CHlTC NANG Tir VAN CUA TOA CONG LY QUOC TE VA GOI M d CHO VIET NAM
Nguyen Tien Due Bo Qui Hoang*
Tom tat: Edi viet phdn tich cdc khia canh phdp ly trong chirc ndng tir vdn cita Tod Cong ly quoc te, bao gom chu the co quyen yeu cdu xin tu vdn. npi dung phdp ly yeu cdu tu vdn. quyen quyet dinh cua Tod trong trd lai tu vdn. vd gid tri phdp ly cua y kien tu van: qua do, dua ra mpt so goi ma cho Viet Nam khi van dung ca che ndy nhdm gidi quyet hod binh tranh chdp quoc te, dac biet Id yeu sdch tranh chdp tgi khu vuc Bien Dong.
Abstract: The paper examines legal aspects of advisory function of the International Court of Justice, including: bodies authorized to request an advisory opinion, legal question, discretion of the Court, and legal effect of the advisory opinion.
Thereby, several challenges regarding the application of this mechanism are identified.
Finally, a number of implications for Viet Nam will be made in respect of peaceful settlement of international disputes, particularly territorial dispute over the South China Sea (East Sea of Viet Nam).
K
hoan 3 Dieu 2 Hien chuang Lien hpp quoc (LHQ) nghiem cam cac quoc gia sir dyng vu lyc hoac de doa sir dung vu luc de giai quyet nhimg bat d6ng phat sinh trong quan he quoc te'. Tren ca so do, khoan 5 Dieu 33 Hien chuang liet ke nhung khong gidi ban cac phucmg thirc ma quoc gia CO the \ien dan de giai quylt Uanh chap, trong do co dam phan, thim ya, trung gian, hoa giai, ypng tai va toa an. Ben canhThS.. Vien Nha nude va Phap luat ThS . Truong Dai hoc Luai Ha Noi
Bai vilt duoc cong b6 trong khuon kh6 nhiem vu cip Bo:_ "Quy che phdp ly dao vd vt'ing biin thuoc cdc qudn ddo cua Viet Nam".
NghTa vu nay ciing duoc nhSc din tai doan 2 muc 1 Tuyen bo Manila nam 1982 \ I Giai quylt hoa binh cac Tranh chip qu6c tl. Hon thi nua. quy pham c i m su dungvu luc trong quan he quic te dugc coi la quy pham bai huoc jus cogens rang buoc tit ca cac qu6c gia Xem them: Giao irinh Luat Qudc tl. Truong Dai hpc Luat Ha \ 6 i . N \ b Cong an nhan dan 2009 tr 44-46
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do, trong liic giai quyet tranh chap, cac ben lien quan co nghia vu khong thyc hien bit ki hanh dpng nao gay cang thang, nguy hai tdi sy duy tri hoa binh va an ninh qu6c te, gay kho khan hoac can trd viec giai quyet tranh chap mpt each hoa binh^. Noi each khac, khi mgt tranh chap chua dugc giai quyet thi cac ben it nhat phai co trach nhiem quan ly va dam bao mgi thir trong tam kiem soat ciia minh.
Phuang thiic giai quyet tranh chap quoc te bang con dudng toa an, dac biet la Toa Cong ly quoc te (International Court of Justice, sau day ggi tat la ICJ), dugc xem la phuong thiic hiiu hieu va c6ng bang nhat.
Cac ket luan cua co quan tai phan nay dua tren phap luat qu6c te, vi vay mang tinh khach quan va phi chinh tri.
" Khoan 7 Dieu 33 Hicn chuong Lien hgp quoc.
CHirC NANG TU' VAN...
I. Khai qu5t v6 Toa Cong ly qu6c te ICJ dugc thanh lap vao nam 1945, k l thira nhirng gi ma tiln than cua no - Toa Thudng tryc Cong ly quoc t l (Permanent Court of International Justice - PCIJ) dat dugc trudc do. Dilu 92 Hiln chuang LHQ quy dinh Toa la "co quan tu phap thilt y l u "
ciia to chiic nay.
ICJ boat dgng dya tren ca sd Hien chuang LHQ va Quy c h i Toa Cong ly qu6c te. Cling vdi Hien chuong va Quy che, co sd phap ly de Toa tien hanh cac boat dgng con bao gom Npi quy ciia Tda. Npi quy ciia Toa dugc th6ng qua ngay 6/5/1946 nham cu the hoa cac nguyen tac dugc neu trong Hien chuang LHQ va Quy che cua Toa.
Thanh phan ciia ICJ bao g6m cac tham phan, phy tham va ban thu ky. Cac thim phan g6m tham phan thudng tryc va tham phan ad hoc. Tham phan thudng true (bao gom 15 vj vdi quoc tich khac nhau) dugc Dai hpi dong (DHD) va Hpi d6ng Bao an (HDBA) bau vdi nhiem ky 9 nam va cir ba nam bau lai 1/3 s6 tham phan. Tieu chuan de bau tham phan can cii vao nang luc ca nhan, tucmg quan vi tri dia ly va dai dien cho cac he th6ng phap luat tren the gidi.
