Nguyen Trung Biic. Chinh sdch ndng luang tdt (go cua An Dd
Chinh sach nang lirmig tai tao cua An Do
Nguyen Trung Due*
Vien Nghien ciru An Dd vd Tdy Nam A
Ngdy nhdn bdi 24/10/2018. ngdy gin phdn bien. 25/10/2018. ngdy duyel d ig- 30/10/2018
B
'di viit di cap din chinh sdch ndng luang tdi tao cua An Do. Ddy Id qude gia cd ngudn eung cdp ndng luang tdi tgo rang ldn vd Id mgt trong nhiing nudc ed cdng sudt ldp ddt ndng lugng tdi tao ldn nhdt thi gidi Bdi viit sexem xet ede cdc ehinh sdch cua Chinh phit An Do vd cdc bang trong viec phdt triin ndng lugng tdi tgo. Tu nhung kinh nghiem eua An Do, bdi viit riii ra mdt sd ggi ma ddi vdi Viet Nam nhdm hodn thiin chinh sdch vi ndng lugng tdi tao hiin nay.Tir khoa: An Do, chinh sach, nang lugng tai tao 1. Tong quan ve nang luong tai tao ciia An Do
Nang lugng tai tao a An Do dugc quan ly bai Bg Nang lugng Moi va Tai tao (MNRE).
Tong cong ty nang lugng mat trai cua An Do chiu trach nhiem cho sir phat trien cua nganh cong nghiep nang lugng mat troi a An Do. Thiiy dien dugc quan ly rieng boi Bg Nang lugng va khong dugc dua vao cac muc tieu cua MNRE.
An Do la mgt trong nhiing nuoc Ion nhat the gioi ve san xuat nang lugng tir cac nguon tai tao. Nang lugng tai tao (khong bao gom cac nha may thiiy dien) chiem 20% tong cong suat lap dat (71,325 GW) tinh din 30/6/2018'. T6ng cong suat lap dat cua cac nha may thuy dien la 45,29 GW tinh din ngay 31/03/2018, dong gop vao 13% tong cong suat dien^. Do do, nang lugng tai tao bao gom cac nha may thuy dien hien dang chiem toi ban 3 3 % tong cong suat dien dugc lap dat o An Do.
Cong suat dien gio la 34.046 MW tinh den ngay 31/03/2018, An Do tro thanh nuoc san xudt dien gio Ion thu tu tren the gioi voi 20 nha san xudt va 53 mo hinh tuabin gio'' khac nhau.
An Do da xudt khau dugc cac tuabin gio nay sang chdu Au, My va mgt so quoc gia khac"*.
Nang lugng sinh khoi tir dot sinli khoi, khi boa sinh khoi va xir ly ba mia dat cong sudt lap dat 8,3 GW tinh din ngay 31/3/2018. Mo hinh khi sinh hgc kieu gia dinh dat 3,98 trieu don vi^.
An Do dang dieu hanh mgt trong nhung chuang trinh m a rgng nang luc san xuat nang lugng tai tao day tham vgng. Muc tieu den nam 2022, An Do co the tang gap doi cong suat dien gio va tang gan 15 lan dien mat troi tir thang 4/2016. Nhiing muc tieu day tham vgng nay se dat An Do vao cac nhom nuoc lanh dao the gioi ve sii dung nang lugng tai tao va dat An Do a trung tdm ciia dir an "Lien minh nang lugng mat
*nguyentrungduc17l [email protected]
' Physical Progress (Achievements), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt of India.
- All India Installed Capacity of Utility Power Stations, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt, of India
' Cac tuabin An Do san xuat co chat luong quoc te co quy mo len den 3 MW.
' Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
' Physical Progress (Achievements), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt, of India
Nghien ciru An Do va Chau A. So 11 - 2018, tr.S-l 4
Nguyen Trung Diic. Chinh sdch ndng luang tdi (go ciia An Do trai" quoc te thiic day su phat trien nang lugng
mat trai cho hon 120 qu6c gia^.
Muc tieu cua Chinh phu v l 20 GW cong suat lap dat nang lugng mat trai vao nam 2022 da dat dugc truoc bdn nam vao thang 1/2018, thong qua cac nha may nang lugng mat troi cung nhu cac du an pin mat troi tren mai nha.
