tICH sir KINH TE
Chinh sach quan ly cho cua trieu Nguyin the ky XIX
B U I VAN HUYNH
7di vie't phdn tich vd ddnh gid nhiing chinh sdch cua nhd Nguyen trong viec qudn ly chd d ' the ky XIX gom: chinh sdch qudn ly viec xdy ditng chd, qudn ly gid cd vd hoqt dgng mua bdn hdng hoa, qudn ly thu thue chq vd chinh sdch ddi vdi cdc dcfn vi do liidng, tien te sit dung trong chd.
Tfl khoa: chq, chinh sdch qudn ly chq, triSu Nguyin, the'ky XIX, lich sit kinh ti'Viet Nam.
T
r i l u Nguyen dfldc t h a n h lap nam 1802 dfla tren t h i n g ldi eua Nguyen Anh trong eude t r a n h c h i p vdi n h a Tay Sdn.Sau khi len ngdi, N g u y i n Anh l i y nien hieu la Gia Long. Cdng vide ctia mdt vUdng t r i l u khi mdi t h a n h lap la xay dting bd may nha nudc, dinh r a luat le phuc vti viee xay dung d i t nflde va quan ly xa hoi. Gia Long va eac vi vua ke nhiem da k l thfla va bd' sung nhflng chinh sach quan 1^ d i t nude ma cac vfldng t r i l u trfldc da thuc thi. Trong sd' nhflng chinh sach t r i l u Nguyen ke' thfla vk xay dflng cd chinh sich v l quan ly he thong chd.
1. C h i n h s a c h q u a n ly v i e c x a y diAig c h d Chd la ndi dien r a eac hoat ddng m u a ban, trao dd'i san p h i n eua n h a n dan, bcii vay, su ton tai va phat trien eua he thdhg ehd cd a n h hflSng tiTtc tie'p deh ddi sdng n h a n dan. Nhan thflc dfldc vai trd cua ehd, cac trieu dai quan chii Vidt Nam da ed nhflng chinh sach v l vide xay chd, md ehd tfl k h a sdm. Nam 1035, vua L;^ Thai Tdng da cho md chd Tay Nhai b Kinh t h a n h Thang Long'. Den thdi vua Le Thanh Tdng (1460-1497) da b a n h a n h ' D i n h le v l chia xab chd mdi" vao n a m 1477.
Dfldi t r i l u Nguyen, he tho'ng chd da k h a phat trien cl h i u k h i p cac dia phfldng trong nflde: sach Hoang Viet n h a t thong dfl dia chi dfldc bien soan nam 1806 cho biet cd tdi 296 ehd Idn nho n i m ven cac con dfldng giao thdng thiiy, bo trong ca nfldc^. Theo ghi cb^p cua Qudc sxt quan t r i l u Nguyen, gifla the ky XDC, tren ca nflde cd d i n 683 chd, pho, quan budn
ban, trong dd eo g i n 600 chd Idn nhd^. Tren cd sb he thd'ng ehd ngay cang phat trien, t r i l u Nguyen da ke thfla nhflng chinh sach mb chd cua nha Le trfldc dd va bd' sung them mdt sd' chinh saeh, quy dinh v l viec lap chd, md chd b the ky XIX.
Theo quy dinh md chd dUde ban h a n h trong s i c chi ngay mong 6 t h i n g 10 nam Dinh Dau (1477) cua Le Thanh Tdng thi: "Sinh dan eac huyen, ehau, xa b eac xfl trong nflde moi ngay mdt ddng, ne'u muon md them ehd mdi de tidn mua ban thi quan phu, huydn, chau phai kham xet thtic te, n l u qua tien ldi eho dan thi lam ban tau len, theo tien ldi ma hpp chd, khdng cfl la cd ngach cu hay khdng"*. Quy tac md ehd mdi dfldi trieu Le dflde quy (finh trong Hong Dflc thien chinh thfl la: "d cae dan gian, da cd dan thi ed chd, chd la de giao thdng hang hda trong tMen ha, phat trien dao mau dich de thda long ngfldi. Xa nao ed ehd lap r a trfldc roi, khdng dfldc cam di roi lai md cai khac, de be t i e dfldng thfldng mai mot each vd ly. Nhfl lang nao m a i sau mdi co ldi budn ban, khi dd
Biii van Huynh, TTiS., Vien Sit hoc.
1. Ngtf Si Lien va cac sii thSn trilu lA, Dgi Viet si ky todn thu, tap I, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi. Ha N6i, 1993, tr.257.
2. So lieu duong thong ke trong: \A Quang Dinh, Hodng Viet nhat thong dudia chi, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Trang ram Van hoa ng6n ngii D6ng Tay, Hue', 2005.
3. Qutfc sijr quan trilu Nguyin, Dai Nam nhdt thdng chi, tap 5, Nxb TTiuan H6a, Hutf, 2006, tr.225-237.
4. Ng6 Srt Lien va cac stt i h ^ tiilu lA, Dgi Viet sit ky todn thu, tap n , Nxb Khoa hoc xa htfi. Ha N6i, 1993. tr.469.
Nghiin aiu Kinh lSs611(486) • Tiling 11/2018 61
Chfnh sdch quan ly chg .
mdi md chd, thi khdng dflde ddi vdi ehd lang xung quanh lap trflng ngay phien Idn; hay la ddn trUde ngay phien i y m i chan mdi hang cua lai budn. Neu mud'n md chd mdi, phai xem cac chd cfl roi lap sau ngay phien thi dUde"^.