Mgt nguyen tac bat ihanh van la 5 qu6c gia thudng tryc trong HDBA luon co tham phan dai dien ciia minh d ICJ.
ICJ CO hai chiic nang: Thir nhdt, la xet xu khi cac quoc gia tranh chap co thoa thuan dem vu vice ra trudc Toa ; thir hai.
^ Khoan 1 Dicu 34 Quy che ICJ quy dinh quic gia la chu thi duv nhil co the thua kicn tai Toa Co nhilu hinh ihitc tiic hien su chap thuan tham quyen ICJ cua mgt qu6c gia (0 Quy dmh tai mgt dicu uoc qu6c t l ma qu6c gia do la thanh vicn, (li) Tuyen bo don phirmia ni-' '^"^'^ ^'^ '^^ ^^^ ^^ iruoc khi tranh chap
cung cap y kien tu van trong trudng hgp cac CO quan cua LHQ va to chirc chuyen mon yeu cau tu van. Ben canh do, ICJ eon co tham quyen dua ra y kien tu van ve van de phap ly duoc cac ca quan cua LHQ dat ra.
Y kien tu van cua Toa tuy kh6ng mang gia trj phap ly rang huge, nhung ciing dupe coi la mpt each thuc lam ro nhiing khiic mac khong chi doi vdi cac c a quan trong LHQ ma con ca quoc gia khi tien hanh cac boat dgng cua minh, tir do trd thanh mgt nguon trong Luat qu6c te.
2. Chirc nang tu van ciia Toa Cong ly quoc te
Theo khoan 1 Dieu 96 Hien chuong LHQ va Dieu 65 Quy che cua Toa, ICJ co quyen dua ra y kien tu van ve "bat ki mgt cau hoi phap ly" dugc dat ra bdi co quan co tham quyen. Cach dien dat nay khac vdi Dieu 14 Cong udc Hgi Quoc hen cho phep PCIJ tu van ve "mpt tranh chap hay cau hoi bat ki". Quy dinh khac nhau nhu vay cho thay CO sy khac biet trong tham quyen ciia ICJ va PCIJ. Tuy nhien, co y kien cho rang, cum tir "cau hoi phap ly" \6n da co pham vi du rpng de bao ham ca "tranh chap"''. Thyc tien cho thay, ICJ van nhan yeu cau xin y kien tu van tir cac ca quan ciia LHQ lien quan tdi tranh chap giira cac qu6c gia^. Tuy vay, viec tiep nhan cac yeu cau nay la kha han che.
phat (iinh; (in) Thoa thuan cua quoc gia chap nhan tham quyen ICJ sau khi co tianh chip
Blaine Sioan. Advisor\ Juiisdiciion of The International Coun of Justice (California Law Rc\ lew 38(5), 1950). tr. 839-840,
Xcm them, w du Legal Con.secpieiUi". of the Conslnulion of a Wall m the Octiipied Pale.iiinian Territon. .AdMsory Opinion. ICJ Rcpoits (2004).
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2.1. Chu the cd thdm quyen yeu cdu tir vdn
Khoan 1 Dieu 96 Hien chuang LHQ quy djnh, DHD va HDBA la chu thi co quyen yeu cau ICJ tu van ve bat ki mgt van de phap ly nao. Theo Hien chucmg, day la quyen chii kh6ng phai nghia vu bat huge ciia hai ca quan nay. Ngugc lai, ICJ ciing khong CO tham quyen dua ra y kien tu van neu kh6ng dupe DHD va HDBA hoi. Ben canh do, khoan 2 Dieu 96 quy dinh md rpng quyen yeu cau tu van d6i vdi "cac ca quan khac ciia LHQ va cac to chirc chuyen m6n"
d bat ki thdi diem nao lien quan den van de phap Iy phat sinh trong pham vi hoat dgng ciia minh . Tuy nhien, do gidi han bai viel, cac tac gia se trinh bay tap trung vao hai co quan chinh do la DHD va HDBA bdi tinh chat, tham quyen dac trung cua chimg.
Tren ly thuylt, DHD va HDBA deu co tham quyen tuang duong khi yeu ciu tu van ciia ICJ. Tuy nhien, thii tuc yeu cau cung nhu co che bieu quylt de dua ra quylt dmh yeu cau tu vin tai DHD va HDBA deu khong duac quy dmh cu t h i trong Hien chuang.