Do do. An Dp da dat ra muc tieu moi, dat 100 GW nang lugng mat trai vao nam 2022. Bdn trong so bay nha may nang lugng mat troi lan nhat the giai dang 6 An Do bao gom nha may nang lugng mat troi Ion thii hai tren t h i gioi tai Kumool bang Andhra Pradesh vai cong sudt 1000 MW. Nha may dien mat troi lan nhdt t h i giai, Bhadla Solar Park dang dugc xay dimg tai Rajasthan voi cong suat 2255 MW va dir kiln se hoan thanh vao cuoi nam 2018. ^
Du thao ke hoach chi tiet do Trung tam Dien lire Trung uang cong bo, An Do se co 57%
tong cong suat dien tir cac nguon tai tao vao nam 2027. Cu the, cong suat lap dat nang lugng tai tao la 275 GW, ngoai 72 GW thiiy nang, 15 G W nang lugng hat nhan va gan 100 GW tir cac nguon "phat thai bang khong khac" ^.
2. Chinh sach nang luwng tai tao cua An Dq An Do la mgt quoc gia tien phong trong vi§c khai xuong cac chinh sach phat trien nang lugng tai tao, cung nhu trong viec thiet lap cac cdu tnic the che tuang iing. Trong do khung chinh sach quoc gia quy dinh cac chinh sach chung ma dua vao do cac bang va lanh tho lien bang dua ra cac chinh sach va cac chuang trinh hanh dgng cu the.
2.1. Khung chinh sack quoc gia Viec lap ke hoach phat trien nang lugng tai tao a An Do bat ddu vao nam 1982, khi Phong
Nang lugng phi truyen thong (DNES) dugc thanh lap trong Bg Nang lugng de qudn ly mpi khia canh lien quan den nang lugng moi va tai tao. Phong da dugc ndng cap thanh Bg Nang lugng Phi truyen thong (MNES) vao nam 1992 va dugc doi ten thanh Bp Nang lugng Mai va Tai tao (MNRE) vao thang 10/2006. Viec uu dai thue suat cho nguon nang lugng gio dau nhirng nam 1990 la mgt moc quan trpng trong hanh trinh ciia An Do huong tai cac chinh sach h6 trg phat trien nang lupng tai tao.
Nam 2003, Dao luat Dien lire dugc ban hanh da dua ra mgt dinh huang ro rang ve su phat trien va tich hgp nang lugng tai tao vao luai dien. Nam 2006, An Dp thong qua chinh sach Thue quan quoc gia qua do giao trach nhiem cho cac bang trong viec ap dung nghia vu mua nang lugng tir cac nguon tai tao ciia cac cong ty phan phoi dien vai mirc thue uu dai.
Nam 2008, Chinh phu ban hanh Ke hoach hanh dgng quoc gia ve bien doi khi hau (NAPCC).
Ke hoach da xac dinh 8 "Nhiem vu quoc gia"
cot loi de phat trien ben virng, mot trong so do la "Sii menh Mat trai quoc gia" voi muc tieu bo sung 20 GW dien nang lugng mat troi vao nam 2022 (sau do dugc sira d6i thanh 100 GW). "Sii menh Mat troi quoc gia" da dua nang lugng mat troi tro thanh trgng tam trong viec phat trien nang lupng tai tao cua An Do, trong khi Nang lugng gio dang tiep tuc chiem im the trong viec cung cdp dien nang cho ludi dien quoc gia. Xu huong nay da bi dao ngugc trong giai doan 2016 - 2017, khi cong suat tir nguon nang lupng mat trai (5525 MW) vupt qua sue gio (5502 MW), va xu huang nay co kha nang tilp tuc trong tuong lai.
' Amitabh Sinha(2015). « Safi, Michael (2016).
' Press Information Bureau Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Nghien cim An Do va Chau A. S6 11 -2018, tr.8-14
Nguyin Tmng Bijc. Chinh sdch ndng lugng tdi tao cua An Do 2.2. Chinh sdch Bang
6 An Do, ben canh Dao ludt Dien luc, nam 2003, viec phat triln nang lupng tai tao dugc quy dinh bai hai bg chinh sach: chinh sach nha nuac trung uong va chinh sach cua cac bang.
