CHIEN Lirac TANG TRI/ONG XANH CUA HAN QUOC
liraNGHdNGHANN'
Tdm tat: Bdi viet dua ra nhimg phdn tich budc ddu ve tinh tdt yeu cita tdng trugng xanh doi v&i Hdn Qudc vd phdc hga mgt cdi nhin long quan nhdt, giiip nguai dgc hieu them phan ndo vS chiin luge qudc gia ddy tham vgng ndy cita xic so kim chl. Tic do Hen he v&i tinh hinh cita Viet Nam.
Tu' khda: Hin Quoc, Tdng Irudng xanh, Chien lupc, Kdt qua
J_Joi nghi Thupng dinh Lien Hi^p X X Qudc dupc td chttc d Copenhagen, Dan Mach vao lhdng 12/2009 Id cpt mdc quan trpng. ddnh ddu sir phdt trien mdi cua ndn kinh te va van hda thd gidi, tap trung hudng den cdi gpi li vdn dd "tdng Irudng xanh".
Mac du trttdc dd, y tudng "tang Irudng xanh" da xuat hien d Bac Au, My, Canada, Nhal Ban... song nhttng van de ve ly luan v i xay dung mdt chien lupc phit trien mang linh loin cau lhi mdi dupc khdi dpng v i Han Qudc Id mpt trong nhttng qudc gia di tien phong. Nhu vdy, vdi kinh nghiem trudc day trong chinh sdch ddt trpng lam vdo nganh cdng nghiep chd tao vd cdng nghe lhdng lin, tgo nen "Ky tich Sdng Hdn", mpt lan ntta Han Qudc dang nd luc viet nen mpt huyen thoai mdi bdng chien lupc dat trpng tdm vdo su tdng Irudng il cac-bon, than thien vdi mdi trudng.
1. Khai niem "tang trud'ng xanh"
Xet ve mat ngdn tu, "tdng Irudng xanh" Id mpt khai niem tdng the ve kinh le - mdi Irudng - xa hdi nham tao sir lien kel gitta
"tdng trttdng" (growth) vd "miu xanh"
(green); nghia Id nd bao quat, ket hpp gia trj cua "mdi trttdng" vi "tdng trudng". Nhu vay, khai nidm niy khdng hoin lodn trung khdp vdi khdi nipm "ndn kinh te xanh". Nd can dupc hidu Id mpt khdi niem rdng hon, vugt ra ben ngodi phgm vi kinh le.
Cu lhd, Han Qudc da djnh ro khii niem
"tang Irudng xanh" nhu sau:
"Tdng tric&ng xanh" Id tdng tnc&ng dal dugc sir hdi hoa giica kinh te vd moi truang, bdng viec tiet kiem vd sic dung hieu qua ndng lugng, tdi nguyen nhdm gidm thieu bien doi khi hdu vd suy thodi moi truang;
dong thai phdt trien nghien cicu ndng lugng sach vd cong nghe xanh de dam bdo dong luc tdng truang m&i vd tgo ra nhCcng viec Idm mai...'
Khi so sdnh djnh nghia tren cua Han Quoc vdi djnh nghia cua Uy ban kinh le xa hoi khn vuc Chdu A - Thai Binh Duong cua Lien Hiep Qudc (UNESCAP) ta nhgn thiy cd mot sd khdc biet: "Tdng tnc&ng xanh" la chien luge tim kiem su tgi da hoa sdn lugng kinh te trong khi gidm Ihieu gdnh ndng sinh thai.
Cdch tiep can m&i ndy cho phep tim kiem s«
hai hoa giica tdng truang kinh te va tinh ben
Nghien ciiu vien, Trung tSm Nghien ciru HAn Quoc, Vi?n Nghien ciiu D6ng Bac A
' /r/£'ji ^-^aS yl&S (Ludt ca ban ve' Tang InliV xanh, il cac-bon cOa Han Qu6c).
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NGHliN Cdu CONG BflC fl. SO 3(133) 3-201!Nghien citu khoa hgc
vung moi truang bdng vi^c thitc day nhitng thay doi cdn bdn trong phucmg thirc sdn xudl vd lieu diing xa hoi. Dinh nghTa cua UNESCAP mang tinh tong hgp va bao quat hon, trong do nhan manh vao phuang cham huong tai "xanh", thay doi phuang thuc san xuat va tieu diing. Dinh nghTa cua Han Quoc cu the va chi tiet hon, trong do tSp trung chu yeu vao cac no luc "xanh hoa" lien quan den nang lugng sach va cong nghe xanh, hudng tai giai quyet hien trang ciia nen kinh te Han Quoc, tang tnrdng nhung co ty le that nghiep tuang doi cao.
Mpt djnh nghTa khac dugc neu tren kenh truyen hinh KBS ciia Han Quoc: "Tdng truang xanh " Id mot chien Iuac tdng truang bdt ddu bdng su tit bo quan niem lac hdu la phdt trien kinh te vd bdo ve moi truang khong the song hdnh v&i nhau; tir do, hu&ng t&i toi da hoa stt ket hap giua hai phgm trii ndy.