Dot vai DHD. ca che bieu quylt dugc quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dilu 18 Hiln chuong, theo do, yeu cau phai dat hai phin ba philu thuan neu van de xin tu vin la "cau hoi quan trong". neu la "cau hoi khac" ihi chi can da s6 phieu thuan se dugc th6ng qua.
Hien chuong LHQ khong quy dmh cu thi
Danh sach cac co quan duoc uy quyln boi DHD h6i y kien Toa JCJ. xem ICJ Yearbook 2007-2008.
Co y kien cho rang. Ban Thu ky. diing diu la T6ng Thu ky LHQ co quyen hoi y kiln tu vin. tuy nhicn.
tren thuc te tham quyen nay ciia T6ng Thu ky van chua duoc thua nhan.
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cau h6i ty v i n ciia DHD thugc loai cau hoi nao. Dilu 83-85 v l Nguyen tac thii tuc cua DHD quy dinh m6i quoc gia co mpt phieu khi bieu quyet, va tong so phieu dua tren so thanh vien "tham gia va bieu quyet". Dieu 86 giai thich ro them: "tham gia va bieu quyet" la tong s6 phieu dugc tinh bao gom phieu thuan va ch6ng, phieu trang se khong dugc tinh. Vu Kosovo Declaration of Independence la mpt vi dy ve each thirc bo phieu nay^. Vdi quy djnh nay thi tat ca cac yeu cau tu van tii trudc tdi nay ciia DHD van dap ling it nhat hai phan ba t6ng so phieu, vi vay ban chat ciia npi dung yeu cau tu van ciia DHD chua dugc lam ro.
Doi vcxi HDBA. yeu cau tu van dugc quy dmh nhu sau: Neu yeu cau tu van cua HDBA la van de thii tuc thi ap dung dilu kien bo phieu tai khoan 2 Dilu 27 Hiln chuang, theo do chi can 9 philu thuan dl th6ng qua. Trudng hgp yeu cau tu van la van de phi thii tyc thi ap dung khoan 3 Dieu 27 cho phep cac thanh vien thudng tryc cua HDBA thyc hien quyen phii quyet yeu cau do.
Nam 1948, Uy ban lam thdi ciia DHD da nghien curu va cho rang yeu cau tu van cung la van de thu tuc va quyen veto kh6ng dupe ap dung**. Trudng hgp mgt qu6c gia thudng tryc dimg quyen veto cua minh thi
Vu Kosovo Declaration of Independence, GA Resolution A/RES/63/3 (2008), trong do co 77 philu thuan. 6 phicu chong, 74 phieu Irang, 35 khong tham gia bo phicu. Tong so quoc gia c6 mat tai DHD khi xcm xet Nghi quycl lien quan tcri vu Kosovo la 157, nhung do khong tinh so phieu trang nen long so phieu chi con 83.
*" Reports of The Interim Committee of The General Assembly. 5 Jan-5 Aug 1948, General Assembly Official Records, Third Session, Supplement No. 10.
tr 14(1948).
CHirC NANG TU VAN..
HDBA cd the bieu quylt v l van de thu tuc theo quy djnh tai khoan 2 Dilu 27 d l hudng din T6ng thu ky LHQ chuyin giao cho ICJ ngi dung dang tranh c h i p . Sau do, Toa se ty quyet djnh npi dung vu viec theo thim quyen eiia minh^. Cho tdi nay vin chua co yeu cau tu van nao ciia HDBA bj vip phai sy phan doi cua cac thanh vien thudng tryc.
Day CO the la ggi md de mgt qu6c gia thyc hien viec hoi y kien ICJ qua co che ciia HDBA.
Lien quan tdi co che bieu quyet thong qua nghj quyet tai khoan 3 Dilu 27 Hien chuang, mgt ben trong tranh chap se khdng dugc bo phieu neu nghj quyet nay lien quan tai Chuang VI - Giai quyet hoa binh tranh chap va khoan 3 Dieu 52 Hien chuong.
Mat khac, khoan 3 Dieu 27 chi ap dung khi nghj quyet vien dan tdi Chuang VI ve Giai quyet boa binh tranh chap, chii khong ap dung doi vdi Chuong VII ve Hanh dpng khi hoa binh bj de doa, pha hoai va hanh vi xam luge. Pham vi rgng ciia Chuang VII vo hinh trung lam cho quy dinh quoc gia trong yanh chap kh6ng dugc bo phieu tai khoan 3 Dieu 27 trd nen kh6ng co nghTa. Lap luan nay dugc cimg c6 bdi it nhat hai nghj quyet dugc bilu quylt tai HDBA trudc do'".
'' Xem them Yuen-li Liang, Notes on Legal Questions Concerning the United Nations, 42 American Journal of International Law (1948). tr 895
'"Nam 1979. HDBA xem xet nghi quyet dugc chap bill boi 5 quic gia Dong Nam A, gom Indonesia.
