TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Nguyen Xuan Te Lai toa sogn: Tinh hinh Bien Bong gdn day trd nen cdng thdng sau khi tdu khdo sdt Dia chat Hdi Duong 8 vd cdc tdu ho tong cua Trung Quoc xdm phgm \-ung dgc quyen kinh te vd them luc dia Viet Nam a Nam Bien Dong tir ddu thdng 7-2019. Shorn tdu ndy tgm rai di hom 07-8-2019, nhung sdu ngdy sau quay lgi tiep tuc cdc hdnh vi xdm pham tiing bien Viet Nam.
Vi^t Nam dd nhieu ldn giao thiep VOT Trung Quoc, yeu cdu rut tdu vd kliong co hdnh vi de doa an ninh, hoa binh a khu vuc. Nguai phdt ngon Bp Ngoai giao Le Thi Thu Hdng cho biet cdc Ivc luang chicc ndng tiep tuc bdo ve chCi quyen vd quyen tdi phdn cua Viet Nam theo lugt phdp qudc te. De bgn doc hinh dung ddy du vdn de ndy, Toa sogn xin trdn trong gidi thieu bai viet vi "Gidi quyet cdc tranh chdp a Bien Dong bang bien phdp hoa binh tren ca sd lugt phdp quoc te" cua Pho Gido su. Tien sTKhoa hoc Chinh tn Nguyen Xudn Te.
GIAI QUYET CAC TRANH CHAP O BIEN DONG BANG BIEN P H A P HOA BINH TREN CO Sd LUAT PHAP QUOC TE
SETTLING DISPUTES IN THE EAST SEA
BY PEACEFUL MEASURES BASED ON INTERNATIONAL LAW NGUYEN XUAN T£'-' TdM TAT: Bdi viil trinh bdy bite Irgnh loan cdnh ve linh hinh Iranh chap tren Bien Ddng va neu bgt nguyen tdc gidi quyit van de tranh chdp Iren Bien Ddng bdng bifn phdp hda binh Iren casd lugt phdp quoc ti, Irong do cd Cdng udc ciig Lien Hiep Qudc ve Lugl Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS).
Tir khda: Iranh chdp tren Biin Ddng; gidi quyit Iranh chdp bdng bien phdp hda binh Iren ca sd lugl phdp qudc li; Cdng udc qudc li cua Lien Hiep Qudc ve Ludt Bien ndm 1982 (UNCLOS).
ABSTRACT: The article presents a comprehensive picture ofthe dispute silualion in the East Sea and highlights the Principles of resolving disputes in the East Sea by peaceful measures based on inlernational law. including United Nalions Convention on the Law of Ihe Sea 1982 (UNCLOS).
Keywords: disputes in Ihe East Sea; lo settle disputes by peacefuf measures based on Ihe international law; United Nations Convention on the Law of ihe Sea 1982 (UNCLOS).
1. DAT VAN DE '''^h '^Vc tham gia. Tuy nhien, de giai quyet Tranh chjp chii quyjn Biin Bong la ducrc vjn dS nay, doi hoi cac nucrc va cac mpt trong nhimg vjn dS thai gian qua duijc ben liSn quan phai nghiem tuc tuan thu c?ng d6ng qu6c t5 dac biet quan tam va nguyen tjc giai quy6t hoa binh cac tranh
'•'PGS.TS. T6ng Bien tap Tap chi Khoa hoc. iigurenxiiame@yalioo com. Mi so TCKHl 7-IS-20I9
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG S6 17. Thang 9-2019 chap tren ca scr luat phap quoc te, trong do
CO Cong HOC cua Lien Hiep Quoc ve Luat Biln nam 1982 (UNCLOS).