Xet theo dinh nghia tren, "tang trudng xanh" sg md ra mpt giai doan mdi cho phat triln kinh te.
Tnrdc day, nhung chinh sach ve moi trudng thudng tap trung vao nhirng giai phap
"dpn dep" do tieu chi "tang trudng trudc, dpn sach sau". Vi vay rat nhieu lan, nhung chinh sach d6 bi rai vao nhung cupc tranh cai khdng cd hoi ket giira mpt ben la lgi nhuan kinh ik va mot ben la gia tri moi trudng. Nguyen nhan chinh ciia van de nay la do tir trudc tdi nay, phan ddng gidi kinh doanh van quen vdi lap luan rang khong phai bao gid xu hudng than thien vdi moi trudng cung song hanh vdi viec kiem tim lpi nhuan.
Va tir gdc do xa hpi ngudi ta cung cho rang
"cong nghe xanh" chi la bieu hien "Trach nhiem Xa hpi cua Doanh nghiep" (Corporate Social Responsibility) chu cd the khdng lien quan gi tdi lgi nhuan kinh doanh, tham chi cd khi cdn gay anh hudng tieu cue.
Quan diem nay sai lam ngay tir tim hieu ban chat van de. Khi quan niem phat trien kinh te va b^o ve mdi trudng khong song hanh vdi nhau; tang trudng va su hai hoa, tdn trgng thien nhien khong thd ciing sanh budc; nghTa la chung ta quan niem su sung tuc, giau cd cua loai ngudi mau thuan vdi su an toan cua toan the gidi tu nhien. Day hien nhien la mot dieu vo ly. Con ngudi la mpt bg phan cua gidi tu nhien, mdi lien he giua con ngudi va tu nhien la mdi lien he hihi ca. Bdi vay con ngudi khdng the sdng khde manh, giau cd, hanh phuc bang each hiiy hoai chinh tu nhien - ba me ciia minh.
Han nira, trong thdi diem hien tai, su hai hda giira mdi trudng va phat triln kinh te dang trd thanh "md vang mdi" ciia gidi kinh doanh. Viec cho ra ddi ca chl mua ban quyen phat thai la mpt minh chung dien hinh.
De dam bao lpi nhuan lau dai, nhieu cong ty bupc phai tinh den cat giam chi phi do viec thai khi nha kinh sinh ra. Day la diem ket ndi quan trpng giua "xanh" va "kinh doanh", khien chung khdng the tach rdi nhau.
Tir nhijng nhan dinh tren, ta thay trpng tam cua tang trudng xanh nam d "cdu true tudn hodn thugn ", nghTa la phat triln kinh te phdi hgp vdi viec giam thieu su lam dung tai nguyen, d nhilm mdi trudng; sau dd lai biln
^ 0 dSy, hi6u theo nghTa: nhiing hoat dSng kinh doanh quan tam tdi phdt trien moi truimg b6n vQng.
NGHIEN cdra OONG B^C fl. S6 3(133) 1-2012 .
23
Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
dieu ndy thinh dpng lyc dd phdt tricn kinh td^
Ve mat qudc gia, "tang trttdng xanh"
dang trd thdnh md hinh phal trien kinh lc ben vimg hdu khung hodng. Bdi vdy. nhicu qude gia lay myc lieu phit trien kinh lc xanh, it cic-bon lim hudng di mdi, vtta thoii khdi khung hoang vtta dem Igi phttc Ipi ve mdi Irudng cho ngudi dan.
Ngodi ra. cdn cd the hidu "tang lrudng xanh" id mpt dpng thai xa hpi. Vdi Hdn Qudc, "ldng lrudng xanh" dupc nhdn djnh Id mdt chien djch licp ndi lhanh cdng than ky cua "Phong trio Lang mdi" (Saemaul Undong) vdo nhttng ndm 1970. Chien djch trudc ddy dd lao dupc sir lhay ddi lodn dipn ve bd mat ndng thdn Hdn Qudc nhd sir tham gia tich cue cua ngudi dan vi su phdt tridn cua cdng ddng vdi khau hieu "Tdt cd vi mpt cdng ddng gidu cd". Tuong tu, Idn niy, Hin Qudc cung khuyen khich sir tham gia cua loin the ngudi ddn trong vide tgo ra nhung cdng dong xanh qua cic du in nhu: "Ngdi nhi Xanh", "Thanh phd v i Ddng sdng Xanh hon", "Thdnh phd Mat Irdi",...
2. Sy can thiet ciia *Hang tru'iVng xanh" d Han Qudc
Trong hodn canh hien lai cua Hin Qudc,
"lang Irudng xanh" khdng phdi la mpt khi ndng md Id mpt ldl yeu, khdng chi Id mpt sy lua chpn mi li sy lya chpn duy nhdt.
Ly do ddu tien li ly do mdi trudng. Chidn lupc phdt tridn mgnh me cdng nghiep chd tgo cua Hin Qudc trudc day dd gay thiet hai cho mdi trudng. Trudc tinh hinh ndy, "tdng trudng xanh" Id mol hudng di hpp ly, lhuc
day qud lrinh chuydn giao cua Han Qudc sang mpt ndn kinh te dya vdo lri thttc vd dem den nhttng gid trj Idn han, xanh han cho sin xudt cua dat nudc.