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore va Thai Lan lien quan toi xung dot vu trang tai khu vuc bien gioi mien Bic va miln Nam Viet Nam giua Viel Nam, Trung Ou6c va Campuchia. Trung Quoc, vai tu each la mot ben hen quan. van tham gia bo philu nghi quylt nay (http //www un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc asp?symb Q [ - 5 / P V 2129(OR), doan 72, truy cap ngay 09/01/2017) Nam 1986, Nicaragua thang kien Hoa
2.2. Npi dung phdp ly yeu cdu tv vdn Ngi dung yeu cau tu van tii ICJ phai la cau hoi phap Iy dii mang tinh ly thuyet" hay lien quan tdi tranh chap hien hiiu, chang han nhu viec giai thich mgt dieu khoan trong dieu udc ve van de nhat dmh. Co hai khia canh lien quan tdi van de nay can dupe lam ro nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, ICJ c6 nen tra Idi mgt cau hoi qua ly thuyet va khong ro rang? Trong vy Legality of Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, yeu eau tu van dugc dat ra doi vdi Toa bj cho la qua khai quat va mo ho, bdi khong t6n tai mgt tranh chap cu the nao CO lien quan. Tuy nhien, ICJ da nhac lai ket luan eiia minh rang, chiic nang tu van cua Toa khong de giai quyet tranh chap giira cac quoc gia ma chi cung cap tu van phap ly cho CO quan co yeu cau' , vi vay, Toa se tra Idi "bat ki cau hoi phap ly, du co nang tinh ly thuyet hay khong"'^
Thir hai, ICJ co tham quyen tra Idi cau hoi mang tinh chinh trj hay khong? Day
Ky lai ICJ lien quan tdi cac boat dong quan su va ban quan su ciia Hoa Ky tai Nicaragua Tuy nhien.
Hoa Ky tir choi tuan ihii phan quyet nay. Ciing nam do, Nicaragua tim each dua vu viec cung phan quyet nay ra truoc HDBA. Hoa Ky, dii la mot ben trong tranh chap, da sir dung quyen veto cua minh de ngan HDBA thong qua nghi quyet nay (http //www un org/en/ga/search/vicw_doc.asp?symb ol=S/PV.2718, tr. 5 1 . truy cap ngay 09/01 /2017)
Chang han nhu tinh hop phap ciia tuyen bo bao luu til phia cac quoc gia khi gia nhap mgt cong uoc quoc te. Reservations to the Convention on Prevention and Puni.<ihnient oj the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (1951).
'Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, iCJ Reports (1996), tr 226, 236- 237, doan 15
Conditions of Adnns.sion of a State to Membership in the United Nations (Article 4 of the Charter), Advisory Opinion. iCJ Reports (1948), tr. 57,61
7 9
ciing la lap luan phan doi tham quyen tu van cua ICJ trong vu lien quan den viec ket nap qu6c gia thanh vien mdi vao LHQ nhung nam 1950. Viec tilp nhan thanh vien mdi tai LHQ sau chiln tranh thi gidi thii 11 von la mpt vin d l gay tranh luan chinh tri rat Idn, theo do cac qu6c gia thudng true trong HDBA thudng sii' dung quyln phii quyet veto ciia minh de ngan can ket nap thanh vien mdi. Nam 1949, DHD da tien hanh hoi y kiln ICJ v l viec ket nap thanh vien mdi ma khong can khuyen nghj tir phia HDBA.
Khi tu vin, ICJ da ket luan khia canh chinh trj ciia cau hoi kh6ng lam mat di ban chat phap ly ciia no, va Toa kh6ng quan tam tdi dpng eo ciia ca quan hoi y kien tu van hay vu viec cu the dan tdi cau h6i tu' van . Ket luan nay tiep tuc dugc ICJ khang dinh lai trong cac vu viec sau nay'
Ben canh do, viec cau hoi thieu tinh ro rang do qua trinh soan thao gap nit cung khong lam mat di tham quyen ciia ICJ.
Tham chi, trong mgt so trudng hgp, Toa con dugc quyen md rgng, giai thich va dat lai cau hoi cho phit hpp vdi muc tieu ciia ca quan yeu cau tu van"'
Nhu tren, tr. 61.
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons.
nhu chil Ihich 15; Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (2004);
Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (2010)
Admissibility of Hearings of Petitioners by the Committee on the South West Africa, Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (1956), tr. 23, 25; Cerlain Expenses of the United Nations (Article 17 of the Charter), Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (1962). tr, 151, 157-162; Interpretation of the Agreement of 1951 between WHO and Egypt, Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (1980). tr. 67, 87-89; Application for Review of Judgment No. 273 of the United .\ations
2.3. Quyin quyit dinh ciia Tod Cong ly quoc te
Dilu 96 quy djnh cac ca quan cua LHQ dupe xin y kiln tu v i n cua Toa, tuy nhien lieu Toa eo quyen tir chdi tu van hay kh6ng? Khoan 1 Dilu 65 Quy c h i ciia ICJ quy djnh: "7bd co thi cung cdp y kien tu vdn ve bdt ki cdu hoi phdp li ndo khi co yeu cdu tir bdt ki ca quan ndo duac phep theo Hien chuang Lien hap quoc". Nhu vay, co thi hiiu trong trudng hgp thay khong phii hpp, ICJ CO quyln qu^k djnh tir choi dua ra y kien tu' van.