Nhflng quy dinh nay dflde trieu ^ n h nha Le duy tri trong sud't qua trinh ton tai d i n cudi the ky XVIII. Trilu Nguyen t h a n h lap d the ky XDC, nhflng quy dinh nay v i n dflde ap dung trong viec quan ly chd ctia Nha nflde.
Cung vdi vide duy tri le lap chd tfl trilu Le, trilu Nguyen cung c6 them nhflng quy dinh lap chd trong nhiing trfldng hdp dac biet. Luat Gia Long (dfldc ban h a n h n a m 1816) cd quy dinh ve viec eae sfl doan ngoai qud'e md ehd budn ban tai Kinh t h a n h Hue': "Pham ngfldi nudc ngoai de'n trieu cong md chd d quan, hdi dong tai kinh dd trong 5 ngay, ngfldi mua b a n d eac phd dfla hang khdng c i m vao quan trao doi ngang nbau, nhan nhupm eae loai vai lua, cd dinh k^ han trao tra"^. D i l u le tren cho t h i y Nha nflde muon kiem soat viee mua ban, trao ddi giiia ngfldi dan vdi cac sfl t h i n nflde ngoai, tranh viec mua ban nhiing vat c i m , nhflng hoat dong gian dm trong viec mua ban nay.
Quy dinh v l viec md chd cua eae sfl doan cbi dflde dien ra trong 5 ngay eung phan anh trilu Nguyen theo ddi k h a chat che hoat ddng cua cac sfl doan ngoai quoc, d l phdng nhflng nhdm ngd va ^ dd ehinh tri cua ho.
Chd d cac dia phfldng dfldc n h i l u ddi tfldng khac nhau td' chfle xay dung: cd chd dUdc chinh quyen bd t i i n r a xay dung, cung ed nhiing ehd tfl phat dfldc mdt ngfldi hay mdt nhdm ngfldi tfl bo t i i n r a xay dflng. Luat Gia Long khdng ed dilu khoan quy dinh cu the ve ddi tUdng lap chd. Tuy nhien, Nha nflde cung CO nhflng s i c lenh cho xay dflng chd. Nam 1837, Minh Mang "sai Thfl thd'ng che Hiiu dflc quan Vu lam la Le Van Thao coi dem bien binh lam n h a d ehd Gia Hoi ldp b i n g ngdi (89 gian), mat trfldc chd r a den sdng lam mot cai (finh gpi la (finh Quy Gia, (finh lam 2 t i n g , lai tfl phia B i c c i u Gia Hdi den cho ngang vdi gdc dai T r i n Binh lam len pho" dai gpi la pho Gia Hdi, Ddng Ba, Ddng Hdi"^
Deh cudi t h e ky XDC, t r i l u (finh cung cho phdp tfl n h a n dflng r a xay, sfla chd. Nam Dong K h a n h thfl 2 (1887) tai k m h dd Hue, Nguyen Dinh Nien dfldc Nghi chuan cho bd t i i n ra xSy lai chd Ddng Ba va du<*; l a n h trUng thue chfl nay trong 6 nam, moi n a m 1.200 quan ti«i chia nop hai k^ m u a h a va miia ddng®.
2. C h i n h s a c h v e t h u e c h d
Viec t h u t h u e ehd da dfldc quy dinh trong mdt so" bo luat Vidt N a m thdi quan chu. Luat Hong Dflc b a n h a n h n a m 1481 cd dilu khoan v l hoat ddng t h u t h u e chd. D i l u 90, chfldng Vi Che viet: "Nhflng ngfldi eoi chd trong kinh t h a n h sach n h i i u t i i n leu chd thi xfl tdi xuy danh 50 roi, biem mdt tfl; lay t h u l chd qua nang biem hai tU, m a t chfle eoi chd, boi thfldng t i i n g i p ddi t r a cho dan; t i i n phat thudng cho ngfldi cao giac theo nhfl le. Neu l i y t h u l chd khdng diing luat tiu xii tdi danh 80 trUdng va d i n di reu rao trong chd ba ngay. Ngfldi thu thue' chd trong cac lp, eae huyen, cac lang qua nang bi xxt tdi thdm mot bac"^. Nhfl vay, 16 danh thul^chd da co tfl trieu Le Sd. Tuy nhien, cu the v l phfldng thflc danh t h u l nhu t h i nao, mflc thue la bao nhieu va nhiing chd nao thuoc dien bi danh thue thi chfla dfldc d l cap cu the, ro rang. Sang t h ^ ky XVH, XVIII, t h u l chef 3 Dang Ngoai da ed nhflng quy dinh rd rkag hdn. Nam 1660, chinh quyIn chua Trinh da ra l$nh "chd d cae xfl thi cd chd da cd lenh cip cho vien nao d\xac l i y tien cua ngfldi ban, trau bo moi con la 10 dong t i i n quy, Idn moi con la 2 dong tien quy. Cac mdn h a n g khac thi ct moi tien l i y 1 dong"^". Tfl n a m 1727, t h u l chd
5. Hong Diic thiin chinh thu (Nguygn S Giac dich), Nam H^ ajn quan, Sai G6n, 1959,tr.l45.
6. Cd ludt Viit Nam-Qud'c triiu hinh ludt vd Hoing Viet ludt le, Nxb Giao due. Ha Nfli, 2009. tr.484.
7. Qutfc sii quan trilu Nguyin, Dai Nam thuc luc, tap 5, Nxb Gi^o due. Ha N6i, 2007, tr.lOO.
^8. Qu6c s i quan trilu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam Aoi dien su le tuc bien, tap3, Nxb Gi5o due, Uk N6i, 2005, tr.62.
