CHICNTRRN MOHI (1241)
Bui Thi Anh Van*
Tom tat: Trong cuoc vien chinh a Trung Au cua di chi Mong Co. Hungary la mot trong nhicng doi tuang quan trong cdn tieu diet. Tai Mohi (song Saj'o), chien trgn da dien ra dc liet giua qudn doi hai nuac (11/4/1241). Vdi nghe thuat dinh cao vk ddnh Iran gid vd sue mgnh vu khi vuat troi, chien thdng cua doi qudn den tic thdo nguyen Bdc A hodn todn thuyet phuc
Tu khoa: Chien trgn Mohi (Sajo), Hungary, Mong Co (Mongol), ndm 1241
Abstract: During the expedition of the Mongol Empire in Central Europe, Hungary was one of the important rivals to destroy. At Mohi (Sajo River), fierce battle took place between the two armies (11/4/1241). With the highest art of fake combat and the superior strength of the weapon, the victory of the troops from the North Asian prairie was entirely convincing.
Keywords: Battle of Mohi (Sajo), Hungary, Mongolia (Mongol), 1241
Tran Mohi cdn dugc gpi la Trdn chien a song Sajo hay Muhi Csata hoac Trdn song Tisza dien ra ngay 11/4/1241). Day la mdt trdn ddnh Idn giiia qudn Mong Cd (Mongol) va lyc lugng khang chien Hungary. Tran quyit chiin da diln ra tai doan hgp luu cua sdng Sajo va Tisza cua Hungary vao hai ngay sau thdt bai ciia Ba Lan trong chien trdn Liegnitz {9im2A\).
1. Boi canh tich su
Trong chien dich d Nga, Mdng Cd dudi ngudi Ctunan' ve phia tay cua day mil
* TS, Truong Dai hoc Noi vu Ha Noi Nhgn bdi ngdy: 6/9/2018 Phan bien xong 27/10/2018 Chdp nhdn ddng 5/12/2018
' Ngu6i Cuman 1^ tpc qgufiri du muc glc Turk bao g6m cic chi nhanh phia tSy bien Den cua lien minh Cuman-Kipchak.' TSn gpi ciia toe ngufri nSy dirpc
Carpathian. Theo tac gia bai viiVMongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz", cd khoang 200.000 ngudi Cuman^ tien hanh di cu va hp da 'tiep can bien gidi phia dong cua vuong qudc Hungary. Sic gia ciia Cuman lien lac vdi hoang de cua nudc nay la Bela IV^ va bay td nguyen vpng dugc nhdp cu. Nghien ciiu cua cac hpc gia Bryan Cartledge" va nhac dln_c6 sir khac nhau: Ti6ng Th6 NhT Ky:
Kuman, tiing Hungary goi li: Kun, tiing Hy Lap- Ko (v) fidvoi, Ko (u) manoi, tieng Romania.
Cuman, trong tiing Nga: Hojioeiibi, tiing Bulgaria:
KyjuaHu, tieng Anh: Cuman, ti^ng Trung QuIc: £t^
DSu the ky XUI, do nhirng dot tSn cong lien tiap cua quan Mong C6, nguoi Cuman da xin dinh cu a Hungary vk Bulgaria.
^ Mongol Invasions. Battle of Liegnitz (2006), http://www.historynet.com/, 6/12/2006.
' Bela IV (1206 - 3/5/1270) la vua Hungary va Croatia nhirng n5m 1235 - 1270 va Cong tuac xir Styria tir nam 1254- 1258.
^ Bryan Cartledge (20l\X The Will to Survive- A History of Hungary, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 978-1- 84904-112-6, p 29.
NGHIEN cCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N^l 2(2191.2018
Rene Grousset^ cho biit, neu ngudi Cuman dugc ti nan thi se ed 40.000 ngudi trong sd hp gia nhdp qudn dpi ciia Bela khang chien chdng xdm lugc.
Ngay sau khi ngudi Cuman dugc Hoang dl Hungary chdp nhan cho nhdp cu, cudi nam 1240, Batu Khan (chdu ndi cua Thanh Cat Tu Han) da lien lac vdi Bela, yeu cdu ong ddu hang, dang Cuman cho hp. Nhan dugc tin quoc vuong Hugary tic choi nhiing yeu cdu cua Dai Han va khi cac dai sii Mdng C6 khong bao gid trd vl, Batu Khan td chiic mdt hdi nghi vl chiin tranh d Przemysl vao thang 12 nam 1240 va giri tdi hdu thu {casus belli) cho Hoang de Hungary.
Khudc tir tdi hdu thu ciia Dai Han Mdng Co, Bela giri sii gid di khap Hungary mang theo mdt thanh kiem ddm mau - bieu tugng truyen thdng cho tinh trang khdn cdp qudc gia, de tap hgp eac quy tdc va ehu hdu den ban ke hoach phdng thii vucmg quoc^. Ddng thdi, qudc vuong cdn keu gpi cac ddng minh chau Au dua vien binh sang giiip dd Hungary trong cupc chien sap tdi. Nhimg dpng thai eiia Bela trd thanh cdi cd de ngudi Mdng Co tien danh Hungary, lya chpn quoc gia nay la doi tugng tiep theo trong hanh trinh chinh phuc chau Au cua hp. Ddng thdi, de ngan chan vien binh tir cac nudc lang gieng cua Hungary, mdt canh qudn Mong C5 tien danh Ba Lan. Tran quyit ehiln giira qudn xam lugc va qudn Ba Lan da diln ra tai
Liegnitz ngay 9/4/1241 vdi chien thdng thupe ve quan xdm lugc.
Ve sd lugng ciia hai quan dpi, thong tin trong cac nghien cuu ehua ed su thdng nhat.