Vay trong trudng hgp nao Toa ICJ se hi ch6i tu vin? Toa lap luan chi tir ch6i tra Idi tu vin khi t6n tai mgt "ly do thuyet phuc"
(compelling reason) anh hudng tdi chiic nang tu phap cua Toa'^- Vi dy viec thieu y chi tir phia mgt qu6c gia lien quan tdi vu viec, do y kien tu van cua Toa co the anh hudng tdi viec giai quyet tranh chap giira cac quoc gia nay'^. Ngoai ra, kha nang tiep can tu lieu va bang chirng lien quan tdi vu vice cung la mot yeu t6 Toa c6 the xem xet tu choi tu van' .
Administrative Tribunal, Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports(1982), tr. 325, 348.
Kosovo Declaration of Independence, nhu chii thich 17, doan 30, Xem them G. Abi Saab, On Discretion-Reflections on the Nature of Ihe Consultative Function of the International Court of Justice, in Boisson de Chazournes (eds), International Law. The International Court oj Justice and Nuclear Weapons (1999), tr. 36-50; Halil R Basaran, Judicial Propriety in Advi.wry Opinions of Ihe International Court of Justice (International Journal of Public Law and Policy 1(3), 2011),
^* Kosovo Declaration of Independence, nhu chii thich 17, doan 33.
''' Trong vu Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Walt m the Occupied Pale.stinian Territory, Thim phan Buergcnthal cho rang ICJ nen tir ch6i tu van boi Toa khong c6 dii thong tin can thiet de dua
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CHirC NANG TU VAN...
Tren thuc t l , cho tdi nay ICJ chi tir ch6i mgt trudng hgp do cau hdi cua ca quan xin m van dua ra vugt qua chuyen mon ciia Toa- . Dilu nay cho thiy, Toa hoan toan y thiic dupe vai trd va trach nhiem ciia minh vdi tu each la mot c a quan m phap thilt ylu cua LHQ.
2.4. Mdi quan he giira chirc ndng tu- vdn vd y chi quoc gia
Thieu sy ddng y tir phia qudc gia la mot yong nhiing lap luan quan trgng phan d6i tham quyln ciia PCIJ va ICJ khi cac Toa nay thyc hien chiic nang tu vin. Trong vu Eastern Carelia tai PCIJ nam 1923 lien quan tdi tranh chap vung lanh thd Dong Careha giira Phan Lan va Lien bang X6-vilt gin tir Hpi dong Hgi Quoc lien. Lien X6, liic bay gid chua phai la thanh vien cua Hgi Quoc lien, da phan doi tham quyen ciia Toa.
Trong ket luan ciia minh, PCIJ da tir choi tu van hdi •vy viec nay lien quan tryc tilp tdi ngi dung tranh chip:
''Phdp ludt quoc te ghi nhdn ro rdng nguyen tdc khong mpt quoc gia ndo, khi chua chdp thuan. bi bupc phdi dua tranh chdp cua minh vai quoc gia khdc ra hod gidi hay trong tdi. hay bdi ki mpt hinh thirc gidi quyet tranh chdp hod binh khdc. . Tod y thirc duac rdng a day Tod duac yeu cdu dua y kien tu vdn chir khong phdi gidi quyet tranh chdp. Tuy nhien. trong tnrong hop ndy, cdu hoi dua ra truac Tod khong phdi
ra ket luan cua minh. Xem them Declaration of Judge Buergenthat. ICJ Reports (2004). tr. 240-242, doan 3
-" Trong \ u Legality of Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, xuat phat diem cua yeu cau tu \an la tir phia To chirc Y te the gicn (WHO) Xem tai http:
//ww-%'- icj-cij org'docketfiles/^S/10309 pdf, truy cap n„av09 01 2017.