9. CS ludt Viet Nam-Qudc trieu hinh ludt vd Hoang Viet ludt le,Sdd,tT.5l.
10. Hian Huy Chii, Lich trieu hiin chuong loai cM.
Qud'c dung chi, tap 2, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi, 2008, tr. 147.
6 2 Nghiin ciiU Kinh ti's611(436) • Tiling 11/201B
Chi'nh sdch quan ly cha ...
d Dang Ngoai bi bai bd, ehi cdn 7 chd Idn d Thang Long ed gilt md' trau, bd bi danh thue, trong dd: chd Cfla Ddng, ehd Cfla Nam, ch(3 Huyen, chd Dinh Ngang va ehd Ba Da chiu thue dong nien la 318 quan, 8 tiin, 300 t i m da trau^'; ehd Van Cfl t h u e la 19 quan 2 tiin; chd Ong Nudc thue la 46 quan 8 tien^l
Trilu N g u y i n d d i u the ky XDC, trong cac ngach t h u l dfldc n h a nflde quy dinh khdng cd t h u l chd. Tuy nhien, t h u e chd tren tixac te v i n dfldc n h a nudc hoae chinh quyIn i^a phu<Sig eho thu 5 mot so' chd Idn d Kinh t h a n h hoac nhflng dia b a n quan trpng. 6 H a Ndi d i u the ky XDC cd 9 ehd trong k h u vflc noi t h a n h vdi quy md Idn, boat dong s i m u i t "lue dau cd the phai nop mdt khoan t h u e nao do cho chinh quyIn dia phUdng, khdng dUde chinh thflc quy dinh"^^ Thu thue chd d H a Ndi dUde ehflng minh qua ldi t a u cua Td'ng doc Dang Van Thiem xin mien thue h a n g quan, chd biia cho 2 huyen Tho Xfldng va Vinh Thuan dfldc vua Minh Mang c h u i n y n a m 1836^*. Cudi the ky XDC, dudi thdi v u a Dong K h a n h va Thanh Thai, thtle dan Phap da ap dat dUdc che dp dd hd tren dat nflde ta. Nhieu ehinh sach ciia t r i l u Nguyen da ed sU t h a y doi dudi tac dpng cua chinh quyen thudc dia. Trong so' nhflng thay doi dd cd viec thi h a n h t h u thue' chd 5 t i t ca cac ijia phfldng. Chinh sach t h u l chd chinh thflc dfldc thi h a n h tfl n a m 1887: "Nam ay, lai mdt khoan trong Nghi chuan: ngach thue' eua nflde ta tfl trfldc den n a y chi trflng t h u v l dinh diln eung san vat, cdn bd'n dd, chd pho thi chUa cd thue, vi eude song cua n h a n dan nflde t a vdh ngheo n a n chat vat, eho nen khoan giam thue' ma de cd ich eho dan. Nay gap luc tai ehinh eo hep, nghi nen thUe hien khoan t h u nay mdi ed M ich. Xin sao r a sflc k h i p n(ri eho P h u doan (ciing n h u P h u thfla) cung Td'ng ddc, T u i n phii, Bd' ehinh d cic TrUc tinh de tuan theo ma xet rd trong h a t cd bao nhieu phd'chd til tap noi tiing, bao nhieu ben dd tien dfldng giao thdng qua lai, phai xet hdi nhieu them (ddi sd'ng kinh te giau hay ngheo, bao nhieu dudng sa giao thfldng, khdng c i n phai tinh so' ngfldi) mdi eham ehfldc ma (iinh ngach
thue eho thich flng (nhfl chd nao dd, ben dd nao dd, hang nam t i i n t h u e bao nhieu)... H a n trong mot t h i n g , cae h a t deu phai dem ngach thue da nghi dinh cho cac chd phd'va be'n do la bao nhieu, lap bang ke de tU cho bd Hp xem xet cd nen giao cho xa dan dia phUdng lanh trUng hay yet thi va sflc cho d i u g i i eho lanh trUng"^^
Le danh thue' ch(3 dUdc b a n h a n h nam 1887 cd quy dinh k h a m xet cac chd Idn nho trong cae tinh, n l u chd nao budn ban du s i m u i t thi se lap bieu danh thue ngay, cdn cac chd nhd chUa du sam u a t thi se dUde tam hoan d i n khi lUdng ngudi va hang hda trao doi tai chd du Idn thi se danh thue'. Trong le danh t h u l nay cd 2 hinh thfle t h u thue^; hinh thflc thfl nhat cd the do chinh quyIn dia phfldng cac xa, huyen, phu, tinh triJc tie'p t h u thue; hinh thfle thfl 2 c6 the do tfl n h a n da'u t h a u lanh trung thue.