Gyula Kristd (2003) cho rang sd lupng quan dpi ciia vua Bela la 60.000 ngudi^. Con thdng tin chung trong cdc cdng trinh ciia mot sd hpc gia hien dai, sd lugng qudn dpi cua Bela IV khi rdi thdnh phd Pest de chien ddu chdng xdm lugc vdo khodng 60.000 - 70.000 hoac 80.000 ngudi . Thdng tin nay cQng dugc ghi chep trong Bien nien sir duong dai ciia Trung Qudc. Qudn Mdng Co do Batu Khan vd Subotai (Tdc Bdt Dai) chi huy, ciing xdp xi ve sd lugng so vdi qudn khang chien, khoang 70.000 ngudi; trong do luc lupng chien dau chinh khoang 50.000 nguai, Siggurdsson (2010) lai cho rang, lyc lugng xdm lugc it hon qudn khang chien va "/ojig cong chi khodng bon hoac nam Tumem (40.000 - 50.000 binh 59"'°. Tuy nhiSn, noi dung bdi viet Battle of the Sajo River (Batik
' Rene Grousset (1970), The Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9, p. 264.
:, Bryan (2011), tldd, p. 410.
' Biii Thj Anh Van (2017), "Chi^n Iran Liegnitz", Tap chi Nghien cuu Chdu Au, I S S N : 0 8 6 8 - 3 5 8 1 , s5 2 (197)/2017,tr.51-63
^ Gyula Krist6 (2003), Hdboruk es hadviseles cr.
Arpddok koraban [Wars and Tactics under the Arpads] (in Hungarian), Szukils Kbnyvkiad6, ISBN 963-9441-87-2, pp. 158-159.
The Mongol Invasion of Europe. The Battles oj Liegnitz and Sajo River, http://erenow.com/ww/;
Siggurdsson (2010), Battle of Liegnitz - Mongols Defeat Polish-German Army; http.//burnpil us/, put on: 9.4. 2010; Mongol Invasions. Battle of Mohi (2015). http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/, put on:
May 15, 2015; Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz (2006). Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz (2006), http://www historynet.com/, put on: 6/12/2006.
"* Siggurdsson (2010), Battle of Liegnitz • Mongols Defeat Polish-German Army; http://bumpit.us/, 9/4/2010.
&uen tt^L JtloUl... 49
of Mohi) cho biet, sd lugng quan dpi moi ben khoang tren tram nghin ngudi: "Qudn Mongol khodng 120.000. Hungary han 100.000 ngudi"^\ Thdng thudng trong cac ehiln tran, theo sau quan dpi chinh quy la lyc lugng ddn cdng phyc vu. Do do, rat cd the tac gia bai viet nay da cdng cd sd lugng dan edng di theo de phyc vy binh linh trong qua trinh danh trdn. Tuy nhien, mdt ludng y kien thu ba lai cho rang, thuc te trong tran ehien d sdng Sajd ngay 11/4/1241, sd lugng binh sT mdi ben tham chiin dao ddng khoang 25.000 - 30.000 quan'^ va luc lugng khang chien chi khoang 15.000 quan cac loai Tuy nhien, khi tim hieu ve sd lugng thuang vong sau chien trdn Mohi ngay 11/4/1241 ''^ cho thdy sd lieu nay la khdng hgp ly. Qua ddi chieu, so sanh cac tdi lieu, chiing tdi cho rang, con sd khodng 70.000 - 80.000 quan moi ben tham gia trdn chien Mohi la cd the chdp nhan.
2. Dien bien tran Mohi
2.1. Va cham trie&c chien tran va lua chon dia hinh giao chien
" Battle of the Sajo River [Battle of Mohi] (2015), http://vdraculavlach.blogspot.com, put on: February 24,2015.
'^ Siggurdsson (2014), Battle of the Sajo River:
Mongols Massacre Hungarian-German Army;
http://bumpit us/, 11/4/2014, Battle of Mohi (2016), https://en,wikipedia.org/, put on. 9 July 2016, Battle of Mohi,
http://wwwnewworldencyclopedia.org/entry/;
Mongol Invasions • Battle of Mohi (2015), http;//militaryhistory,about.com/od/, put on: May 15, 2015,
'^ Battle of Mohi,
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry '•^ John Merton Patrick (1961), Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series, Utah State University Press, p. 13.
Dpi tien phong ciia qudn Mdng Cd di chuyin tdi thanh phd Pest vao 15/3/1241' va bdt ddu cudp bdc cdc khu vyc Idn can. Tdi gdn Pest, luc lugng ciia Batu co nhieu hanh ddng khieu khich qudn dpi Hungary vdi muc dich gdy nen nhirng xung dot giira qudn dpi hai ben, tao cd eho cupc xdm luge.
Sau khi tap hgp dii luc lugng can thiet, vua Bela chpn lua dia ban quyet dau vdi qudn xdm lugc. Theo bao cao ciia trinh sat ve noi qudn Mdng Cd dang tap trung luc lugng, ngay 2/4/1241, qudn ddi khang chien rdi thdnh phd Pest va dieu hanh ve phia ddng bac.
Mdt each than trpng, vua Bela cdm ngudi ciia minh tdn cdng qudn Mdng Cd trude. Tuy nhien, Cdng tudc Ao Frederick da khong tudn lenh nay. Dpi quan ciia dng ta da danh trd mdt nhd nhdm qudn Mdng Cd cd nhiem vu dot kieh gdn Pest va gianh dugc thang Igi'^. Vdi thanh tich nay, Frederick dugc nhin nhan nhu ngudi "anh himg"; cdn sy than trpng ciia Bela rV bi ddnh gid la khdng cdn thiet va thdm chi bi coi la hen nhat.