Id cdu hoi ly thuyet. md lien quan true tiep tai trgng tdm VIA tranh chdp giira Phdn Lan vd X6-viet, vd chi co the quyet dinh khi dieu tra cdc bang chirng quan trong trong vu viec. Viec trd lai cdu hoi ndy se tuang duang voi viec gidi quyet tranh chdp giira cdc quoc gia. Tod. vai tu cdch Id Tod Cong ly. khong the tach rai khoi nhung nguyen tdc thiet yeu trong boat dpng cua Tod, ke cd khi dua y kien tuvdn"^K
Tuy nhien. ket luan nay cua Toa lai co sy khac biet trong vu Mosuf'. Tho Nhi Ky, mgt ben tranh chap va ciing khong phai la thanh vien ciia Hgi Qu6c lien tai thdi diem do, phan doi tham quyen tu van. Dii vay, PCIJ van tiep nhan yeu cau tu vin. Cd t h i hieu rang, vy viec nay khac vdi vu Eastern Carelia a cho cau hoi tu van lien quan tdi tham quyen ciia Hpi dong Hgi Qu6c lien, chir khdng phai ngi dung vu tranh chip.
Tuang ty nhu vay, Bulgaria, Hungary va Rumania trong vu Peace Treaties'^ ciing kh6ng phai la thanh vien cua LHQ tai thdi diem yeu cau tu van va deu tir ch6i thim quyen tu vin ciia ICJ, tuy nhien, Toa van tuyen b6 c6 iham quyen va dua ra y kiln tu van. Sy khac biet ca ban trong vu viec nay vdi vu Eastern Carelia la cau hoi tu vin chi lien quan tdi vin d l ihii tuc, chir kh6ng phai ngi dung tranh chip.
Nhieu hge gia cho rang, su chap thuan cua qu6c gia lien quan khong nen la rao can doi vdi chuc nang m vin ciia Toa, bdi qu6c gia da mac nhien gian tilp chip thuan tham
;, PCIJ, Ser. B. No 5(1923). Tr 27-29
;; PCIJ. Ser. B. \ o 12(1925).
-'Interpretation of Peace Treaties x^ith Bulgaria.
Hungary and Romania, Advisorv Opinon. ICJ Reports (1949).
8 1
NHA NV'OC VA PHAP LUAT SO 3/2017
quyen nay khi phe chuan Hien chuang LHQ va Quy che cua ICJ''"' Tuy nhien, tdi nay, ICJ van cho rang y kien tu van se khong phii hgp vdi tinh chat tu phap ciia Toa neu thieu di sy dong y tir phia quoc gia lien quan. Vay, yeu to nay dugc Toa xem xet d chung myc nao?
Trong vu Palestinian Wall, ICJ thira nhan t6n tai cac quan diem trai chieu giira Israel va Palestine hen quan tdi hau qua phap Iy ciia birc tudng dyng len bdi Israel yong lanh th6 Palestine. Tuy nhien, Toa nhan thay day kh6ng chi dem thuan la van de xung dot giira hai quoc gia, ma con anh hudng tdi hoa binh va an ninh the gidi. Vi vay, xung dot nay trd thanh moi quan ngai ciia LHQ noi chung, va ICJ tu van cho cac CO quan ciia LHQ, chii khong phai cho mpt quoc gia nao. Vdi tu each la ca quan tu phap thiet yeu eiia LHQ, Toa co trach nhiem hudng dan cac ca quan LHQ va to chiic qu6c te thyc hien cac hoat dpng chuyen mon phii hgp vdi phap luat qu6c te.
Cach tiep can nay da dupe ICJ khang djnh yong cac vu tu van Namibia" Western
'•* Hackworth, The Court. Its Jurisdiction and Work, Annual Review of United Nations Affairs (1949). tr 255-256, Blaine Sloan, nhu chil thich 4. tr 847 Xcm them D. Greig. The Advisory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and the Settlement of Disputes between States, ICLQ 15 (1966), tr. 325- 368, C. Dominice, Request of Advisory Opinions in Contentious Cases, in Boison de Chazournes, L.
Romano. C. Mackenzie (eds.), International Organizations and International Dispute Settlement Trends and Prospects (2002), tr 91-103; M.
Aljaghoub, The Absence of Slate Consent to Advisory Opinions of the International Court of Justice, Arab Law Quarterly 24 (2010), tr. 191-207
"Legal Consequences for Slates of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South We.il Africa) notv.-ithstanding Security Council Resolution
Sahara ^'^ va Kosovo Declaration of Independence
Nhu vay, cd t h i kit luan dii ICJ van can nhac yeu t6 y chi ciia quoc gia lien quan, nhung Toa se it co kha nang tii ch6i yeu cau tu v i n nlu nhu cau h6i tu van: (i) khong
"dgng cham" tdi ngi dung tranh chap giiia cac quoc gia; hoac (ii) lien quan tdi tranh chip CO tac dgng d i n boa binh va an ninh qu6c te, anh hudng tdi boat dgng, chiic nang ciia cac ca quan trong LHQ.
2.5. Gid tri ciia y kien ttr vdn Cac y kiln tu vin ciia ICJ chi mang tinh chat khuyen nghj, chu khong co gia trj rang huge phap ly. No the hien quan diem ciia Toa ve cac nguyen tac phap ly quoc te co lien quan tdi cau hoi, chii khong rang huge bat ki mgt qu6c gia hay ca quan nao phai thyc hien hoac khong thyc hien mgt hanh dgng nhat djnh.