Gan day, trong khuon kho Doi thoai Shangri-La Ian thii 18 dien ra tai Singapore, Bp tnrcmg Bp Quoc phong Ngo Xuan Lich da khang dinh: Bien Dong la mpt trong nhung khu vuc chiia dung day dii cac ITnh VUC canh tranh ca ve kinh te, quan su, ngoai giao cung nhu co vi tri dia ly chinh tri quan trpng do do tiem an nhieu nguy ca xung dot. Neu chung ta cung tuan thu luat phap quoc te, co trach nhiem va thien chi, Bien Dong se tra thanh vung bien hoa binh hpp tac va phat trien. Viet Nam danh gia cao nhung tien trien trong dam phan Bp Quy tac iTng xu giua cac ben a Bien Dong (COC) va viec sam xay dung mpt COC thuc chat, rang bupc, hieu qua se gop phan quan trpng duy tri hoa binh, on dinh, tu do, an ninh, an toan hang hai, hang khong a Bien Dong [8]. Viet Nam da, dang va se hpp tac vai cac nuac co lien quan, kien tri thuc day giai quyet cac tranh chap a Bien Dong bang bien phap hoa binh tren ca sa luat phap quoc te.
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Tinh hinh tranh chap tren Bien Dong Tinh hinh Bien Dong trong thai gian qua dien ra het sue phuc tap, dac biet la hai quan dao Hoang Sa va Truang Sa, nai dang la diem nong ctia sir cang thing va bit 6n trong khu virc. Day la moi quan ngai khong chi doi vai Viet Nam ma con ca cac qudc gia tren viing Bien Dong va cpng dfing quoc te. Co the thay, cac hanh dpng cua Trung Quoc trong thai gian qua ddi vai cac quoc gia tren Bien Dong ma cu the la Viet Nam khai quat nhu sau:
Tranh chap tren Bi^n Dong, lan dau tien gin vai su kien nam 1909, khi Trung Qu6c cho mpt doan tham sat ra quan dao Hoang Sa (da thupc Viet Nam tu truac) liic nay Viet Nam dang la thuoc dia ciia Phap.
Sau nam 1954, theo Hiep dinh Gianeve, Hoang Sa va Truang Sa chinh quyan Viet Nam Cpng hoa tam ki8m scat. Nam 1956, khi quan doi viin chinh Phap nit khoi Viet Nam, Philippines len tieng doi chii quyen ciia minh a quan dao Truong Sa. Nam 1956, Cpng hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa chiim dao Phii Lam thupc quan dao Hoang Sa va sau do Dai Loan chiem dao Ba Binh thupc Truong Sa, van de tranh chap chii quyen dupe dat ra gay gat.
Truac nam 1974, tranh chap tren Bien Dong xay ra khi Viet Nam dang trong tinh trang chien tranh, nhom dao Nguyet Thiim thuoc quan dao Hoang Sa va mpt s6 dao ciia Truong Sa khi do duofi su cai quan ciia chinh quyen Viet Nam Cpng hoa, da co sy dung dp voi hai quan Cong hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa, va Trung Quoc da chilm quin dao Hoang Sa.
Sau thang loi ctia cupc Tong ti^n cong va noi day raiia Xuan 1975 lich sii, dit nuoc thdng nhat, non song thu vh mpt m6i.
Tren Bien Dong, hang loat cac su kien diln ra, cho thay ro Trung Quoc muon dpc chiem Bien Dong, bat chap sy phan d6i ciia Viet Nam va du luan quoc tl, xem thuang Cong uoc Lien Hiep Quoc vl Luat Biln nam 1982.
Ngay 08-5-1992 Chinh phu Tmng Qudc cho phep cdng ty nang luang My Crestone tham do diu khi tren khu vyc rpng 10.000 hai Iy vudng tren bai Tu Chinh ma Viet Nam tuyen bd thudc thim luc dia
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG Nguyen Xuan T t
Ciia minh (Trung Quoc gpi ten bai nay la Van An Bac). Ld nay nam each ba bien Viet Nam khoang 160 hai ly va each dao Hai Nam lanh thd gan nhat ciia Trung Qudc khdng co tranh chap tren 600 hai ly.