Mac du khdng xac djnh dugc vi tri doanh trai ciia qudn Mdng Cd, nhung Hoang de Hungary vdn quyet djnh di chuyen klioi thanh phd Pest de tim dia dilm giao ehiln giiia hai quan dpi. Cudi ciing dng da chpn doan hgp luu ciia sdng Sajd'^ va Tisza la noi tap ket luc lugng khang chiin. Ldi an toan
'^ Stephen Tumbull (2003), Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests } 190-1400.
ISBN: 9781472810212, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, p. 60.
'^ Cartledge, Bryan (2011), tldd, p. 29.
S5ng Saj6 cich thj tran Mohi vai dam va each d6ng bac ciia Pest khoang 100 d3m.
50 NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2018
duy nhdt d l vugt hang chuc dam sdng Id mdt cay cau dd. Quan Hungary dy djnh xay dung doanh trai tren bai ddt hoang ben kia cdy cdu.
Ngay khi nhdn dugc tin tham bao, Batu da cho trien khai lyc lugng cua minh, trude khi Bela tap kit xong qudn dpi khang chien d bd ben kia dong Sajo. Chieu ngay 10/4/1241, khoang hai din ba quan doan Mong Cd da vugt cay cdu da. Luc lugng nay tiep tuc hanh qudn them 10 dam v l phia tdy va biln mdt trong khu rimg vdi khoang 20.000 - 30.000 qudn cac loai .
Tii ngay 10/4, dpi quan dau tien khodng 15.000 ngudi ciia Hungary mdi cd mat d ben bd Sajo. Cac tudng ITnh khdng he biet rang dja hinh noi hp lua chpn lam chien trudng quyet dau da dugc Batu va Subotai da khao sat trude dd vd chinh dieu kien ty nhien d bd song Sajo da giiip Batu che giau luc lugng.
Siggurdsson (2014) da dua ra nhdn djnh chinh dam lay va rimg ram ben bd Sajd "gop phdn vao viec khien trinh sdt qudn Hungary khong the sao sal duac tinh hinh chien truang"^^ Ve sau, luc lugng trinh sat Hungary ciing da nhin thdy qudn dpi Mong Co tren bd bac ciia Sajd, nhung liic nay da qud mudn.
D I ngan chan mot cupc tan cdng bdt ngd cua Mong Cd, Bela than trpng cho xdy dyng mpt doanh trai dugc bao ve nghiem ngat bdi hang trdm toa xe ket ndi vdi nhau
bang day thirng, tao thanh vdng Iron. Dia hinh xung quanh rdt thuan lgi cho viec che chdn doanh trai ciia qudn Hungary: phia ben phai la nhiing ddm Idy ciia Tisza, phia truoc la sdng Sajd, ben trai va ddng sau bj tran giii bdi nhiing ngpn doi, vat rimg ciia Lomnitz va Diosgyor. Nhin tir ngoai vao, tudng chimg day Id trdn dia khd hoan hao, nhung thyc ra lai la sy sai Idm. Viec thiet ke doanh trai nhu vay da khien cho qudn dpi khang chien ty dua minh vao tinh the bi mac ket Phdn tich hinh thai chien trudng, Batu han da cam thdy ke thii cua minh "nhu gia siic bi mac ket trong mdt bai qudy" ("trapped like cattle in a corral")^ Trong tinh the hlcm ngheo, ldi thoat duy nhat neu quan khang chien nit lui la trd ngugc lai phia tdy qua hem niii ma tic dd hp di chuyen den. Robert Marshall (1993) nhan dinh: ''Cach thitc ihiit ke doanh trgi la moi loi chien thuat vi dieu ndy se cdn trd vice di chuyen de Iron thoat trong trudng hgp bi Idn cong" . Phan tich each bd tri trdn dia ciia qudn Hungary cho thdy nhdn dinh tren la hodn toan co co sd.
2.2. Chien tran tqi cay cau da 2.2.1. Dat giao chien thic nhdt Mpt dieu hien nhien, muon qua song Sajo phd buy doanh trai Hungary thi quan xam lugc phai vugt qua cay cdu da. Theo truyin thuyit dia phuang, ngay 10/4/2141, mdt nd le ciia Mong Cd tron thoat da den doanh trai Hungary va canh bao hp ve moi
^^ Battle of Moh, tldd.
'^ Siggurdsson (2014), Battle of the Sajo River.
Mongols Massacre Hungarian-German Army, httpV/burnpit.us/, 11/4/2014.
^° The Mongol Invasion of Europe- The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River, http://erenow com/ww/
^' Marshall, Robert i\993),Slorm from the Eial, London: BBC Books, p. 112.
&iieti tf4i$t fliolti... 51
cupc tan cdng ban dem qua cdy cdu tren sdng Sajd. Tuy nhien, Bela van khdng tin se dien ra mdt trdn ddnh quyet djnh, ma cho rang ddy chi la mdt don vi cua Mdng Cd den Sajd trinh sat. Mac dii vay, dng vdn thanh lap mdt ddu cdu manh me tren bd phia ddng ciia Sajd, bd tri 1.000 ky binh bao ve cay cdu.
Khi hoang hdn budng xuong, mdt sd cap dudi ciia nha Vua - dac biet la Cdng tudc Coloman ciia Slavonia, Diic Tdng Gidm muc Ugrin Csdk va thii ITnh ddng Den Rembald Voczon cung doan qudn ciia minh cung nhanh nhen hanh quan ve phia cdy cdu da.