Trong so 29 Bang va 7 Lanh th6 Lien bang, 27
Bang 1: Chinh sach nang lu-ffng tai tao of cac Bang va cac L a n h thd Lien bang a An Do bang va 2 lanh tho lien bang da cong bo chinh sach ve nang lugng tai tao. Mgt so bang co chinh sach tuang doi hoan thien va day du, tuy nhien hau het cac bang deu co cac dac thii rieng v l phat trien nang lugng tai tao (Bang 1).
Bang
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Chii thich: cac 6 dugc tich la cac ITnh vuc nang lugng tai tao dugc dua vao chinh sach phat trien cua cac Bang
Ngudn: Bg Nang lugng Mai va Tai tao
^ Danh cho cac du an cac hp gia dinh su dung dien nang tren mai nha va dien noi luai.
Nghienciru AnDpvaChau A. S6 II -2018, tr 8-14
Nguyen Trung Diic. Chinh sdch ndng luang tdi tgo cua An Do Bang Kamataka da cong bo chinh sach
nang lugng tai tao va chinh sach nang lugng mat troi trong nam 2014, nhung chinh sach nang lupng tai tao lai khong bao gom cac cong nghe nang lugng mat troi. Chinh sach cua Kerala chi tap trung vao nang lugng gio va mat troi. Chinh sach tich hpp cua Manipur khong bao gom thuy dien. Tai Mizoram, cac chinh sach thuy dien nho va mat trai khong dupc dua vao trong chinh sach nang lugng tai tao. Chinh sach nang lugng tai tao tich hgp a Bang Odisha da thay the hoan toan chinh sach nang lugng mat troi...
2.3. Mgt so chink sack cu the 2.3.1. Hd trg sdn xudt
Nang lirong tai tao bat buoc (Renewable Purchase Obligations-RPO)
NghTa vu mua nang lupng tai tao (RPO) theo Dao Ludt Dien luc 2003: Luat Dien lire 2003 hd trg viec m a rgng thi truang cua nang lugng tai tao bang each quy dinh rang, mpt ty le phan tram cua nang lupng phai dupc san xuat va phan phoi tit cac nguon nang lugng tai tao.
NghTa vu mua nang lugng tai tao (RPO) la bat buoc Of cap nha nuac voi muc tieu san xuat 15%
dien ciia An Do tu cac nguon tai tao vao nam 2020. De ho trp cho viec trien khai chinh sach NghTa vu mua nang lugng tai tao. An Do dua vao van hanh ca che Gidy chiing nhdn nang lupng tai tao (REC) vao thang 11 nam 2010, la mgt cong cu dua vao thi truang thiic day hoan thanh muc tieu kep: i, Khai thac het cac nguon nang lupng tai tao tai khu vuc co tiem nang cao;
ii. Ban lai REC thira cho cac bang co thieu hut nguon nang lugng tai tao de dam bao tuan thii cac RPO. Mgt REC dai dien cho mgt MWh dien dupc san xuat va phan phoi tir cac nguon nang lugng tai tao du dieu kien va c6 the giao dich tren thi truang.
Tieu chuan nhien li^u tai tao
Trong thang 10/2008, An Dp ban hanh lenh bat buoc pha trpn 10% ethanol sinh hgc vai xang. Trong thang 12/2009, MNRE da phe duyet bo sung chinh sach nay liham muc dich tao ra mpt vai tro trung tdm cho nhien lieu sinh hpc trong ITnh vuc nang lupng va giao thong van tai. Mot muc tieu chi dinh pha trpn 20%
nhien lieu sinh hpc, cho ca dau diesel sinh hpc va ethanol sinh hpc, da dupc de xuat thuc hien vao nam 2017.
Khuyen khich d^a tren Ivgfng dien san xuat (Generation-based Incentives- GBI)
Dugc cung cap boi chinh quyen trung uong tir thang 6/2008 va dupc quan ly bofi C o quan Phat trien Nang lugng Tai tao An Do (IREDA), GBI dang ap dung cho cac nha san xuat dien gio dpc lap vofi cong suat lap dat toi thieu la 5 MW.