Ddng thdi, chinh phii Trung Qudc tuyen bd sii dung hai quan de bao ve cho viec khai thacldnay[3,tr.375-388].
Nam 1994, khi Viet Nam tiin hanh tham dd bai Tu Chinh, tau chien Trung Qudc da giam sat chat che hoat dpng tham do nay.
Thdng 12-2007 Trung Qudc cho lap thanh phd hanh chinh Tam Sa trong dd bao gom ca hai quan dao Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa ma cac nude khac cung tuyen bd chii quyen, dieu nay da gay nen phan iing manh me tii ngudi dan Viet Nam, da cd rat nhieu cupc bilu tinh nd ra [3, tr.375-388].
Cudi nam 2008, Tmng Qudc da nd siing cdnh bdo va sau do gay dp lyc budc tap doan diu khi My ExxonMobil phai nit lui khdi dy dn lien doanh vai Viet Nam, mac dii Viet Nam khdng dinh day la dy dn duoc tien hanh tren viing bien thugc them luc dia va viing dac quyin kinh tl (EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone) ciia Viet Nam.
Thang 6-2009, Malaysia va Viet Nam trinh len Uy ban Ranh gidi Thim luc ciia Lien Hiep Qudc (viit tit la CLCS) bao cdo chung ve khu vyc them luc dia md rdng tai phia Nam Biln Ddng. Khu vyc xac dinh hoan toan nam ngoai 200 hai ly tinh tir dudng ca sd lanh thd luc dia cua Malaysia, Viet Nam va nim ngoai cac ranh giai da thda thuan vdi cdc nuoc hihi quan. Day la ly do hai nude khang dinh bdo cdo chung khdng lam tdn hai cac van de lien quan den
phan dinh ranh giai giiia cde qudc gia cd ba bien ddi dien hoac tiep gidp.
Ngay sau dd. Trung Qudc da giri cdng ham sd CM1717/2009 phan ddi bao cao chung eua Viet Nam va Malaysia, dac bi?t cdng ham phan ddi nay cd kem theo mpt ban dd the hien "dudng luoi bd" vdi nhiing yeu sach "chii quyen khdng the tranh cai ciia Trung Qudc ddi vai cac dao d bien Nam Trung Hoa va cdc viing nude ke can, ciing quyen chii quyen va quyen tai phdn dot vdi cac viing nuoc lien quan cung nhu day bien va mat ddt dudi day bien".
Ngay 23-7-2010 frong Hpi nghi ARF sau khi ngoai tmdng Hoa Ky Hillary Clinton tuyen bd lien quan den giai quyet tranh chip Bien Ddng: "Hoa Ky ho frg qua trinh cdng tdc ngoai giao eua tat cd cdc ben tranh chip de giai quyet cae tranh chap lanh thd khac nhau md khdng can cudng che.
Chiing tdi phdn ddi viec sii dung vii lyc hoae de dpa sii dung vu luc cua bat ky nude tranh chip nao" [5], Ngay sau dd, Ngoai tmdng Tmng Qudc da phan iing gay gat vdi tuyen bd va tilp dd hai quan Tmng Qudc da tap tran bin dan that yen khu vyc Bien Ddng nhu mot ddng tdc de thj uy.