Trong mpt s6 trudng hgp, y kien tu van cua Toa co the mang tinh chat bat huge doi vdi cac CO quan va t6 chuc hdi y kien neu CO quy dinh rang buoc tii' trudc do. Chang ban nhu Dieu VIII Cong udc Uu dai mien tni ciia LHQ, Dieu IX C6ng udc l/u dai mien trir ciia cac Ca quan chuyen mdn quy djnh y kien tu van ciia Toa dugc chap nhan la rang bupc giiia cac ben. Y kien tu van ciia ICJ lien quan tdi phan quyet cua Toa Hanh chinh thugc T6 chirc Lao dgng quoc te (ILO) vi vay, ciing co gia tri bat bugc^**
276 (1970). Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (1971).
tr. 16. 23-24, doan 27-34
-''Western Sahara, Advisory Opinions, ICJ Reports (1975), tr. 12, 23-24. doan 30.
'^Kosovo Declaration of Independence, nhu chii thich 17. ir. 25. doan 30.
-" Dilu XU Quy che Toa Hanh chinh ILO
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CHlfCNANG TU'VAN..
Dii chi mang tinh chit khuyin nghj nhung khong vi thi ma danh gia thip gia in y kien tu van ciia ICJ. Trudng hgp mgt quoc gia CO quan dilm bit d6ng vdi JCJ vl mpt van de phap ly thi no co thi khong thyc hien theo khuyin nghj cua Toa; nhung qu6c gia do se ty dat minh vao thi ylu nlu phan bac y kien ciia ICJ la khong chinh xac^^. Bdi day la y kien cua mgt ca quan xet xu thiet yeu cua LHQ ve mgt vdn de phdp ly. Trong Luat quoc te, JCJ my khong co tham quyen lam luat nhung co the lam ro, giai thich, ap dung luat hien co va vi vay, y kien ciia Toa duong nhien co sire nang nhat dinh.
3. Mot so ggi md cho Viet Nam Chii'c nang dua ra y kien tu van da tao dieu kien va mo ra mgt each tilp can mdi cho cac CO quan LHQ va t6 chiic qu6c t l khi muon su dung thilt chi ciia ICJ. Cu thi, trong thu tuc giai quyet tranh chip, chi co cac quoc gia mdi co quyln dua vu viec ra truoc Toa. Chinh vi thi, viec cho phep cac ca quan LHQ va to chiic qu6c t l dugc yeu cau Toa cung cap cac y kiln m vin da phin nao tao ra dugc sy can bing d6i vdi quyln tiep can tai ICJ trong moi tuang quan vdi quoc gia.
Ben canh do, cac quoc gia khong dupe xin y kien cua ICJ ve vu tranh chap cua minh. Mat khac, nhu da phan tich. dii co yeu cau tii' m6t co quan nhung cau hoi lien quan idi Iranh chap quoc gia thi Toa cung se can nhic y chi cua cac ben lien quan r6i mdi tiln hanh danh gia cau hoi. Chinh vi vay, day se Iii mot thach thirc Idn doi vdi cac
'•• Hugh riiiilway. Tlie InicrnaUonal Court of Juslne. in Malcolm Evans (eds). Internalional Law 4ih edition (Oxfoid Umvcrsity Press, 2014), tr. 610- 611
qu6c gia mong mu6n giai quylt ddt diem cac tranh chip phuc lap con ton dgng trong Ijch sir.
Lien he vdi khu vyc Bien Dong, cac yeu sach tranh chip rit phuc tap va lien quan tdi nhilu ben. Mac dii tdi nay, mgt so qu6c gia ciing da the hicn thien chi va mong mu6n giai quyet dii't diem tranh chap nay, diln hinh nhu vu Philippines kien Trung Qu6c vira qua'". Nhung do nhicu yeu l6 ma tranh chap Bien D6ng van chua the dugc giai quyet mpt each triet de. Tham chi, trong tuang lai, neu nhu khong "hoa giai"
dupe nhti'ng tranh chap tai Bien Dong, nhii'ng xung dot khu vyc rat co the no ra, anh hudng tdi sy on dinh, hoa binh. an ninh cua khu vyc va ca cgng d6ng qu6c le.
Chinh vi vay, co che xin y kien tu \'an cua ICJ cung CO the la mot hudng di kha di d6i vdi chimg ta.
Viec ICJ tiep nhiin mot yeu cau tir \an lien quan tdi Bien Dong co the dem lai it nhieu hicu irng tich eye. Cung giong vdi \ u Philippines kien Trung Quoc. day co the dupe COI ia mgt no luc qu6c te hoa tranh chap, tan dung chuyen mon cua Toa dc iiep tuc gia tang ap hrc, khuyen khich cac hen ngoi vao ban dam phan
Vay lam sao dc tiep can vdi ca che in' van ciia ICJ trong tnrong hop cua \'iet Nam?