Khi den noi, hp phat hien mdt nhdm nho quan Mong Cd (khdng cd su chudn bi cho tran giao ddu) bdng qua giiia sdng. Cupc chien dau ciia cdc chien binh Hungary chdng lai dpi qudn nay diln ra trong bdng tdi vdi nd. Qudn Mdng Cd hoan toan bi ddng nen bi thiet hai dang k l vd bj danh bat trd lai. Quan dpi Hungary da gianh dugc chien thang tai cdy cdu. Sau khi chimg kien ke thii chay trin, Cdng tudc Coloman ciing qudn dpi ciia minh trd v l trai, td chiic an mimg rdt nao nhiet. Liic ndy da hai gid sang. De de phdng, quan Hungary bd tri mdt dpi ngu nhd lyc lugng chiin binh cam gido va cung thu d lai bdo ve cay cdu, ngan chan mdt cupc tdn cdng ciia Mdng Cd.
Thyc ra, chiin thdng ngudi Hungary gianh dugc tren cdy cdu da tdi 10/4/1241 tai Sajo chi Id bdy ehiln thuat ciia Mdng Cd.
Quan xdm lugc luon cd hai chieu bai sir dung ludn phien vdi cac ke thii: hodc phong dai hodc ha thdp sue manh qudn dpi ciia minh.
Trong nhimg bdi cdnh cu the, khi lyc lugng
khdng chiin giii dugc binh tTnh, qudn Mong Cd lai tao cho hp niim tin vao uu the ro rang ciia minh {6.k tir dd loai bo sy cdn thiet phai chudn bi ngudn lyc bd sung). Vdi dm muu nay, eac tudng ITnh ciia Thanh Cat Tu Han da lam hit siic d l ha thdp luc lugng ciia minh.
Dieu nay se dugc minh chung ro net trong dot giao chien lan thii hai tai cdy cdu da.
2.2.2. Dat giao chien thuhai Sau chien thang md man tai cay cdu da, qudn khang chiin trd ve doanh trai. Hp khong ngd cupc chien vira rdi chi la phep thir ciia ke thii, lyc lugng manh ciia Mong Cd chua Id dien, ma van an nap trong bong toi. Sy kieu ngao khien cac tudng linh Hungary khong nhan ra sy quyet tdm ciia quan xdm lugc,
Sau trdn tryc dien vdi qudn dpi Bela toi 10/4/1241, cdc tudng ITnh Mongol da hpp lai, phan tich tinh hinh chien trudng, vii khi va each danh trdn cua ddi phuong. Phae hpa chien luge cho tran danh quyet dinh vao ngay hom sau. J J.Saunders (1971) cho rang quan Mdng Cd ban ddu cd the khong muon vugt qua dong Sajo rdng vd nguy hiem de tan cdng doanh trai ciia ngudi Hungary^^
Trong qua trinh giao chien, cac tudng ITnh Mdng Cd da thay ddi ke hoach. Muc dich ciia hp la thiet lap mpt the tran mdi, cdi bay va ddy ke thii ciia minh vao the bi dpng.
Theo lenh ciia Batu, Subotai dua 3 quan
Saunders, J J. (1971), The Hisioiy of the Mongol Conquests. London: Routiedge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-8122-1766-7
So dT dua dir doan nhu vay bai hpc gia nay da co su lien he voi tran song Katka (1223) cua Mong Co 6 Ukraina. Tuy vay, day cung chi la mot suy luan
52 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N''12(219).20l8
doan tdi Sajo dl triin khai dpi hinh . Lyc lugng nay dugc lenh phai vugt qua cdy cau tam, bdc qua mdt khiic sdng can ve phia tdy.
Tir day, qudn xdm lugc cd thi tiep can bai ddt hoang va tdn cdng doanh trai Hungary tir phia sau.
De qudn dpi khang chien hoan todn bat ngd vd khdng kjp trd tay, ngay khi man dem buong xudng, luc lugng cua Subotai dugc lenh hdnh qudn. Ba qudn doan vdi 30.000 ky binh (30,000 cavalry) gap nit bang qua nhiing ngpn dii. Thdi gian nay, mat trdi lan liic 18:29, nen qudn vien chinh phdi hanh qudn khoang 7 km trong bdng toi. Ngudi Mong Co khong dy dinh tien hdnh mdt cupc tan cong dem, nhung de cd the thuc hien trdn danh vao doanh trai doi phuang Iiic binh minh, hp budc phai cd gang. Den nira dem 10/4/1241, lye lugng Mongol himg hdu da den cay cdu da . Tuy nhien, do tinh ky ludt cao ciia cac chien binh thao nguyen chau A, qudn ciia Bela vdn khdng phat hien dugc nhiing ehuyen ddng ciia hp.
The Iran ban ddu
Vao khodng 4 gid sang ngay 11/4/1241, quan dpi thao nguyen chdu A bdt ddu bang qua song. Cupc chiin tai cdy cdu da Idn thii hai dugc md man bdng nhiing miii ten cua cung thii Mdng Cd vl phia cac ehiln binh Hungary dang canh gac d cdy cau da. Batu timg budc triin khai lyc lugng ciia minh,
The Mongol Invasion of Europe: The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River, htlp://erenow, com/ww/
^* Saunders, J. J. (1971), The History of the Mongol Conquests. London: Routiedge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7
lenh cho cac dpi qudn dan rdng ra nhieu noi, thu hiit sy chii y ciia ngudi Hungary dl danh lac hudng hp. Tac gia bai viit The Mongol Invasion of Europe: The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River cho biet: "Qudn Mongol khon kheo sap xep doi hinh trong mot cdch nao do de luc luang Hungary bj phdn tdn, tu do khong phdt hien ra luc luang cua Subotai dang trien khai tic phia tdy"^^
Trong khi cac chuyen dpng d hai ben sudn dien ra, Batu ddng thdi duy tri cupc tdn cdng vao lyc lugng linh eanh d cdu da, Mot cupc chien dau khde liet xay ra sau do. Lire lugng Hungary dong hon dpi qudn ciia Batu va ngudi Mdng Cd khdng the di chuyen mgt each nhanh chdng bdi vi Sajo d phia sau ho,
Cdc hang thu Hungary day dac da danh bat nhiing dgt dot kich cua cdc dpi ky binh nhd Mdng Cd. Hp cd gang trdn giir cdy cau chd qudn tiep vien tir doanh trai. Mac dii vay, ngudi Hungary van khdng tin rang day la mdt eudc tan cdng toan dien ciia qudn xam lugc. Hp don thuan hieu rang, hai quan doi sg quyet chien d cay cdu da va quyet djnh thang thua tai ddy. Vi le dd, quan dpi cua Hoang tir Kdlman, Cdng tudc Slavonia - em trai eua vua Bela vd Diic Tdng gidm muc Ugrin Csak thii ITnh Ddng Den (Templar) da gdy bat ngd vdi quan Tartar khi ddi trai de bao ve cay cau da.