Tilp dd, ngay 02-5-2014, Tmng Quoc ha gian khoan Hai Duong 981 yen viing bien thudc chu quyin Viet Nam; xuat ban ban dd Ianh thd Trung Hoa khd dpc the hien dudng ludi bd gdm 10 doan gan nhu bao triim toan bd vimg Biln Ddng; tilp tuc md rdng, xay dyng va thay ddi nguyen hien yang mdt sd diim tai quin dao Tmdng Sa cua Viet Nam ma Tnmg Quoc da chiem ddng; cdng bd luat
"an ninh quan sy" fren vimg Bien Ddng cd hieu lyc tir ngay 01-8-2014.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG S^_lVrhaiig9j01i Lien Hiep Qudc \ l Luat Biln nam 1982 (UNCLOS). Day hoan todn khdng phdi la khu vyc chdng lan hoac cd tranh chap gwa Viel Nam va Trung Qudc. Cdng udc cua Lien Hiep Qudc v l Luat Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS) quy dinh niu qudc gia ven bien khdng tham dd hay khai thac tai nguyen d cae vimg nay thi khdng ai cd quyen tien hanh cdc hoat dpng nay neu khdng dupe phep cua qudc gia ven bien. Hoat dpng cua tdu Dia chdt Hai Duong 8, bit chip su phan ddi ciia phia Viet Nam, "da vi pham nghiem frpng quy dinh cua Cdng udc cua Lien Hiep Qudc v l Luat Bien 1982 (UNCLOS) va luat phdp Viet Nam lien quan den quyen chu quyen va tai phan ciia Viet Nam trong vimg dac quyen kinh te va thim luc dia Viet Nam", la thu cd doan nhan manh. Tmdc dien bien phiic tap tir phia Tmng Qudc, Viet Nam vd the gidi dang theo ddi va quyet liet phdn ddi nhdm tau Tmng Qudc tien hanh tham dd dja chan trai phep tai khu vyc bai Tu Chinh thupc viing dac quyen kinh te (EEZ) va them luc dia Viet Nam eung nhu thdng tm ve hanh vi quay rdi hoat ddng khai thac dau khi hop phap tai Id 06-01 Bdn trung Nam Cdn San.
Den nay, trong cdc tuyen bd ngdy 19 va 25- 7-2019, nguai phdt ngdn Bg Ngoai giao Viet Nam Le Thi Thu Hang khJng dinh:
"Viet Nam kien quyet, kien tri bao ve chti quyen, quyen chu quyen va quyen tai phan nhu da duoc xac lap trong Cdng udc Lien Hiep Quoc ve Luat Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS) bang eac bien phap hoa binh tren co sd luat phap qudc tl", ddng thdi nhan manh: "Vi tri ciia Id 06-01 nim hoan toan yong them luc dia va viing dac quyin kmh te cua Viet Nam".
Nga\' 12-7-2016, Toa Trpng tai cd ca sd tai Hague - la tda da xir vu kien cua Philippines kien Trung Qudc frong vu tranh chap fren bien d Bien Ddng. Phdn quyet da hoan toan iing hd gan nhu tat ca 15 y kien frinh tda ciia Philippines va day la tieu bieu cho mdt tien bd quan frong trong viec ly gidi va 1dm sdng td Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc v l Luat Biln nam 1982 (UNCLOS).
Ve phia Tnmg Qudc, sau khi Tda Trgng tai ra quyet dinh, Tmng Qudc khdng chi bdc bd phan quyet ma cdn tang cudng trien khai luc lupng quan sy d quan dao Trudng Sa va td thai dp phd uucmg quan sy (ngay 18-7- 2016 Tmng Qudc dang tai video cho thay hai mdy bay chien dau J-11 va mdt may bay nem bom H-6K bay fren Bai Can Scarborough).
Tmdc nhirng cang thang frong viec giai quyet van de tranh chap Bien Ddng, trong khuon khd Ddi thoai Shangri-La lan thti 18 dien ra tai Singapore Tdng Bi thu - Chu tich nude Viet Nam Nguyen Phii Trgng da khang dinh: "kien quyet, kien tri bdo ve vimg chac ddc lap, chu quyen va cdc Icri ich chinh dang cua Viet Nam theo luat phdp qudc te" [7].