Hang nam nhiing ngfldi lanh trUng se t h u thue va nop lai eho ehinh quyIn phan thue theo quy dinh, so edn lai hp se dUdc hudng.
Chinh sach t h u e chd nay k h a nang n l so vdi viec danh t h u e chd trudc dd. Tfl nam 1727 d i n nhiing n a m d i u t h e ky XDC, viee t h u t h u l chd chi thflc hien d nhiing chd Idn, cd hoat ddng dac biet (giet md' t r a u bd). Nam 1727, chd Idn nhat Thang Long bi danh t h u l la chd Cxta Ddng hang n a m nop 318 quan, 8 t i i n va 300 t i m da trau. So t h u l nay khdng ehi la thue' ehd, ma no cdn bao gom ca thue' gilt mo t r a u bd. Chd Gia Hoi theo quy dinh tfl nam 1837 d i n n a m 1848 moi nam t h u thue 1.286 quan tiin. Tfl n a m 1887, t h u e ehd danh vao t i t ca cac chd Idn nhd d cac dia phUdng (trfl mdt so' chd rat it hoat dong) va bieu thue ehd ciing Idn gap n h i l u lan thdi ky trfldc dd. Nam 1889, theo t a u t r i n h t h i viee d i u t h i u l a n h trflng
11. M6i tam da trau quy la 1 quan 5 tiin.
12. Hian Huy Chd, Uch trieu hien chuong loai chi. Sdd, lr.l51.
13. Nguyin TTiiia Hy, Thdng Long, Hd Noi the ky 17,18,19, H6i str hoc Viet Nam x u ^ ban, Ha N6i, 1993, tr.302.
14. Dai Nam thUc luc, tap 4, Sdd, tr.l073.
15. Khdm dinh Dai Nam hoi dien su le tuc bien, tap 3 Sdd, tr.63-64. ' '
Nghiin aiu Kinh ti'sSi 1(436)- Thing 11/2013
63
Chinh sdch quan ly chg ...
t h u l nhflng chd d kinh t h a n h Hue' ra't cao: chd An Cttu hang nam t i i n thue' 6.000 quan, chd An Van t i i n t h u l 3.000 quan, chd Bao Vinh thue 1.500 quan. 26 chd va ben do khac 5 phu Thfla Thien do chinh quyIn t h u thue' d l u cd mflc t h u l cao tfl 200 quan de'n 600 quan^^.
Nhfl vay, ehinh sach thue ehd cua t r i l u Nguyen cd sfl thay dd'i Idn gifla 2 thdi k^: thdi ky trfldc khi thflc dan Phap xam lUdc nude ta va thdi ky Phap hoan t h a n h eude chien t r a n h xam Ifldc nflde ta. D i u t h i ky XDC thue ehd chi dupe thu d nhflng chd 16n thudc eae dia ban quan trpng vdi mflc thue khdng qua cao, n h i l u chd huyen, chd lang xa khdng bi danh thue. Tfl nam 1887, eac chd tfl Idn dd'n nhd tren ca nflde deu bi ra soat r i t ky de lap bieu thue vdi mflc danh thue'eao g i p n h i l u lan.
3. C h i n h s a c h q u a n ly g i a c a h a n g h o a va c a c h o a t d o n g t a i c h d
Hoat dpng mua ban, trao dd'i hang hda la hoat ddng cd ban n h i t tai chd. De quan ly nhflng boat ddng nay, Nha nflde da dat ra nhflng quy dinh rd rang, chat ehe n h i m kiem soat ngfldi di chd, phdng chong d i u cd, ep gia, gian lan trong budn ban eung nhU kim nen stt nhflng nhieu cua quan lai, cUdng hao khi giao (hch tai ehd.
Quan ly gia ca hang hda la khau quan trong trong viec binh d'n thi trudng trong nflde.
Nhan t h i y dilu nay, t r i l u (finh n h a Nguyin da cd nhflng chinh saeh n h i m quan ly chat che gia ca cae mat hang quan trong nhU: vang, bac, kim loai, gao, dudng, vai, go..., trong dd, gao va bac la 2 mat hang quan trpng nha't, cd anh hfldng Idn den gia tri cac mat hang trong chd.
Ddi vdi mot nflde ndng nghiep nhfl Viet Nam, thdc gao la nguon lUdng thflc chinh dam bao cho bfla an hang ngay ctia nhan dan. Vi vay, Nha nflde dac biet quan tam den gia gao tai cac dia phUdng. Ngay tfl nam 1808, vua Gia Long da dat lenh hang thang eac quan dinh t r i n phai tau bao gia gao v l bd Ho. Nam 1825, vua Minh Mang yeu cau moi thang phai tau bao gia gao tai chd 2 l i n vao trflde n g i y r i m va euoi t h i n g " . De dam bao gia gao
khdng bi bie'n ddng qua Idn, trong mdt sd' thdi diem trieu tfinh ciing cd ehinh saeh phat lUdng bdng cho eac quan lai bang thdc. Khi gia ggo 5 dia phfldng t a n g cao, Nha nflde cflng ed bi$n phap x u i t kho b a n gao cho ngfldi dan de ifilu chinh gia gao n h i t thdi'^.