Thic hai, hipn nay, Hdn Qudc Id mpt trong nhttng qudc gia cd muc lieu thy ndng lupng eao nhal the gidi. Mac du dd hodn thdnh sir nghipp cdng nghiep hda nhung viec phu Ihupc Idn vio nudc ngodi (97%) ve ngudn ndng lupng vd tinh hipu qud lhdp cua viec su dyng ndng lupng lrong cdc ngdnh cdng nghj?p Id nhihig ly do bupc Hdn Qudc phai cdi cdch phuong thttc san xuit v i tieu diing.
Ddc bipl, lrong bdi cdnh gii ddu leo thang nhu lhdi gian gdn ddy lhi viec chuyen ddi sang ngdnh cdng nghiep siir dung il lai nguyen Id didu bdt bupc. Vi viy, tdng Irudng xanh da lrd lhanh nhu cdu cdp thiel de ldng cudng sue bit ciia nen kinh te chdng lai nhttng bien ddng khdn ludng cua gii lucmg thyc, gid nhien lieu vi ldi nguyen thien nhien''.
Thic ba, ngdnh cdng nghiep xanh dang noi len nhu mpt Ilnh vyc mui nhpn, mpt dpng lye ldng trudng mdi. Trong qud khu, ttt mpt ddi nudc cd nen cdng nghiep kem phdt ttien, Hin Qudc dd tip lrung phit trien nginh cdng nghipp che lao, cdng nghe thdng tin va hien da vucm len ddn ddu the gidi trong cdc liiih vyc ddng tdu, san xudt chdt bdn ddn, thep va d Id. Nhttng neu chi dttng lgi d cdc nganh cdng nghiep ndy, Han Quoc se phdi canh lranh rdt gay gdi vdi cdc nudc dang phat trien vi cic nen kinh te mdi ndi. Do vay,
^ Im Hong-jae, "Chinh sich tang trucmg xanh ciia Hin Qu6c va nhihig hop tac qu6c t€", http://ceed.org.vn, 2010.
^ Theo TS Noeleen Heyzer, Ph6 t6ng thu ky Lifin HiSp Qu6c idem Thu ItJ chAp hanh Oy ban Kinh tfi xa hOi Idiu vuc Chfiu A-Thai Binh Duong cua Lifin H(?p Qufic (UNESCAP) ("Tang tiudng xanh - chia lth6a cho an ninh lucmg thuc", http://www.vietnamplus.vn. 2011).
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NGHIEN Cda 0 6 N G B A C fl, S 6 3(133) M O UNghien cOu khoa hpc
Hdn Qudc cdn phii nhanh chdng chuydn hudng sang nhimg ngdnh cdng nghipp mdi de tim kiem ddng lyc tdng irudng, ddng lhdi chiem linh trudc thj phdn lrong Ilnh vyc niy.
Trong khi dd, cdc nudc phdt tridn Igi dang chudn bj cho ky nguyen kinh te mdi qua viec ddt cdc lieu chudn nghiem ngat ve mdi trudng lim lieu chudn todn cdu. Chinh vi vdy, neu Hin Qudc ddi phd chdm trd, nghia vy cdt gidm khi thdi gay hieu ttng nhd kinh se ngdy cdng cao va kjch ban ldi te nhdl Id sue canh lranh cua xuit khiu bj giim sut. De ngdn khdng cho dieu dd xdy ra vd chuin bi cho luong lai, Chinh phu Hdn Qudc bdt budc phii hudng tdi chinh sich tdng trudng xanh.
Thic tu, Hin Qudc li mdt nudc cd nhieu tm the trong tdng trudng xanh. Cic doanh nghiep sdn xudt chdt bdn ddn hay mdn hinh cita Hdn Qudc cd the tham gia vdo cic nginh cdng nghidp lien quan den ndng lupng mat trdi; cdn cdc nha san xuat ddng co cd the phdt trien cdng nghd ciia minh trong linh vyc nang lupng stt dung sttc gid. Hon ntta, cdc nudc lien tidn bdt ddu nghien cim vd phal tridn Hnh vyc mdi ndy chua Idu, chdng hgn nhu CO che mua bin quyen phit thii dupc ap dyng Idn dau tien d Chdu Au vio nam 2005.
Nhin lai qud khu, Hin Qudc dd tung dudi kip cdc nudc phat tridn trong cdc nginh edng nghidp sdn xuit d td hay ddng tdu vdn da bj tut hdu tdi hon 30 ndm thi cd the thdy Han Qudc hoin toin cd co hpi de dudi kjp cdc nudc phdt trien trong Hnh vyc phit trien xanh.