Tinh dan thang 12/2009, cac GBI 6 miic 0,50 INR / kWh (0,01 USD / kWh) dien n6i ludi cho tdi thieu la 4 nam va t6i da la 10 nam, toi da 6,2 trieu INR (140 nghin USD) cho mdi MW. D I an trien khai tong cpng 3,8 ty INR (81 trieu USD) cho den nam 2012 va nham muc dich khuyen khich bo sung lugng cong suat 4.000 MW. Nha san xuat dien gio muon nhan GBI phai dang ky va cung cap dir lieu phat dien nay cho IREDA. Tuy nhien, cac du an sir dung GBIs khong dugc ap dung phuang phap khau hao nhanh. Co quan Phat trien Nang lupng Tai tao An Dp (IREDA) lira chgn dupc 78 du an nang lugng mat trai voi tong cong suat khoang 98 MW. Dieu nay se cung cap im dai a miic 12,41 INR cho m6i kWh (0,20 USD m6i kWh) cho cac cong ty dien nha nuac khi true tilp mua dien nang lugng mat trofi tir cac nha phat tridn d u a n .
2.3.2. Ho tro tdi chinh vd ddu tu Trff gia nang luoTig tai tao (FiT) Trong giai doan 2009 - 2010, Uy ban didu tiet dien luc trung uang An Dp (CERC) thidt lap
Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A. So 11 -2018, tr.8-14 11
Nguyin Trung Dire. Chinh sack ndng lugng tdi tgo ciia An Dg trg gia uu dai cho cac du an nang lupng gid theo
chudi cdng nghe tir 3,75 INR/kWh (0,68 USD/kWh) ddn 5,63 INR/kWh (1,01 USD/kWh), tuy thudc vao quy md du an. CERC cung da dua ra miic trg gia cho cac du an nang lugng sinh khdi tir 3,93 INR/kWh (0,079 USD/kWh) ddn 5,52 INR/kWh (0,11 USD/kWh) phu thudc vao chudi cong nghe sir dung. Miic trg gia giam xudng cdn tir 3,35 INR (0,064 USD) ddn 4,62 INR /kWh (0,092 USD/kWh) trong giai doan 2010 - 2011. Mot sd bang se cd nhieu uu dai han so vdi nhiing bang khac, tire la cd su canh tranh thu hiit dau tu cac dir an nang lugng tai tao mdi.
Hgfp d^ng mua ban dien (PPA) Trong thang 2/2010, CERC cdng bd mdt bieu trg gia cho nam tai chinh nam 2010-2011 la 17,9 INR (0,36 USD) mdi kWh cho quang dien mat trcfiva 15,3 INR (0,31 USD)mdikWh cho nha may dien mat trdi tap trung, ddng thdi tuyen bd rdng hgp ddng mua ban dien (PPA) se cd hieu luc 25 nam. Dieu dd cho thdy d miic gia hien tai, miic trp gia se cho phep cac nha ddu tu dat dupc mdt ty le hoan vdn khoang 16% -17%
sau thue. CERC se sira ddi mirc trp gia hang nam. Ly tudng nhdt, nam 2022, chi phi ldp dat se giam dang ke de kich thich nang lupng mat trdi de nd trd thanh mdt ngudn hixu hieu cho nhu cau nang lupng ciia An Dp trong trudng hpp khdng CO uu dai ciia Chinh phu.
Hoan tien va hd trgf trnc tilp Bg Nang lugng Mdi va Tai tao ciia An Dp cung cdp uu dai cho viec thu hdi nang lugng tir chdt thai cong nghiep va chdt thai dd thi theo chuong trinh tiet kiem nang lugng. Trong nam 2010, nam du an thi didm chdt thai cdng nghiep cd du didu kien de nhan dugc 20 trieu INR (400 nghin USD) cho moi MW ldp dat, len ddn 20%
tdng chi phi dir an, hoac 100 hidu INR (2 trieu USD) cho loan bd du an. Bg nay ciing cung cdp 40% tdng chi phi du an vdi hd trp tdi da 20 tneu INR (400 nghin USD) cho mdi MW cho cac nha may phat dien tu khi sinh hpc tai cac nha may xu ly nudc thai. Doi vdi san xudt dien tir cac du an dua tren methan sinh hgc, Bg se cung cap len ddn 30% tdng chi phi du an vdi uu dai tdi da 30 trieu INR (600 nghin USD) cho mdi MW.