Bac la mdt phfldng tidn t h a n h toan trong mua ban, n h i l u loai thue dfldi t r i l u Nguyen eiing dfldc thu bang ca bac va tien. Bdi v^y, trieu (finh cd nhiing chinh saeh quan ly gia bstc ap dtmg gidng nhfl doi vdi gao. Khi mudh hang hda liiu thdng, tieu diing tien ldi thi nha vua cho phdp diing bac de t r a Ifldng cho quan lai.
Liie gia bac len eao, N h a nflde lai eho phip hoan doi viec nop thue bang tien thay cho bac'*.
NhQng quy dinh doi vdi cac hoat dpng mua ban tai chd dfldc t h e hien ro trong ndi dung cua D i l u 1, chfldng VII (Chd bfla), p h i n Ho luat cua luat Gia Long:
Quy dinh ve giao dieh m u a ban, phong chd'ng vide n i m gifl h a n g hda, d i u cd tang gia cua ngfldi ban hang: ngfldi nao gam n i m hang hda hoae thdng dong lam "cd moi", gian ddi se bi xfl phat 80 trfl(3ng. N l u t r a trdn hang cua minh vao ban ben canh ngUdi khac, so bi gia ca de gianh giat khaeh h a n g nhUng hanh vi chUa thuc hidn dfli3c bi p h a t 40 roi. Neu hanh vi t r e n da dUde thflc hien k i l m ldi b i t ehinh tin se can cfl vao so' M t h u dfldc ma xxt phat nhu tdi trom c i p bi d a n h trfldng hoac tb'ch chfl len mat='°.
Ddi vdi quan he gifla ngfldi ban va ngKcfi mua, luat quy dinh: ddi ben m u a ban c i n thda t h u a n tfl nguyen, k h d n g dflde ep budc nhau.
16. Khdm dinh Dai Nam hoi diin su le tm: bien, tap 3, Sdd, tr.64-65.
17. O J C LUU trfl Nha nudc - Dai hoc Hui' - Trung tam Nghien cihi Vilt Nam va giao luu Van hoa, Muc luc chiii bdn trieu Nguyen, tSp H. Nxb Van hoa. m Ndi, 1998.
tr.XIXX.
^ 18. Tnnmg Thi Y l h (2004). Chinh sdch thuang nghiip ciia trieu Nguyen niia ddu the'ky TUX, Lufln in tie'n sy (bao ve tai Vien Sd hoc). H i Nai, tr.76 - 77.
19. Tmong Thi Yeh (2004), Chinh sdch thuong nghiip cua trieu Nguyin nikt ddu theky )SX, Tldd, tr.79 - 80.
20. Cd luat Viet Nam~Qudc triiu hinh ludt vd Hoang Viet ludt le, Sdd, tr.483.
64 Nghiin cdu Kmh ti's^l 1(486) - Thing 11/2018
Chinh sach quan ly cha .
Neu cd tinh "ep m u a ep ban" hoac ngfldi ban tfl y nang gia ep ngudi mua, hoac ngfldi m u a tfl ^ h a gia ep ngUdi b a n thi cac trudng hdp nay cung bi xfl p h a t 80 trUdng^\
VI viec xfl toi lfla gat, ngan chan hang hda ciia ngudi di budn: "Khach budn cac xfl t u tap d nilt di, n l u nhfl eae ngfldi mdi gidi va bpn vd lai dung sflc m a n h mdi moc ngan chan hang hda eiia khach, thi khdng c i n p h a n biet la ed hay khdng lfla gat b a n h a n g hoa, d l u bi xti tdi.
T i t ca deu bi ddng gong mot t h i n g , nhU cd lfla gat ban re h a n g hda, thi b i t truy t h u dii ca toan bp. Neu nhU truy t h u lau n a m khdng boi thudng dUdc, de h e n lij.y de'n khaeh budn bi ehlt, thi b a t sung quan dfla de'n ndi gin"^^.
Ddi vdi sfl saeh nhieu eua quan lai, cfldng hao: luat quy dinh ngfldi n h a cua quan vien Idn nhd deu khdng dfldc ba chiem b l dd, chd biia; c i m y the' ma fle hiep dan thfldng. N l u dd xay ra tinh t r a n g n a y ma bi phat giac thi hinh phat nang n h i t phai ganh chiu la hi t r a m giam hau. Quan lai ldi dung viec eho nhan dan vay t i i n ma y the^ ba ehie'm bd'n dd, ehd bfla lam anh hfldng de'n i^a phfldng cung bi tri tdi.
Viec ngfldi n h a lai vien, quan lai y the lam thu lai chd, lam viee phi p h a p fle hiep dan lanh va nhfliig ngfldi quan ly ehd eung bi phat ca chti l i n td. Neu ngUdi dfldc chu sai di se bi "ddng gong 3 thang, xxt p h a t 100 trfldng". Neu la ngfldi tti di thi bi xfi theo tdi cdn do. Quan lai khdng quan giao ngfldi n h a minh de xay r a tinh trang tren eung bi xii each chfle. Cac sd n h a mdn, cd quan n h a nude khi e^ ngfldi r a ehi3 m u a b a n eiing phai t u a n theo gia thi trfldng khdng dfldc ldi dung quyIn uy de sach n h i l u n h a n dan va t n i c ldi. Neu sai pham eung bi phat danh trUdng^^.