Hien tai, cic nudc tren the gidi dang day nhanh tdc dO dd gidnh quyen chu dgo trong Hnh vue mdi trudng sau khi Nghj djnh thu Kyoto, Hiep djnh ve bien ddi khi hgu todn
cau, hel hieu lyc. Vi vdy, ngdnh cdng nghiep xanh Id thj trudng luong lai vdi khi ndng ldng Irudng hel sttc phong phu. Tinh the hien tgi vtta Id thdeh thuc vtta Id ca hpi hiem cd, ndu Hin Qudc cd the nim bat kjp thdi vi thdng minh, nen kinh te cua Hin Qudc se ed dupc sttc bat mdi vd biet ddu, the gidi cd the dupe ehttng kidn "Ky tich Sdng Hin" Ian thtt hai?
Ttt nhiing lap lugn tren, "ldng trudng xanh" dupc nhdn djnh Id mdt gidi phip hpp ly vd cdn thidt ddi vdi Hdn Qudc, dat nudc mi "khi ndng bj ldn thuang" (do cic yeu td mdi Irudng vd gid ndng lupng) cao hon hdn cdc qudc gia khde. Vi vdy, chien lupc ndy xttng ding lrd thdnh nguyen tdc chi dudng, la kim chi nam cho sy phdt trien cua Hdn Qudc hien nay vd trong tucmg lai.
3. Chiln lupc "Tang trudng xanh"
ciia Han Quoc
3.1. Tdng quan chien lufc
Ngdy 15/8/2008, nhin djp ky niem 60 ndm ngdy thdnh lap nudc, Tdng thdng Lee Myung Bak da cdng bd chidn lupc "Tdng trudng xanh" l i tam nhin qude gia cua Hdn Qudc trong 60 nam tdi. Day Id mdt myc lieu qudc gia cd tinh ldng hpp bao trttm tat c i cdc van de, ttt xae lap cdc ddng lyc ldng trudng, bien ddi quy hogch lanh thd, cdi Ihien nang lyc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep, tao vide ldm cho ngudi lao ddng... den nhung cudc cdch mgng trong cdi thien chdt lupng cudc sdng. Ciing cd nghia day Id mpt myc tieu ldn, bao hdm giao thdng, kien true, vdn hda...
cung nhu hogt dpng kinh te-xa hdi vd hd thdng xd hpi, thdm chi nd bao hdm c i phong cich sdng cua mOt ci nhdn.
NGHIEN Cdu DONG B^C A, S 6 3(133) 3-2012 25
Nghien ciiu khoa hot
Ngay 6/07/2009, C/i/e'n luge Qudc gia vi Tdng truang xanh dd dupc cdng bd dya vio Nghj djnh sd 9 cua Ludt khung Ting Irudng xanh, il cdc-bon; bao gdm cic vdn de sau ddy':
(1) Cde vdn de lien quan den vi?c thyc hipn nen kinh te xanh
(2) Cdc vdn de lien quan ddn ngdnh cdng nghi?p xanh, cdng nghe xanh
(3) Cdc vdn dd lien quan ddn chinh sdch ung phd vdi bien doi khi hgu, chinh sach ndng lupng vd chinh sdch phdt trien bdn vimg
(4) Cdc vdn de lien quan den cupc sdng xanh, ddt dai xanh' vi hp lhdng giao thdng il cdc-bon*
(5) Cdc vdn dd lien quan den ddm phdn qudc te vd hop tdc qudc Id ve tdng trudng xanh, it ede-bon (nhu bien ddi khi hdu...)
(6) Ngodi ra, cdn cd ede vdn dd dupc nhdn dinh Id quan trpng ddi vdi tang trudng xanh, il cdc-bon, nhu ldi chinh, thue, ddo tgo nhdn lyc, gido due, tuydn truyen...
Chidn lupc ndy hudng tdi 3 mue lieu xanh Id nhttng nginh cdng nghidp xanh, chdt lupng cupc sdng "xanh" vd vai trd lanh dgo todn cdu "vi mdu xanh". Bdi vdy, chien lupc ndy dupc Tdng thdng Hin Qudc Lee Myung Bak nhgn dinh Id "mpt miii ten trung 3 dich"
khi (a) vira hien thyc hda myc tieu phdt tridn
'-r/£/ii *<^'&<5' . 7 / ^ 2 / (Lual ca ban vi Tang truang xanh. It cac-bon ciia Hau Qu6c).
"^IB^ ^^^S ^IBW XII22 S fDieu 22 trong Luql ca ban ve Tdng truang xanh, it cdc-bon).
'X1B± ^^^S:'l&m Xtlsi ^-(Difiu 51 trong Luat cabdnve Tdng truang xanh, il cdc-bon).