Tuong quan lyc lugng liic dau la 2-1 nghieng vl phia quan khdng chien. Luc lugng ky binh nang Hungary dugc lenh dot
^^ The Mongol Invasion of Europe: The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River, http ://erenow, com/ww/
&uen iriut JILotu... 53
kich vao nhdm linh it di cua Mdng Cd. Hp tin rang sg lai mot lan niia chien thdng dpi qudn du muc. The tran ban ddu diln ra diing nhu du lieu cua cac tudng ITnh Hungary. Dpi ky binh nang ciia Bela tran giii chac chdn cdy cau va day lui quan xdm lugc. "Liic 7:00 sdng, ngudi chdu Au ro rdng chiem mi the hem qudn Mong Co" . Viec ludn dp dao qudn Mdng Cd da khien cdc tudng ITnh Hungary chii quan cho rang, luc lugng xam lugc da sai lam khi quyet chien vdi hp d song Sajd.
Trong nhihig gid dau tien xung tran, dpi qudn tien phong ciia Mdng Cd da hi sinh kha nhieu. Theo ghi chep ciia cudn "Lich su cua trieu dai Nguyen" (Yuan shi), 30 ve sT duge trang bi ao giap ciia Batu da tir trdn, trong dd cd Bakatu - mdt phu ta thdn thiet ciia dng.
Vdo cudi gid thii hai, dudng nhu quan dpi khang chiin dd cd the tieu diet hoan toan cdc dpi quan cua Mdng Co'^'. Cyc dien Iiic ndy cho thdy cude dau dudng qua siic ddi vdi cac ehiln binh thdo nguyen chdu A. Trong sudt hai gid chiin dau vao sang sdm, quan xam lugc phai chju nhiiu thiet hai vi hda luc ciia hp khdng du dl de bep cac hiep sT Hungary.
Diiu khiln binh sT Mdng Cd khdng rdi bd vi tri chiin ddu chinh la tinh ky luat va su diing cam ciia thii ITnh hp - Batu Khan.
Do thiet hai qua Idn ciia quan Mdng Cd va thi tran cd Igi cho Hungary, Batu quyet djnh nit lui. Cimg Iiic, Subotai tri hoan viec
^ Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz (2006), http;//www.historynet.com/, 6/12/2006.
" R. G. Grant (20\0), Commanders, Penguin, ISBNO-7566-7341-0, p. 89.
xdy dyng cdu tam va quay sang tdn cdng sudn phia sau ciia Hungary. Mac dii dang d the yeu, eac chien binh thao nguyen dot ngpt dan mdng ra va quay lai bao vay cac ky binh Hungary. Diiu nay that bat ngd, bdi quan xam lugc dang d the yen, viec dan mdng lyc lugng la mdt dieu khd hieu vi se gay bat igi cho chinh hp. Trong edng trinh ciia minh, sau khi md td tinh the chien trudng duong thdi, James Chambers cho biet, qudn Mdng Cd liic nay da "triet binh mdt each nguy hiem" ("dangerously depleted'').
* Su thay doi cue dien ve sau Ngay khi lyc lugng cua Subotai vugt khiic sdng can qua cdy cau tam thdi, quan Mdng Cd bat ddu dan dpi hinh vd tdn cong tit phia sau. Nhiing vu khi manh nhat liic nay dugc qudn xdm luge dem ra su dung. Batu bd tri 7 may ban da (seven stone throwers) tir nhung chd khac nhau, tan cdng cac binh sT Hungary tren eau. Nhiing vien da khdng Id dugc nem vao trdn dia ddi phuong. Cimg vdi dd Id nhirng miii ten lira duge ban vao trdn dia, ddt chay phia ben kia ciia cdy cdu. Sau ddn tan cdng ciia da va mui ten lua^^. Tiep dd, quan xam lugc trien khai mdt cupc tdn cdng bd binh.
Trude kbi budc vao tran chien nay, ngudi Hungary chua dugc biet din may bdn da va thudc siing. Via khi nay da giup qudn Mdng Cd de bep quan dpi ciia cac nudc chau Au. Sy rdi loan trong hang ngu Hungary dd md ra cho qudn cua Batu va Subotai mdt co The Mongol Invasion of Europe: The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River, http://erenow.com/ww/
54 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2018
hpi tu lai qua nhip cdu giao tranh. Trong hai gid ac liet, cac chien binh Mongol da giii' the ap dao vdi nhiing miii ten lua, khien cho sd lugng thuong vong ciia ddi phuang tang len.
Vao khoang giiia trua, dpi quan Mdng Cd do Subotai chi huy da xudt hien, manh me tdn cdng tir phia sau ben phai lyc lugng Hungary.
Den diem giao tranh, sd lugng Idn quan dpi Mong Cd da lam Coloman liing tiing.