4. C h i n h s a c h t h o n g n h a t c a c ddn v i d o Iflding, t i e n t e
Tiin va cac diing cu do Ifldng la nhflng thude do gia tri san p h a m quan trpng, dUde s^I dung Iflu thdng trong h a u h i t cae boat ddng ciia ddi sd'ng kinh te, xa hoi. Trong eac hoat ddng budn ban, trao doi, Iflu thdng hang hda, nhflng do diing nay khdng t h e thieu. Bdi vay, trong chinh sach cua Nha nflde tfl xfla d i n
nay, viee thd'ng n h i t tien t e va cac dting eu do Ifldng ludn la mot trong nhflng chinh sach trpng tam. Trieu N g u y i n sau khi gianh quyIn quan ly d i t nflde cung n h a n h chdng dfla r a nhflng chinh saeh quan trong nay.
Bdi vdi tien te: cudi t h i ky XVIII, d i t nUde bi chia c i t vdi nhieu chinh quyIn cung quan ly d cac vung khac nhau, viec dflc t i i n va Iflu h a n h tien eung trd nen roi ren vdi n h i l u loai t i i n dudc Iflu hanh. Sau khi len ngdi, Gia Long nghi ngay den viec thd'ng n h i t tien te, khang dinh quyIn Itic b i n g viec ddc quyIn due t i i n v i quan ly tien te. Nam 1803, Gia Long da cho xay dting xudng due t i i n Idn d Thang Long gpi la Cue Bao tuyen. Cue Bao t u y l n dfldc duy tri va md rdng lien tuc dUdi cac t r i l u vua tiep theo tfl Minh M a n g d i n Tfl Dflc. Xfldng due t i i n eua n h a Nguydn dfldc dat d B i c Thanh, Nha nflde giao eho Td'ng t r i n Bae Thanh kiem linh, sau cai each h a n h ehinh eua Minh Mang (1831 - 1832), viec quan ly Cue Bao t u y l n dxi<ic giao cho Tong dd'c H a Ninh (Ha Ndi - Ninh Binh) quan ly. Trong sud't 4 ddi vua d i u n h a Nguyen, t r i l u (finh da eho due n h i l u loai tien b i n g dong hoac bang kem vdi trpng lfldng, kich cd v i gia tri khac nhau. De dam bao cae loai t i i n dUde sxi dung luu thdng tren thi trudng qudc ndi d l u la tien do t r i l u dinh n h a Nguyen cho due thi eac vi vua cung l i n lfli3t r a r a nhfllig s i c lenh c i m s^ dung eac loai t i i n khac. Nam 1816, Gia Long r a lenh eho tieu buy t i i n Tay Scin. Sau dd, cac loai tien nhu t i i n Dao Quang (cua n h a Thanh), t i i n gia, t i i n do tfl n h a n tti y due, t i i n do n h a Thanh mang de'n cung d l u hi c i m . Cflng vdi viec due t i i n mdi, dfldi thdi Gia Long va Minh Mang, Nha nflde cho phep due nhiing nen vang, nen bac (dfl(3c gpi la tien thoi) dfla vao lUu thdng.
De dam bao gia tri dong t i i n khi Iflu thdng t r e n t h i trfldng, n h a N g u y e n cd nhflng l e n h 21. Co ludt Viet Nam-Qud'c trieu hinh ludt vd Hodng Viet ludt le, SiJd, tr.483-484.
22. Cd ludt Viet Nam-Qudc trieu hinh ludt vd Hodng Viet ludt le, Sdd, \iAM.
23. Cd ludt Viet Nam-Qudc trieu hinh ludt vd Hodng Viet ludt le, Sdd. lr.'484-485.
Nghiin aiu Kinh tied 11(486) - Thing 11/2018 65
Chinh sach quan ly cha ,
c i m va xxt tdi nghiem ngat ddi vdi nhiing ke tfl nhan t u y due t i i n hoac lam t i i n gia. Tfl d i u thdi Gia Long, Nha nflde da ban h a n h dao luat cam due trdm tien. Nam Minh Mang thfl 21 (1840) cd "Thanh du" v l viec xxi tdi nhflng ke huy hoai dong sao, t i i n dong, t i i n kem. Nam 1861, Tfl Dflc phe c h u i n toi cua ke len due t i i n 'lap tflc xfl tram de eho moi ngfldi t h i y thd' lam ran"^*. Nam 1864, t r i l u (finh lai tiep tuc ra ehi du cho cae dia phudng tri tdi nang nhflng ke len due tiin. Tinh nghiem minh va sflc manh cua luat phap t r i l u Nguyen dfldc the hien qua vu an Ly Thanh Long: nSm 1884, Ly Thanh Long la mdt gian thUdng da dung
"tiin la" giiu trong cac thflng chfla phen trang, phen xanh de tra tron vao giao thfldng d l tnie ldi. Viec lam bi phat giac, Ly Thanh Long ngay lap tflc bi xxt tram^^.