Thii nhdt, Vict Nam can lich cue mc dgng din cac thilt chi khu \uv \.i qu^e t^- dac bict la cac co quan chinh cua l-HQ- '^.'-^"
canh do, chung ta cung can v;in d6ng nhani tranh thii sy ung ho ciui c.ic quoc gia ^ ^"
The .South China .Sen •irhiiuinf"
Philippines V The Pcopk - Kcpubli Case No, 2013-19 (20L^)
;.,rOiiiwKPCA
83
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUATSO 3/2017
tich eye th6ng tin them cho cac quoc gia khac va cac co quan chinh ciia LHQ ve tinh hinh tai Bien Dong ciing nhu dgng thai ciia cac quoc gia co lien quan trong tranh chap.
Dieu nay se gop phan vao viec tirng budc dua vin de Bien Ddng vao chuong trinh nghi sy chinh tai LHQ. Dac biet, can hgp tac, thong tin chat che tdi Ban ihu ky va Tong thu ky LHQ bdi day la ca quan quan trgng trong viec thu thap va chuan hi thong tin, tai lieu phuc vy cho viec xem xet tu van ciia ICJ.
Thu hai, dii con nhieu nghi ngai, nhung theo cac tac gia, Viet Nam nen tiep can ca che tu van cua Toa thong qua ca DHD va HDBA. Ly do bdi tai HDBA, dii mgt quoc gia thudng tryc dimg quyen veto ciia minh de phu quyet viec dua y kien tu van ra ICJ thi HDBA cung co the bieu quyet ve van de thii tuc theo khoan 2 Dieu 27 de hudng dan Tong Thu ky LHQ chuyen giao cho ICJ ngi dung dang tranh chap. Cach tiep can mang tinh tham do nhu vay cung can dugc xem xet frong boi canh Viet Nam dang co kl hoach ling cii lam thanh vien khong thudng tryc HDBA trong thdi gian tdi. Cimg vdi do, th6ng qua DHD LHQ, Viet Nam can tich eye van dong cac quoc gia yeu chuong hoa binh yen the gidi bo phieu ling hg, hoac ciing lam bo phieu trang de yeu cau tu vin tir ICJ
Ngoai hai ca quan tren, cac chii thi co tham quyen yeu cau tu van con bao g6m cac CO quan khac trong LHQ va t6 chii'c chuyen m6n ciia LHQ. Viec tan dung cac chu thi nay ciing co the la ggi md cho Viet Nam, dac biet la to chiic hoat dgng tryc tilp trong ITnh vyc hang hai nhu T6 chirc Hang hai qu6c te (IMO).
Thu ba, cau hdi 6% trinh xin y kien tu vin ciia ICJ phai la nhirng v i n de phap Iy, vi dy nhu nhiing v i n d l ve quy che phap ly eua cac ciu tnic dia chit d Bien Dong; hay cac van de lien quan den viec giai thich va ap dung cac dieu khoan con chua ro rang trong Cong udc Luat Bien nam 1982. Cau hbi dugc dat ra c6 the la ap dung quy che phap ly ciia cac thyc the trong Bien Dong hoac cau hdi ly thuyet nhu phuang phap xac dinh quy che dao trong vy Philippines kien Trung Qudc cd phu hgp Luat quoc te hay kh6ng. Nhu'ng cau hoi nhu vay se gidi ban dang ke cac yeu sach vd can cii cua Trung Quoc trong viing bien nay.
Nhiing cau hoi nay cd the tryc tiep hoac gian tiep lien quan tdi ngi dung tranh chap ciia cac qu6c gia trong khu vyc Bien D6ng.
Vi vay, de tranh viec Toa tir choi tu van, trong yeu cau tu van Viet Nam can nhan manh khia canh boa binh va an ninh quoc te CO the bi anh hudng trong tranh chap.
Cuoi ciing. dii khong eo gia trj rang huge trong cac y kien tu van ciia minh nhung yen thyc te, tam quan trgng cua cac y kien tu van ciia ICJ la dieu kh6ng the phu nhan. Nhung tu van nay co gia tri quan trgng trong viec tao ra nhan thiic diing dan, thong nhat ciing nhu ddng vai tro quan trgng trong viec phap dien hoa cac quy dmh cua phap luat qu6c te hien dai. Gia sii, neu nhu tranh chap ve Bien D6ng giiia cac qu6c gia dugc ICJ cho y kien tu van thi trudng hpp mgt qu6c gia bat d6ng vdi quan diem ciia Toa (vi du nhu Trung Quoc), qu6c gia do se ty dat minh vao the yeu trong quan he quoc te.
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