd (Vien Khoa hoc Lao ddng va Xa hpi. Cue Viec lam hoac Trung tam Thong tin) xay dung, td chirc mang ludi he thdng dieu tra thd'ng ke, bao cao thdng tin thj trudng lao dpng theo nhifng npi dung, pham vi, phuang phap xac djnh thdng nhat mang tinh so sanh dLfdc trong pham vi khu vuc cung nhU qudc te theo khung khai niem va phuang phap luan cua ILO.
N h u v a y , v i e c d a p ifng nhirng yeu cau va dieu kien khi su" dung bd c h i tieu chu yeu danh gia thj trudng lao dong KILM cua ILO vao phan tich thj trudng lao ddng Viet Nam se ho t r g cho viec xay dung mang thdng tin thj trudng lao dong, md rpng pham vi va cai thien chat lugng thdng tin thj tri/dng lao ddng theo hudng chuari hoa va mang tinh so sanh quoc te, nang cao nang luc phan tich va SL? d u n g thdng tin thj trifdng lao ddng trong dieu kien toan cau hoa va hpi nhap kinh te qudc te'.l
So 334 (tu 1-15/5/2008)- LD & XH