Cae ddn vi do ludng eiing dflde nha Nguyin cho thd'ng nhat. Day la cdng viee quan trpng bdi cac dung cu do ludng la thUde do gia tri eua cac san pham cot yeu nhfl thdc gao, hang hda.
Thong n h i t ddn vi, dung cti do Ifldng eung la cd sd de Nha nflde t h u thue, tinh toan Ifldng bong cho quan lai, binh linh... Bdi vay, ngay tfl t h i n g 7-1802, vua Gia Long da "sai bd Hd c h i cae kieu phfldng, bat mdi dung vao vide ehi thu Ifldng thtic"^'^ D i n nam 1804, Gia Long "cd S i c ehi rang thdhg nhat can, dong la viec cot yeu cua ehinh tri. Cac thfl can, thflde, hoc, phfldng, thflng, d i u nen theo phep n h a nude lam r a de thd'ng nha't"^'. Sau nhiing ehi du cua nha vua, bp Hd da cho tien h a n h lam lai eae dung cia do Ifldng de cip p h i t cho eac dia phfldng sxi dung thd'ng nha't trong ca nflde.
Ddi vdi thflde do, nha Nguyen cho che tao 2 loai thflde la thflde do d i t va thflde do vai. Ddi vdi thude do d i t , thang 8 nam Canh Ngo, Gia Long thfl 9 (1810): "ban thflde kinh do rudng eho trong ngoai. Thude kinh do t r i l u Le cfl ehe ra ban h i n h da lau, dan gian v i n thudng dung. Nam Gia Long thfl 5 mdi dung thflde trung binh, che hdi dai hdn, bdi the do rudng m i u sd' sai nhau nhilu. Vua sai hdi tim dflde thflde kinh cu. L i y dUde d dan xa Co Linh huyen Gia Lam, ben theo each thflc i y l i y dong (nang 1 c i n 12 lang) ma lam ban eho eac
t h a n h (hnh t r i n . Nhiing rudng d i t cdng tfl tii trfldc da dung thflde t r u n g binh ma kham dac, thi lam sd de dd ma theo. Tfl nay neu cd viec t r a n h dia gidi hay to' eao an lau va bao xin khai k h i n thi dung thflde kinh de do"^*. Cay thflde do d i t nay dflde t r i l u Nguyen ap dung thdhg nha't tren ca nflde d l h nam 1867 kM thflc dan Phap chie'm dfldc Nam K;^ thi no chi dfldc ap dung d Bac K^ va Trung K$.
Ddi vdi thflde do vai, n a m Minh Mang thtt 7 (1826), trieu (finh eho b a n dinh: "eac hsing thflde thi eho theo m i u che' tao r a thflde dong thd may va thflde dong thiJ mdc, ban cip cho cic n h a mdn va eae dia phfliJng, moi ndi moi thfl mot cai de tien thi hanh"^^. Tfl day, thflde do vai cung dflde sii dung theo m i u chung thd'ng n h i t tren ca nflde.
Ngoai 2 loai thflde t r e n dfldc trieu dinh cho lam thd'ng nha't, trong dan gian cdn ed loai thflde mdc la nhiing loai thflde sii dung trong nhflng edng vide ehuyen nganh nhfl thflde cua thd xay, thflde tin ngUdng (thflde Lo Ban), nhflng thflde nay khdng the hien gia tri ciia nhflng thfl dflde do dae theo quy dinh cua Nha nflde, ma chi ed gia tri tinh t h i n trong dan gian.
V l dung cu do trpng lfldng, nam Gia Long thfl 12 (1813), t r i l u dinh cho ehe tao can Ma T a i ^ gom 2 loai: can thien binh va can trung binh. Can trung hinh diing de can vang b^c, can thien binh de can eae loai kim loai khac^'.
Sau nay cac loai can tren da dfldc cai tieh them de can cac loai h a n g hda khac.
24. Khdm dinh Dai Nam hoi dien su le tuc bien, tap 3, Sdd,tr.74.
25. Qu6c sii quan trilu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hdi dien su le ttic biin, tap 8, Nxb Khoa hoc xk h6i. Ha Nfli, 2009,tr.l86-187.
26. Dgi Nam thi(c hic, tap 1, Sdd, tr.508.
27. N6i cac trilu Nguyin. Khdm dinh Dai Nam hdi dien sule, tap 3, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Huf, 1993, tr.386.
28. Dgi Nam Thuc luc, tap 1, Sdd, U-.793.
29. Khdm dinh Dai Nam hoi diin su le, tap 3, Sdd, tr.387. ' • " "
30. c a n Ma Tai la cSn c6 2 dia d^ 2 bin: m6t bin dat hkng h6a vk m6t ben dat cic hang q u i can theo titng lang
31. Khdm dinh Dai Nam hdi diin su le, tap 3. Sdd, lr.387.
66 Nghiin ctiu Kmh tesd 11(486) • Thing 11/2018
Chinh sdch quin ly cha .