Ddi vdi khu vuc cdng nghiep, MNRE cung cap hd trg cho viec thu hdi nang lugng tir chat thai. Theo Chuong trinh Nang lupng tu chat thai cdng nghiep, Bp cung cap hd trg tai chinh de danh gia tai nguyen, R&D, cai tidn cdng nghe, danh gia hieu sudt, va cac thanh phdn lien quan khac cua du an bien chdt thai thanh nang lugng. Nganh nang lugng tir chdt thai cdng nghiep cd du dieu kidn dd nhdn dugc uu dai tir 5-10 frieu INR (100-200 nghin USD) mdi MW.
Nhirng uu dai nay danh cho ca hai khu vuc tu nhdn va cdng.
De hd trp cho viec trien khai cac ung dung nang lugng mat trdi ngoai ludi, Chinh phu cung cdp su ho trg vdn len den 30% cua chi phi va (hoac) mdt khoan vay uu dai d mirc lai sudt la 5%'o.
Theo MNRE, Chuang trinh Cdng nghiep nang lupng smh khdi va ddng phat, cac du an su dung ngudn tai nguyen chua dugc khai thac hien nay de cung cdp nang lupng nhiet dien ydm khi cd thd nhan dugc 200 nghin INR (4 nghin USD) ddn 1,5 trieu INR (30 nghin USD) cho mdi du an 100 kW cho cdc he thdng sinh khdi khi va ldn ddn 2 INR trieu (40.000 USD) cho moi MW cho cac du an ddng phat sinh khdi"-
Ngoai ra, ben canh cac chinh sach hd trg sdn xudt, tai chinh va ddu tu. An Dp cdn co nhieu chinh sach vd nang lugng tai tao khac
"'EnergyNext(2012).
Nghien cim AnDgva Chau A. S6 11 -2018, tt-.8-14
" Nguyin Hung Cuong (2015).
Nguyen Trung Diic. Chinh sdch ndng luong (di tgo cua An Do nhu: Hd tra ndi licdi. Thui than cho Quy Ndng
licang saeh, Chinh sdch dien khi hda ndng (hdn Qudc gia trong tdng the cac chinh sach phat trien nang lugng tai tao qudc gia.
3. Ket luan va goi md cho Vict Nam An Do da tao ra mgt md hinh kha hieu qua de san xudt va phat trien nang lugng tai tao.
Mac du van cdn mdt sd bat cap trong thiet ke va trien khai chinh sach. nhirng nhin chung An Qo cd mdt khudn khd chinh sach dn djnh va cam ket manh me tir Chinh phii da lao dieu kien thudn lgi de phat trien cac ngudn nang lugng tai tao trong nudc. Nhung thanh cdng trong chinh sach phat trien nang luong lai lao dang va se giup nudc nay duy tri tdc do phat trien kinh le va dam bao an ninh nang lugng. Cac chinh sach ve phat trien nang lugng tai tao ciia An Do la kinh nghiem quy gid cho cac qudc gia tren the gidi, nhat la ddi vdi cac nudc cd tdc do cdng nghiep hda nhanh, nhu cdu nang lugng ldn nhu Viet Nam. Tir cac nghien ciiu tren co the rut ra mgt sd ggi md \ e chinh sach cho Viet Nam trong vice phat trien nang lugng lai tao:
- Phat trien nang lupng tai tao can sir ddng bg chinh sach tir trung uong den cac dja phuang va sir quyet tam manh me tu he thdng chinh tri thdng qua cac cam ket hd trp dai han tao sir dn dinh va tin tudng cho cac nha dau tu. Viet nam cdn lap cac ke hoach phat trien dai han de lam can cti xdy dung hoan thien khung chinh sach va luat phap hd trg sir phat trien cita nang lugng tai tao. hudng tdi phat trien ben vung nen kinh tc va khuyen khich dau tir manh me vao nang I trgng tai tao.