•xm^ ^H&fS,' 7/^0 Xl53S(f)ihx 53 trong Lufl ca bdn ve Tang truang xanh, it cdc-bon).
quoc gia thdng qua viec xdc lap cdc ngdnt cdng nghipp xanh li dpng lyc ting lrudng mdi (b) vtta ndng cao chdl lupng ddi sdng nhdn dan, cdi thipn mdi trudng, (c) vtta di lien phong trong no lyc ddi phd vdi bien ddi khi hdu cua cOng ddng qudc td
De dgt dupc nhttng muc lieu ndy, dau lien Hdn Qudc can nudi dudng nginh cdng nghiep xanh nhu Id dpng co tdng trudng mdi qua dd, vtta vuan len phdt trien kinh te vita cd the dgt dupe hipu qua lich cue trong viec chdm dirt "vang tudn hodn nghich" - phit Irien kinh te li phd hCiy mdi trudng - nhu lrudc day. Ttt dd, Hin Qudc cd lhd chuyen doi CO ciu cdng nghiep cu (Idy trpng ldm la cdc ngdnh sdn xudl) sang ca cdu cdng nghiep mdi lheo hinh thttc tdng hpp tri thttc cho hieu qud gid trj cao, bdng viec dua cdc nganh cdng nghe Id the mgnh eua Hdn Qudc nhu cdng nghd thdng tin (IT), cdng nghe sinh hgc (BT) v i cdng nghe Nano (NT) gdn kel vcri cdng nghe xanh. Ddng lhdi Hdn Qudc Igi c6 the ndng cao ndng lyc cgnh tranh loan cau trong viec thyc hi?n cdc cdng udc qudc le ve mdi Irudng nhu gidm thieu phdt lhdi khi gay hipu img nhd kinh. Khdng chi the, vipc nuoi duang vd phdt tridn cic nginh cdng nghiep xanh ciing gidi quyet mdt phdn Idn van de vipc Idm. Vi dy quy md tao cdng dn viec lam cua Ilnh vyc ndng lupng mat trdi cao gdp 7 den 11 Idn Hnh vyc ndng lupng than dd tnidc day.
Thu hai, chinh sdch "Tdng trudng xanh"
se len Idi mpt each tu nhien vio mpi mil d6i sdng cua ngudi dan, gdp phan nang cao chat lupng cupc sdng vd cdi thidn didu ki?n moi trudng. Didu dd cd nghia la tdi thidu hda chi phi xa hpi (do tdc nghen giao thdng, d nhiim
26 NGHICH Cda DONG B^C fl. s6 3(133) 3-2012
Nghien cihi khoa hpc
mdi tnrdng...) bing viec xay dyng nhd d vd khdng gian stt dyng ndng lupng httu hieu, phdt tridn "do thi thu nhd" (compact city), lao lap cdc ngdi ling stt dyng tudn hodn ede- bon tai cdc vung ndng thdn, tao ra ede con dttdng ddnh rieng cho xe dgp... Ngoai ra edn bao gdm ci viec nang cao nhin thttc cua ngudi ddn vd sy nghiem trpng ctia d nhiim mdi trudng vi bien ddi khi hdu, khuyen khich hp Ihyc hien "vdn hda xanh" lrong cudc sdng hing ngiy, de ngudi din ddn dan lung budc thdm nhuan "vdn hda xanh". Vi du nhu: md rdng cde logi hinh lhu phi mdi trudng, hudng ddn lieu dttng cic sin phdm xanh-sgeh, md rpng cdc cudc van ddng eco- livlng (sdng sinh thdi) bdng each tuyen truyen trong trudng hpc de cdc em hpc sinh cd the hieu rd ve khii niem "tdng trudng xanh" vi thyc hidn nd ngay ttt luc nhd.
Thtt ba li hudng tdi muc tieu nang cao vj the cua Hin Qudc tren trudng qudc le.
Khing dinh muc tidu niy, Tdng thdng Lee Myung-Bak da tuyen bd: "Hdn Qudc se Id mpt nudc di lien phong lrong viec gidi quyet bidn ddi khi hdu". Minh ehttng ro net nhdt eho viec hien thuc hda myc lieu niy la viee Vien Nghien cicu Tdng tru&ng xanh todn cdu (Global Green Growth Institute) dupc thinh lap vdo ngdy 16/06/2010, nhan cudc hpp cua Didn ddn khi hau Ddng A dupe Id chttc lgi Seoul, Hin Qudc. Vidn nghien cttu ndy la mpt to ehttc lien chinh phu ddu lien do Hdn Qude dimg ddu, cd mue dich xay dyng chien luoc "Tdng trudng xanh" phtt hpp vdi dieu kien cua tttng qude gia, tu vdn v i hd Irp ede nude thyc hien chidn lupc nay bdng viee chuydn giao ky thugt, tri thttc; ddng lhdi cung lim nhiem vu quing bd chinh sdch
"Tdng trudng xanh", it cdc-bon eua Hin Qudc ra the gidi.
Theo edng bd cua Nhd Xanh, Vien se hogt ddng mpi phdn dya vdo trp cap cua Chinh phu Hdn Qude (khoing 10 trieu USD/ndm lrong 3 ndm ddu). Sau dd, 80% ngan sdch hogt dpng se dupc lii trp bdi cdc Tidu vuong qudc A rap thdng nhdl, Dttc, Nauy vd cdc nudc khdc.