Chung kien doan qudn hiing hdu do Subotai dan ddu tir sudn eanh dang manh me ap sat, nhiing ngudi linh Hungary thyc sy hoang sg.
Sau mdt trdn mua ten, khi hai canh cung khep lai cung la liic ngudi Hungary hieu hp da hoan toan mat the ehii dpng. Quan dpi khang chien ngay lap tiic phat hien ra rang, cac cupc tdn cdng trude do chi la don gia trong danh trdn ciia ngudi Mdng Cd. Lap tire, binh 'linh Hungary voi va riit lui vl doanh trai kien cd ciia minJi trude khi quan ciia Subotai khep chat vdng vay^^
Trd ve doanh trai, Coloman va eae chien binh ao giap hy vpng Hoang de se huy dpng toan bp qudn dpi ra chien ddu, nhimg ong da thdt vpng. Lap tire, Tdng Gidm muc Ugrin da len tieng chi trich Bela va cdng khai chong lai vj hodng de ndy. Culi ciing qudn dpi Hungary do Cdng tudc Coloman dan ddu, quay trd lai xung tran. Tuy nhien, sy cham tre nay da giiip qudn dpi ciia Batu dii thdi gian vugt qua cdu da mpt each an' todn. Cac luc lugng chinh ciia Mdng Cd da
hoan thanh viec bang qua sdng vao khoang 8 gid sang.
2.3. Cupc chien tren bdi dat hoang Sau thdt bai d cay cdu da, quan Hungary nit lui ve doanh trai tren bai ddt hoang. Quan Mdng Cd tien sat vd khep chat vdng vay.
Tuy vay, hp khdng vdi vang tdn cong cac toa xe. Sy im lang va cang thang khiln bdu khdng khi trd nen ngpt ngat. Bang each nay, quan xdm lugc da lam tinh than ciia binh linh Hungary them khung hoang. Trong khi do, eac chien binh thao nguyen nhanh chong dua phao nd vao trdn dia
Theo lenh cua Batu Khan, 30.000 ky binh ciia Subotai dan ra thanh mpt nira vong trdn theo hinh trang ludi Hem (a crescent- shaped), tao the bao vay quan Kitd giao. Liic nay, cac cung thii san sang doi dau vdi ky binh bpc thep Hungary. Xac djnh day la tran chien cuoi ciing vdi lyc lupng Kito giao, quan cua Batu Khan da tap trung toan luc tan cong va dua phao binh vao trdn dia. Batu ra hieu lenh cho phao Mdng Cd tap trung nha dan de ddt chay doanh trai ciia doi phuong.
Trong vai gid tiep theo, quan Mong Co don dap tan cdng doanh trai ciia Bela vdi may ban da (catapults), nem da (throwing stones), ddt nhya dudng (burning tar), dau hoa (naphtha) va tham chi phao nd Trung Quoc (Chinese firecrackers). Nhiing vii khi nay de khien ngudi chiing kien hoang sg bdi chiing gdy tieng dpng Idn va tia lira sang loe.
R G, Grant (2010), Commanders, ISBN 0-7566-7341-0 p. 89.
Siggurdsson (2014), Battle of ihe Sajo River Penguin, , Mongols Massacre Hungarian-German Army;
http://burnpit.us/, 11/4/2014.
&ukit Irfui Jll^lil... 55
Qua phdn tieh thdng tin tir nhiing edng trinh nghien cim khac nhau, da cd sy bdt ddng giira cac nha sir hpc ve ban chdt chinh xdc cua cdc thiet bi may phdng va vii khi ciia qudn Mdng Cd trong tran Sajd. William H.
McNeill cho rang qudn dpi Mong Cd da tiep thu va sir dyng nhieu loai vii khi ddnh trdn ciia ngudi Trung Qudc trong cae eudc vien ehinh d chdu Au va suy doan: "Vu khi thudc sung cita ngudi Hdn co the da duac sic dung a Hungary tai thdi diem do" '. Ddng quan diem, Kenneth Warren Chase cung khdng dinh, Mdng Cd chinh la ngudi da gidi thieu thuoc sung va cac loai vii khi lien quan den thude sung vao chau Au^^. John Merton Patrick, giao su trudng Dai bpc Michigan, cd nhac den vii khi cua Mong Co sir dung trong tran sdng Sajd chi tiet hon, bao gdm "mui ten Ilia" (fire of flaming arrows) va "bom dau hda" (naphtha fire-bombs) Cdn Siggurdsson md ta ve loai vu khi ciia cdc ehiln binh thao nguyen mdt each dan gian la
"bom thudc siing" (gunpowder bombs), hay thdm chi bom naphtha (naphtha bombs) '*.
Meng Wu Er Shih Chi gpi dd la "nii lira"
(Kuan Vets Huo) khi de cap den nhimg vu
^' William H, McNeill (1992), The Rise of the Wesf A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-56141-0, Retrieved 2011- 07-29. p. 492.
" Kenneth Warren Chase (2003), Firearms a global history to 1700 (illustrated ed), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2, Retrieved2011-07-29, p, 58.
" John Merton Patrick (1961), "Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries".
Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series, the University of Michigan, Utah State University Press, p. 13.
^^ Siggurdsson (2014), tldd, 11/4/2014.
khi ma ngudi Mongol sir dung de tdn edng va ddt chay thanh phd Strigonie vao nam ngay trude do. Cdn nghien ciiu khac lai gpi dd la "siing ban ddu hda" ("Naphtha- shooters"), "may phdng chay" (fire- catapultsf^... Vii khi ciia ngudi Mdng Co dugc de cap trong nhirng nghien cim vdi nhiiu ten gpi khae nhau. Cd the cae hpc gia da can cir vao hinh dang bieu hien ciia vQ khi dl gpi ten chiing, Dii vay, thuc te la hp da sir dung thude siing trong trdn Mohi. Dieu nay da gdy ra sy tan pha vd ciing Idn. Ddy Id mot trong nhimg ket qua hp thu nhdn trong qua trinh ddnh chiem Trung Hoa.