- Trong dieu kien kinh te va xa hgi Viet Nam, khdng nen qua chii trgng vao dau tir diin trai ma nen tap trung vao chinh sach khuyen khich, u'u dai cac nha ddu lir dua vao van hanh san xual de ban che cac du an dau lu Iran lan
khdng hieu qua. chay theo thanh tich cdng suat lap dat ma chua chac dem lai hieu qua ve van hanh va thuc phat ciia cac dja phucmg.
Viet Nam cung can cd them cac quy tai trg vdn cho cac du an nang lupng lai tao. Ngudn vdn tai trg cho cac dy an hien nay cliii yeu den lir ADB, WB. hoac do ngan sach nha nudc. Do vay. can da dang hda su hgp tac vdi cac quy phat trien nang lugng tai tao tren the gidi de tranh thu ngudn vdn, ddng llidi sir dung von hieu qua neu khdng se trd thanh ganh nang ng rat khd hoan tra. Ben canh do, VietNam cd the lap quy tir nguon thue thu tir cac ngudn nang lugng hoa thach tai Viet Nam hien nay. Vdi chinh sach nay, VietNam se cd them ngudn vdn dau lu dang ke cho nghien cuu va phat trien cac cong nghe nang lugng mdi va tai lao, tai trg cho cac du an ddu lu mdi va lam tang kha nang canh tranh.
- Cac cdng cu chinh sach hd trg can duoc hoan thien. Trong sd do co: miic trg gia, nghTa vu nang lupng lai lao, giao djch chirng chi, cdc khoan mien thue, mien thue nhdp khdu, uu dai cho vay, nghTa vu nhien lieu sinh hgc, tii' 66 hoan thien hon bd cdng cu chinh sach hd trp nang lugng tai lao ciia Viet Nam.
- Ngoai ra, Viet Nam can bat dau xdy dung chudi cdng nghe phii hgp vdi timg loai nang lugng lai tao va phii hpp vdi giai doan hoan thien ciia cdng nghe, dinh hudng cho cac cdng cu chinh sach tirng thdi ky tac dgng dung muc lieu, muc dich va hieu qua. De lam dirge nhu
\';Ty. Viet Nam cdn hgp tac, hgc lap cac qudc gia cd nhieu kinh nghiem phat trien nang lugng lai tao nhu An Do de cd the dira cac chinh sach vao thuc tc mgt each hieu qua.
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Aniitabli Sinlia (2015), Here are India's INDC objectives and how much i( will cost. The
Nehien cu'u An Do va Chau A. So 11 - 2018, tr.8-14 13
Nguyen Trung Due Chinh sdch nang licang tdi lao ciia An Do Indian Express.
httpsV/indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news- india/here-are-indias-indc-objectives-and- howmuch-it-will-cost/, ngay truy cap 1 5/7/201 8.
2 All India Installed Capacdy of Utility Power Skilions, Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy, Govt of India.
https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india- news-india/here-areindias-indc-objectives-and- how-much-it-will-cost/, ngay truy cap 10/09/2018.
3. EnergyNext(2012), http://www.energynext.in/entire-grid- connectedsolar-capacity-under-phasei-of-jnnsm- allocated-mnre-minister/, ngay truy cap 25/8/2018
4 Physical Progress (Achievements).
Ministry of New and Renewable Energ>', Govt of India.
5. Press Information Bureau Government of India Minisity of New and Renewable Energy
6. Safi, Michael (2016), Indiaplans nearly 60% of electricity capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2027. the Guardian.,
Iittps://www.theguardian.coin/world/2016/dec/21/i ndia-renewableenergy-paris-climate-summit- target, ngay truy cap 1 7/8/201 8.
7. Wise (2017). Renewables India 2017:
Towards Grid Parity. World Institute of Sustainable Energy, Punc.
8. Nguyen Himg Cuong (2015), Chinh sdch ndng lugng ldi lao ciia An Dd vd bdi hoc kmh nghiem cho viet nam, Tgp chi khoa hgc trudng Dgi hoc Md Tp HCM- SO 6 (45) 2015.
Nghienciiu AnDpvaChau A S6 11 - 2018, tr.8-14