De tridn khai nhttng chien lupc neu tren, IJy ban dieu hdnh ve Tdng truang xanh dupe Ihidl lap vio ngiy 16/02/2009. Uy ban nay dd cdng bd Ki hogch 5 ndm (2009-2013) vio ngdy 06/07/2009, bao gdm cdc nhiem vy cu the vd ling Irudng xanh, xdy dyng ngdn sdch hdng nam ttt 2009 den ndm 2013 vi ngdn sdch cdc du dn tuong img.
Trong dd, Chinh phtt Hdn Qude dat myc lieu den ndm 2013, Hdn Qudc se trd thinh mdt trong 4 cudng qudc ve d id xanh tren the gidi, ly lrong xuit khdu cic sin pham xanh (sin phdm chu lyc cua ngdnh cdng nghidp) dal 15%, ty le chiem Hnh thj Irudng the gidi cua cac sdn phdm cdng nghe xanh Id 8%, ly le stt dyng ndng lupng ldi sinh mdi Id 3,8%
ndm 2013 vd 6% vdo ndm 2020.
3.2, Mgt sd chien licac cu the vd ket qud Tdng thdng My Barack Obama limg luydn bd: "Ai ndm dupc nang lupng lii sinh, ngudi dd se lanh dgo thd ky XXI". Chia se quan didm ndy, Hdn Qude eflng rdt chu trpng den nghien ciru v i phdt trien ndng lupng tdi sinh.
Ke hogch Ndng lugng quoc gia cua Hdn Qudc dupc thdng qua ngdy 20/08/2008 dd dd ra myc lieu tdng ndng lupng tdi sinh len 11%
vio ndm 2030 (lrong dd ndng lupng ttt sinh khdi se dat 7,12%) vd hudng tdi myc lieu
NGHIEN COU D 6 N G BAC fl. Sd 3(133) 3-2012
27
Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
iin nim 2050, Han Qudc sS hodn lodn khdng bj phy thupc vdo nhidn lipu hda thgch.
Theo ngudn lin cua Bp Kinh Id-Tri thttc, Chinh phu lian Quoc sd rdt khodng 40.000 ty won (tuong duong 36 ly USD) vdo cie dy dn ndng lupng ldi sinh den ndm 2015, lrong dd 7.000 ty won Id ngin sich nhi nudc vi 33.000 ly won ttt khu vyc lu nhdn. Ke hogch tren dd dupc lhdng qua lgi mpt cupc hpp do Tdng thdng Lee Myung Bak chu lri.
Ngodi ngan sach 40.000 ly won, Hdn Qudc sd chi them 9.000 ty won (ttt nay den ndm 2019) de xdy dyng trang trai phong difn 500 luabin ngoai khoi bien Hoing Hdi. Sau khi di vdo hogt dpng, trang trai niy sd sin sinh 2,5 Gigaoat/gid dien.'
Ndng lupng sinh hpc cflng dang dupc lich cyc nghien ciru, phdt trien d ddt nudc nay.
Ngodi cdc cdng nghd che tao bioga thdng Ihudng nhu ttt sinh khdi, chit lhii chdn nudi, Hin Qude dang lich cue phdt trien biogas ttt bun thii. Theo tinh toin cua cic nhd khoa hpc thi ctt 100 kg C 0 D ' ° bttn thii (ttt he thdng Xtt ly nude lhdi) khi di vio bd yem khi se cho ra 40 - 45 m3 khi me-lan, 5 kg bun vd nudc thdi cd chtta 10 - 20 kg COD."
Ngodi ra, mpt trong nhihig dy an ndi bat nhdt ve ndng lupng tdi sinh Id viee cho xdy dyng vi dtta vio stt dyng thinh edng Nhd mdy dien Shinan (tai tinh Nam Cheolla).
Nhd may niy cd cdng sual 24 MW vd dd chinh thttc phdt dien vac ngdy 12/11/2008.
Ddy Id nha miy dipn mat trdi Idn thu ba the gidi vd Id nhd mdy dien mat trdi cd md-dun
' Nguon: vietnamplus.vn.
'" Chat hilu CO trong nudc.
' TS. Nguyin Trung Thang, Ban m6i truimg va phat ui^n ben vOng, T6ng h(?p tir HOi thao ve Nang lugng sinh hpc khu virc APEC, Seoul, Han Qudc, thing 9/2009.
quay theo hudng ning Idn nhit thd gidi.
Phuang phip phit didn theo quJ dao chuyen dpng cua mdt Irdi cd hieu ndng cao hon 15%
so vdi hinh thttc phdt dipn stt dung md-dun CO djnh. Nhd mdy niy du khi ndng cung cip dipn cho khoing 10.000 hp gia dinh, vi nhu vdy ed the giim 25.000 tin khi CO2 hdng ndm, tuang duang vdi lupng khi thdi cua 30.000 6 td lrong mpt ndm.