Nhiing ddn giang trd manh me va lien tiep ciia lyc lugng Mong Cd khien quan Hungary khong the xoay sd kip. Khi Coloman vd Ugrin chimg kien su himg hau ve so lugng va siic manh khiing khiep tir vii khi qudn xam lugc, hp nhan ra rang ddy khdng phai la mpt cupc tan cdng nhd. Cam nhan dugc sy nguy hiem nay, Bela tang cudng dpi quan hiep sT dot kich de pha vdng vay. Tuy nhien, trong sudt budi ehieu, ngudi Hungary cung chi thyc hien mpt vai Idn xudt kich va do chi don gian la phi nudc dai ra noi giao chien. Nhung eupe tan cong ciia quan dpi khdng ehien rdt yeu dt va deu bi day lui.
Sau nhieu gid, phao cua Mdng Cd oanh tac tran dia, doanh trai Hungary hoan toan bj nghien nat. Cac leu trai diu bi dlt chay vd nhung phao dai toa xe bi phd hdng bdi mui ten lira, da va naptha ciia ke thii. "Dong ddo nguai Hungary bi mac ket trong vong phong
' Kenneth Warren Chase (2003), tldd. p. 58.
56 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° l 2(219).2018
thit cita toa xe"^^. Liic nay, qudn dpi khang ehiln mdi nhdn thdy su ddng kin ciia cdc toa xe la thilt kl sai Idm. Ddy la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhdn chinh Idm hp nhanh chdng thdt bai.
Trude thi ky XIII, thudc siing Id loai vii khi ma ngudi chdu Au chua timg biet den.
Sue manh khimg khiep eua nd khien dpi quan khang chien hodng sg. Sau vai gid tdn cdng don dap, vao eudi budi ehieu, tinh than ciia cdc chien binh Hungary bat ddu sup do.
Day la liic ky binh ao giap Mdng Cd trien khai hang loat cac hanh dpng cho ddn cudi cung de giet chet nhiing ke bi thuong cdn lai.
Cac ehiln sT Hungary bi ddn vdo budc dudng cimg, hp chi cd mot each duy nhdt la chien ddu.
Tuy nhien sau dd, linh Hungary phat hien mdt khoang trdng d phia tay ciia doanh trai. Loi thoat duy nhdt nay chinh la hem niii ma trude dd da dua hp den bai ddt trdng.
Dudng nhu, quan Mong Cd khdng chii y den khu vyc do nen lyc lugng rat mdng. Sau khi tham dd than trpng, mdt vai binh sT Hungary ddu tien da vugt qua khoang trdng va trdn thoat ma khdng gap khd khdn. "Mot luc luang nho Hung tien hdnh ddo Idu, ma mdn cho mot can lu Idn"^^. Cupc nit chay trd nen khong the kiem soat. Ngay sau dd, bai ddt hoang trd thanh mdt bien ngudi ngua menh mong va hon loan.
Khi cac chien binh Hungary dang va trdn, quan Mdng Cd ddt nhien xudt hien 6 hem niii, ep tir hai ben sudn va dpi nhimg mui ten lira vao hp. Day la chien thuat quen thuoc ciia quan Mdng Cd khi danh trdn. Qudn dpi khang chien da roi vao tran dia da bay sdn ciia qudn xam lugc. Thyc te, nhimg ngudi linh chay trdn de bi tieu diet hon so vdi dong dpi ciia hp dang tru lai tren chien trudng.
Den dem 11/4/1241, trdn chien song Sajd ket thuc.
3. Ket qua tran chien
Ddng vai trd chii ddng, sd thuong vong ciia Mdng Cd so vdi Hungary khdng dang ke. Thdi diem quan xam lugc bi tdn that nhieu nhdt la sang sdm ngay 11/4/1241, khi qudn Mong Cd xung dot lan hai vdi lire lugng khang ebien tai cay cau da. Liic nay, quan Mdng Cd dudi su chi huy ciia Batu Khan da bi ddn ep tren cay cdu da d song Sajd va tinh hinh se trd nen nghiem trpng neu Subotai khdng xuat hien diing liic.
Luc lugng Hungary liic ddu chii dpng, nhung ve sau sa vao bay qudn xam lupc, nhanh chdng roi vao the bi ddng va that bai.
Theo cae nghien cuu, siic manh qudn dpi Hungary gdn nhu bi thieu rui hodn toan Tuy nhien, thdng tin ve con sd thuang vong ciia Hungary cd sy khac nhau d cac cong
John Merton Patrick (1961), Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series, Ulah State University Press, p. 13.
" The Mongol Invasion of Europe: The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River, http7/erenow com/ww/
'* Curta, Florin (2006), Southeastern Europe m the Middle Ages. 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4, p. 410; Chambers, James (1979), The Devil's Horsemen. The Mongol Invasion of Europe, Atheneum, ISBN 978-0-7858- 1567-9. p. 102 - 104; Kirschbaum, Stanislav J, (1996),/4 History of Slovakia- The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9, p, 44.