Ddi vdi cac loai dting cu nhfl hoc, phfldng, thflng,^ da'u, t r i l u dKnh da d i n cho thd'ng n h i t tren ca nflde. Nam 1828, trieu dmh cho bd Hd lam mot loat hoc, phfldng, thung, dau de phat cho cac dia phUdng sii dung thdhg nhat^^
De dam bao sti thong n h i t trong viee sii dung cae dung cu do Ifldng theo quy dinh cua Nha nflde, trieu N g u y i n da ed nhiing d i l u luat xet xfl nghiem minh nhflng ke tfl y che tao eac dung cu nay khdng theo quy dinh. Trong luat Gia Long quy dinh: T h a m tti y che tao rieng cac loai bdc, d i u , can thUde khdng thang b i n g sxi dung d ehd bfla lam t a n g giam, rdi loan cac loai hoc, d i u , can, thflde cua n h a nflde thi xfl phat 60 trfldng. Cdng tfldng eiing bi tdi nhfl t h i . Neu nhfl vat m i u cua n h a nflde khdng dung phap dp thi (quan lai va edng tfldng) bi xxi phat 70 trfliing. Quan d l didu Id la khdng so sanh, doi chid'u thi dfldc giam mot mflc (so vdi tdi cua quan lai va edng tUdng). Neu b i l t ro sii tinh thi cung bi phat nhfl the*'^^
5. K e t luan*
Khi nam quyIn cai quan dat nflde d t h i ky XDC, t r i l u Nguyen da b a n h a n h n h i l u chinh sach k h u y i n khich Iflu thdng h a n g hda trong nudc thdng qua viec p h a t trien m a n g lUdi chd.
Trong boi eanh lich stt t h e gidi va k h u vUc ed nhilu bien ddng, trieu Nguyen da sai l i m khi ehu trUdng b a n ehe ngoai thucftig nhfl mot bien phap t r a n h sfl nhdm ngd va y do xam Iflde cua cac nflde thflc d i n phUitog Tay. Viee b a n c h i ngoai thUdng da k6o theo sU sut giam Ifldng hang hda b a n r a nflde ngoai. Vi vky, chinh sach phat trien m a n g Ifldi ehi3 eflng gdp p h i n kich thieh Iflu thdng h a n g hda trong nflde, binh d'n thi trfldng khi h a n g xuat k h i u bi h a n che.
Quan ly gia ea, thong n h a t cac ddn vi do Ifldng, t i i n t e la mdt trong nhiing ehinh sach tich cflc cua t r i l u Nguyin. Gia ea mot so' mSt hang thie't ye'u nhU gao, bae... dfldc theo ddi sat sao. Trong trfldng h(?p hang hda bi ghim gifl gia hoac cac thfldng n h a n cd' tinh d i y gia len eao, trieu (finh cung cd bien phap binh on t a m thdi hang each r a eac ehi thi t h u m u a hay md kho Nha nflde de b a n hang cho ngfldi dan
di chd, gdp p h i n dfla h a n g hda v l dflng gia tri that. Thd'ng n h i t cac ddn vi do Ifldng, t i i n te la mdt trong nhflng co g i n g cua t r i l u (finh n h a Nguyen tao t h u a n ldi cho cac boat dpng m u a b a n tai chd cung nhU cae boat ddng khac.
Viee xfl phat nghiem ngat doi vdi cac gian thUdng hay nhiing ddi tfldng gay nhung n h i i u tai chd cho thay sfl quan tam cua trieu dinh ddi vdi Iflu thdng hang hda trong nude. Nhiing quy dinh nay dfldc dfla vao phap luat t h a n h van dam bao tinh r a n de nhfltig ddi tfldng khac.
Ben canh mdt sd^ chinh sach mang tinh tich cflc thi chinh sach quan 1^ chd ciia t r i l u Nguyin d t h e ky XDC d i n g hoc Id nhieu b a n ehe: viee t h u t h u l chd qua cao d cudi t h i ky XDC cd a n h hudng Idn den ngUdi mua, ban tai chd. Chinh sach eua vua Dong Khanh cho t a n g t h u l chd de bu d i p cho khoan t h i l u h u t quoc khd' cho t h i y h a n h dpng tan t h u eua t r i l u (finh.
Nhieu ehinh sach dviOc t r i l u dinh dUa r a nhUng viec thi h a n h t h i l u triet de nen chfla phat huy dfldc hieu qua. Thflc te cae d(Jn vi do Ifldng dfldc trieu (finh quy dinh thd'ng n h i t , nhflng nd chi ap dung dfldc tai nhiing chd Idn.
O cac chd lang viec can do, dong d i m khi m u a ban h a n g cdn dfla vao t n i c quan ma it sii dung cac loai dung eu tren. Nhflng bien phap Mnh d'n tam thdi thi trfldng thdc gao va mot sd' hang hda khac chi mang tinh n h i t thdi ma chfla ed y nghia chiln Ifldc lau dai. Viec t r a ludng cho quan lai b i n g thdc gao de b a n e h i sfl tang giam gia gao b i t thfldng eung ehflhg td sfl he t i e , lung tiing trong quan ly cua t r i l u {finh n h a Nguyin./.
32. Khdm dinh Dai Nam hdi dien sU le, tap 3, Sdd, tr.391-392.
33. Cd ludt Viil Nam-Qudc trieu hinh ludt vd Hodng Viit ludt le,SM,\iM5.
Ngiy nhan bai: 7-9-2018 Ngay duyet dang: 8-10-2018
Nghien cdu Kinh IBS6 11(436) - Thing 11/2018 67