Khdng chi the, Hdn Qudc cung dd lao budc dpi phd lrong Hnh vuc cdng ngh? than Ihipn vdi mdi trudng nhd gdi kich thich kinh Id cudi ndm 2009 ma chinh phu da manh lay ldi Irp cho cdc de in nghien cihi 27 cdng nghp xanh, trong do cd ldm ndng lupng mat trdi dipn quang voltaic, LED, ldi stt dung rae thdi, dipn thoai di dpng chay bdng nang lupng mat trdi, nhidn lieu sinh hpc, chuong lrinh lhu gitt vd xtt ly khi cdc-bon... Muc dich cua chinh phu li lrong giai doan diu se trang bj nhttng cdng nghd xanh niy cho cac Ida nhi cdng cpng v i ca sd ha ldng, cdn giai doan sau se xuat khiu ra thj trudng the gidi.
Sau do, Chinh phu Hin Qudc cdn lien luc tdng mttc dau tu vdo vide nghien cttu vd phal tridn cdng nghe xanh ttt 2.000 ty won vao ndm 2009 thdnh 2.200 ty won vdo ndm 2010 va len tdi mttc 2.500 ty won vdo ndm 2011.
Chinh phu Han Qudc cung tuyen bd se ddu tu 2% GDP hing ndm cho phat ttiSn cdng nghp xanh vd cdc dy in phat trien edng nghp xanh chidm tdi 81% ehuong trinh kich thich kinh te cua Han Qudc, nhieu hon han so vdi Trung Qudc (38%) vd My (12%).
Ben cgnh dd, tuy bi coi Id nudc khdi ddng
"cupc each mang xanh" hai mudn nhung chidn lupc "Tdng trudng xanh" ciia Han Qudc dupc cho Id rat in tupng, vdi 38 ty
28
NGHIEN Cdu D O N G B ^ C it. s d 3(133) 3-2012Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
USD ddnh eho chidn djch giim thidu CO2 vi xanh hda 9 nginh cdng nghiep chu lye li thep, ddng tiu, miy mdc tdng hpp, d td, hda dau, del may, chat bdn dan, min hinh v i dd dien gia dyng'^
Hin Qudc cdn md rdng hd trp cho cic doanh nghiep vtta vd nhd trong ngdnh cdng nghiep xanh. Vi vdy, kd tu ndm 2009, sd lupng dy dn dupc hipn thyc hda trong ngdnh edng nghiep xanh dd tang hem 40% vd gdn 800 doanh nghidp dd ddng ky vdo ndm 2010.
Ngoii ra, Hdn Qudc ciing diu tu Idn cho viee xdy dyng he thdng "van tdi xanh", bao gdm dudng sdt thdi it khi cdc-bon vd 3.000 km duong xe dgp quanh 4 eon sdng xanh.
Trdn day Id mdt vdi Hnh vyc cu thd ndm trong Id lrinh thyc hien chien lupe "Tdng lrudng xanh" cua Han Qudc. Nhu vdy, chien lupc niy dang din hien dien trong cdc mat ddi sdng xa hdi d nudc nay. Hi vpng ring nhthtg no lyc vd sy tich eye ctia Hdn Qude trong vide hien thuc hda chien lupc "Tdng trudng xanh" se dem lgi hieu img tich eye lan truydn sang cdc nudc xung quanh vd ra the gidi.
Tuy nhien. Men tgi Hdn Qudc van dang ttong ttdn trinh thyc hien Ke hogch 5 ndm (2009 - 2013) nen sdp tdi viec ddnh gia kdt qud thyc td budc diu Id vd cung quan trpng, cdn dupc tidn hdnh minh bach v i trung thyc nhdm dua ra nhtmg nhin djnh chinh xdc vd rut ra kinh nghidm dd xuc tidn cac kd hogch 5 ndm tidp theo.
Ngoii ra, Hdn Qudc cung can tinh tao nhgn djnh ddy du cac mat ctta vdn de de
' Theo kenh trayin hlnh kinh tfi MBN.
chien lupc khdng mang ndng tinh hinh thttc, khdu hipu ma di siu vio thuc chat hon ntta.
Ttt nhttng phan tieh lren, cd the khdng djnh ring hien vipe lya chpn phttong hudng phdt trien theo myc lieu "ldng Irudng xanh, it cic-bon" khdng chi li van de cdp bach cua cde nudc phit tridn ma ngay c i nhiing nudc dang phdt tridn nhu Vipt Nam cung cin hudng tdi. Cupc choi da bit diu. Chttng ta chi cd the lya chpn mot lrong hai phuong in
"nhdp cupc ehu ddng" hay "nhgp cudc bi dpng" khi khdng cdn dudng lui. Vi vay vdn de miu chdt d day chi Id thdi diem. Vdn Id mdt nudc ndng nghiep Ige hiu, mudn "boi ra bidn Idn" Viet Nam cin nhanh chdng hda minh vio ddng chiy chimg vd tudn theo ludt chai chung cua thd gidi. Ngupc lai, neu khdng kjp thdi ndm bat xu thd, khodng each gitta Viet Nam vd cde nudc lien lien se ngdy edng xa.