^lie/i trtui JHohl... 57
trinh khoa hpc. Theo mdt sd nha nghien cuu, sd quan Hungary va ddng minh chau Au hy sinh khoang tir 40.000 65.000 (hoac 70.000)^^, cdn ludng y kien khac lai khdng dinh, sd lugng dd la chinh xac la 60.000 ngudi''^. Sau nhiing phan tich, John Merton Patrick cho rang, lye lugng khdng chien cua Hungary hi sinh tai chien trdn Mohi len tdi 70.000 ngudi'^'. Nhirng sd lieu tren chi la suy doan va chua cd co sd chac chan, tuy nhien cung phan anh mpt su that: sd lugng thuong vong ciia Hungary la rat Idn. Tuyen dudng 30 dam tir Mohi ve thanh phd Pest tran ngap xac chet ciia qudn Kito hiiu. Theo truyen thdng qudn vien chinh Mong Cd, de thdng ke su ton thdt ciia ddi phuong, hp da cat mdt tai ciia mdi ngudi bi giet trong tran chien va nhet day chin bao tai Idn. Do do, theo eac nhd nghien cim khoang 3/4 toan quan, tham ehi sd quan Hungary nhieu ban (gdn 85% - 90%) da hi sinh trong trdn Mohi.
Trong tran chiin. Dire Tdng Giam muc Ugrin hi sinh. Cong tudc Coloman co gang trin thoat nhung vet thuang qua nghiem trpng nen dng qua ddi ngay sau dd. Hodng dl Bela dao thoat thanh cdng ciing dam tan quan thoat khdi chien trudng. Gia dinh
^' Battle of the Sajo River [Battle of Mohi] (2015), hn:p.//vdraculavlach.blogspot com, put on' February 24, 2015; Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz (2006), http.//www historynet.com/, 6/12/2006.
*" The Mongol Invasion of Europe: The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River, http://erenow,com/ww/warfareinthemedievalworld/t9 .html
•" John Merton Patrick (1961), "Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries", Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press, p. 13.
Hoang gia da trdn sang Ao - mdt nudc ddng minh, dl tim kiem sy giiip do, the nhung hp da bi Frederick tdng tien. Bela bupc phai nop lugng vang khdng Id vd nhugng ba qudn phia tdy cho Ao.
Nhu vay, trong vdng 3 ngay (9-11/4/2141), quan Mdng Cd da gianh dugc hai chien thang vang dpi trude quan dpi chau Au: Tran Liegnitz (9/4/1241) va trdn Mohi (11/4/1241). Hai su kien nay gdy ehan dpng Idn den todn ehau Au ve quy xa- tang den tir thao nguyen Bac A. Nhiing gi ma chien binh Mdng Cd the hien trong trdn Mohi va trdn Liegnitz trude dd, da the hien tai thao luge va nghe thuat quan su dinh cao ciia hp trong Uch sir.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Cartledge, Bryan (2011), The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary, C. Hurst &
Co, ISBN 978-1-84904-112-6.
2. Florin Curta (2006), Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0- 521-89452-4.
3. Gyula Kristd {2Q{)3), Hdboruk es hadviseles az Arpddok koraban [Wars and Tactics under the Arpads] (in Hungarian), Szukits Konyvkiadd, ISBN 963-9441-87-2.
4. Grant R. G. (2^\0), Commanders, Penguin, ISBN 0-7566-7341-0.
5. Grousset, Rene (1970), The Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers. ISBN 0-8135-13049.
6. James Chambers (1979), The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe, Atheneum, ISBN 978-0-7858-1567-9.
58 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219|.2018
7. John Merton Patrick (196\), Arlillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press.
8. Kenneth Warren Chase (2003), Firearms: a global history to 1700 (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82274-2.
9. Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996), .4 History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival, Palgrave Macmillaa ISBN 1-4039- 6929-9, p. 44.
10. Paul Ratchnevsky (1993), Geng/i/j Khan: His Life and Legacy, Wiley- Blackwell, ISBN: 978-0-631-18949-7.
11. Robert Marshall (1993), Storm from the East, London: BBC Books.
12. Saunders, J. J. (1971), ne History of the Mongol Conquests,
London: Routiedge & Kegan Paul., ISBN 0- 8122-1766-7.
13. Stephen Tumbull (2003), Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190-1400.
ISBN: 9781472810212, Osprey Publishing, Oxford.
14. Biii Thi Anh Van (2012), "Tim hiSu nhimg nguyen nhan thing loi cua dS qu6c Nguyen Mong trong cuoc chiSn tranh xam lugc thS gioi (thS ky XIII)", Tgp chi Nghien cim ChduAu, s6 7 (142), ISSN: 0868-3581.
15. Bui Thi Anh Van (2016), "Chiin tran Liegnitz", Tap chi Nghien cmi ChduAu, s6 2 (197); ISSN: 0868-3581
16. Bui Thi Anh Van (2017), "T6 chiic quan dgi de che Mong Co thi ky XIII", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Dong Bdc A, s6 4 (194;
(ISSN: 0868 - 3646).
17. William H. McNeill (1992). The Rise of the West: A History of Ihe Human Community, University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 0-226-56141-0.
\S. Battle of Mohi,
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry 19. Battle of Mohi (2016), https://en.wikipedia.org/, 9 July 2016.
20. Battle of Ihe Sajo River [Battle of Mohi] (2015),
http://vdraculavlach.blogspot.com, put on:
February 24, 2015.
21. Mongol Invasions: Battle of Liegnitz (2006), http://www,historynet.com/, 6/12/2006.
22. Mongol Invasions: Battle of Mohi (2015), http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/, put on: May 15,2015.
23. The Mongol Invasion of Europe:
The Battles of Liegnitz and Sajo River, http://erenow.comy ww/
24. Siggurdsson (2010), Bailie of Liegnitz - Mongols Defeat Polish-German Army; http://bumpit.us/, 9/4/2010.
25. Siggurdsson (2014), Battle of Ihe Sajo River: Mongols Massacre Hungarian- German Arniy; http://bumpit.us/, 11/4/2014.