Xet theo dieu kien hien tgi cua Viet Nam, cd le nhidu ngudi cho rang chidn lupe "Tdng trudng xanh" Id "xa xi", la cudc choi cua nhttng nudc ldn, nhung qudc gia phat tridn vi khdng dinh cho chung la. Tuy nhidn, du khd cd the trng dyng chidn lupc nay thinh mpt chien lupc tdng thd mang tinh qudc gia nhu Hin Qudc thi viec nhung nudc dang phdt trien, trong do cd Viet Nam, tiep nhdn vi phdt huy "gid trj xanh" trong timg phan, timg mdng, timg nginh nghe rieng Id la didu hodn toan cd the. Ngodi ra, Viet Nam cd thd ung dyng thi didm chien luoc nay cho m^t sd vung hodc khu vuc cu the, ttt dd riit ra nhttng kinh nghipm de timg budc nhan rpng ra cd nudc. Ddc biet, vide gido due y thirc
NGHllN Cdu OONG B^C (4. sd 3(133) 3-2012 29
Nghien cOu khoa hpi
ctta ngudi dan hudng tdi "vdn hda xanh" Id mpt vide lim lien quydl vd cip bdch, bdi trong mpi trudng hpp, nhin Id con ngudi vin li quan trpng nhat.
Ddng thdi, Vi?t Nam cung can liep lyc ddi mdi co cau kinh Id gdn vdi lhay ddi cdch thttc lieu dung, su dyng ndng lupng vd tdi nguyen thien nhien lrong phit trien cflng nhu phit trien cde md hinh dieu liet cd the tgo sy tm ddi cho cic doanh nghipp vi cac nhd diu tu tham gia vdo cic dy in xanh. Ngoii ra, chung ta cflng cdn kdt hpp mpi each hii hda gitta nhung ngudi phat tridn y ludng cho cdc gidi phdp xanh mdi vd nhiing ngudi cd the tii trp vi tgo ra chttng.
Li mdt trong nhflng nudc chju inh hudng ndng ne nhil ctta bien ddi khi hiu, ddng thdi dang trong lien trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, ddi vdi Viet Nam, vin de tdng trudng xanh cd gii trj thyc lien rat ion. Nd cd the giup chung ta hpc tap kinh nghiem vd trong dieu kien cu the cho phdp, ta cd the rut ngdn hodc gidm bdt nhttng "cdng doan"
khdng phu hpp vdi tdng trudng xanh, nhanh chdng phdt trien ddt nude theo hudng ben vihig. Vi vdy, vifc cap nhit thdng tin, nghien ciru van de ldng trudng xanh cua Han Qudc, Nhdl Bdn vd mpt sd nudc Bdc Au... cdn phdi dupc ddt ra mpt edeh nghiem tue vd viec kdt hpp vdi thyc lien Vipl Nam dd xay dyng mpt
"chien lupc xanh" khdng phdi la edng vifc cua mai sau.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ly Xudn Chung, "Chien lupe Ting tnrdng Xanh vd gpi y cho Vift Nam", Vi^n Nghiln cicu DongBSc A, 20\0.
2. Ly Xudn Chung, "I-Idn Qudc ndm 2010:
Nhttng n^t noi bdt", Vi?n Nghien ciiu Dong Bdc A,20W.
3.Va Hdi Thanh (chu nhifm de tii). Mot s6 vdn de chinh tri - kinh te noi bdt cita Hdn Qudc giai dogn 2011 - 2020, Vi$n Nghien cim Dong Bdc A, 2010.
4.1m Hong-jae, "Chinh sdch tang trudng xanh eua Hdn Quoc vd nhttng hpp tic quoc t^", http://ceed.org.vn, 2010.
5. Lee Seo-won, "Chinh sdch ting tmdng xanh, hdm lupng cdc bon lhdp cua chinh phu Hdn Quoc", http://world.kbs.co.kr, 2008.
6. Bdn lin chinh sich cua Dai stt quan Han Quoc, "Tang trudng xanh - Con dudng mdi cho Hdn Qudc", http://hanquocngaynay.com. 2009.
7. Bdn tin kinh te ciia Dai su quan Han Quoc,
"Hin Qudc thdng qua chien lupc phit trien cuoc sdng, nganh cdng nghiep vd cdng ngh? xanh", http://hanquocngaynay.com, 2011.
8. Bdn tin khoa hpc cdng nghf ciia Dai sii qudn Han Qudc, "Daegu ddt myc lieu trd thanh thinh phd dttng ddu Uong ITnh vyc nang lupng mil trdi", http://hanquocngaynay.com. 2011.
9. Hdi Le, "Han Qudc: Phe chudn Lugt dam bdo Tdng trudng xanh", htlp://www.cpv.org.vn, 2010.
10. g x | e J S A f S I ' a ^ S j (2009),
^<^^§t: &^ SXil- AfSI W-^SI AHS§
VlBjI^y/ Hpi Nghien cttu Kinh \i - Xa hoi nhin vdn (2009), Tdng truang xanh: Mo hmh mai cho phdt trien kinh te - xa hoi Hdn Quoc.
11. xw^ ^H^S- yl^^ [M^^
2010.1.13 &ff 7Jl 9931 ±] / Lugt ca ban v«
Tdng truimg xanh, it cdc-bon [Dgo ludt so 9931 ban hdnh ngdy 13/01/2010].