Tir diu thang 7-2019, tdu khao sat Dia chat Hai Ducmg 8 eua Tmng Qudc "an ngii" tai khu vyc bai Tu Chinh (Nha gian D K l ) thugc thim luc dia Viet Nam. Tmdc tinh hinh tren, trong thu ngd ngay 24-8- 2019 giri den Chii tich Hdi Luat qudc te Tmng Qudc (CSIL) Hoang Tiin, Chu tich Hdi Luat qudc te Viet Nam Nguyen Ba Son khang dinh: khu vyc ma tau khao sat Dia chit Hai Ducmg 8 ciia Tmng Qudc hoat ddng tir d i u thang 7-2019 nam hodn toan frong pham vi viing dac quyen kinh te va thim luc dia ciia Viet Nam, duoc xac dinh fren ca sd Diiu 57 va 76 Cdng udc ciia
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG
Tdm lai, hanh vi xam pham ciia Tmng Qudc ddi vcri viing bien Viet Nam vi pham nghiem frpng luat phdp qudc te va huy hoai uy tin ciia nude nay fren thi gioi. Hanh dpng lir thang 7-2019 den nay, Tmng Qudc hai lan dua nhdm tau khao sdt Dia chit Hai Duong 8 vao viing bien phia Nam Biln Ddng, nam frong viing dac quyen kinh tl va them luc dia 200 hai ly ciia Viet Nam.
Cung trong thu ngd giri den Chii tich Hdi Luat Qudc tl Tmng Qudc (CSIL), Tiin sT Nguyen Bd Son - Chii tich Hpi Luat Quoc tl Vi?t Nam (VSIL) da nhic lai vdi Chu tich CSIL rang, ke tit khi cd phdn quylt ngay 12-7-2016 ciia Tda Trpng tai qudc te theo phu luc VII ciia Cdng udc eiia Lien Hiep Quoc ve Luat Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS) frong vu kien giira Philippines vd Tmng Qudc thi nhieu van de quan frpng da dupe lam sang td: "Phan quyet khang dinh: Tim nhdt, khdng cd eo so phdp ly de Tmng Qudc yeu sach lich sii ddi vcd tdi nguyen tai vung bien ben trong "dudng chin doan"; thu hai, can cii vao tinh trang tu nhien eua eac thyc the ludn ndi tai quan ddo Tmong Sa, khdng thyc the nao co kha nang tao ra viing dac quyen kinh te va them luc dia rieng; thd ba, luat phdp qudc te khdng cho phep Tmng Qudc ve dudng co sd quan ddo bao quanh quan dao Tmdng Sa vd xem quan ddo Tmdng Sa la thyc the don nhat cd vung dae quyen kinh te va them luc dia rieng; thu lu, cdc thuc the liic chim liic ndi (va cac thyc the ngam) khdng phai la ddi tuang yeu sach ehii quyen". Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi frinh bay phuang phdp giai quyet van de tranh chap fren Bien Ddng trong dd giai quyet bang bien phap
Nguyen Xuan Te
hda binh fren co sd lual phdp qudc te la nguyen tac dupe im tien hang dau.
2.2. Nguyen tac giai quyet van de tranh chap tren Bien Dong bang bien phap hoa binh tren ca sd luat phap quoc te
Theo quy dinh eiia Cdng udc ciia Lien Hiep Qudc ve Ludt Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS), qudc gia ven bien cd quyen xdc djnh cde vimg bien thudc chu quyen qudc gia va cac viing bien tliupc quyen chu quyen va quyen tai phan quoc gia [1, Dieu 33, tr.33], vung dac quyen kinh te va them luc dia.
Vung dac quyen kinh te la viing bien nam phia ngoai va liep gidp lanh hai, cd chieu rdng khdng vugt qud 200 hai ly tinh tir dudng CO sd [1, Dieu 5, Dieu 7, tr.33, fr.60]. Trong viing dac quyen kinh te, qudc gia ven bien cd quyen chii quyen ddi vdi tham dd va khai thac, bao tdn vd qudn ly cac tai nguyen thien nhien, sinh vat hoac khdng sinh vat ciia viing nude ben fren day bien, ddy bien vd Idng dat dudi day bien, ciing nhu ve nhtrng hoat dpng khac nham tham dd va khai thac vimg nay vi muc dich kinh te, nhu viec san xuat nang lupng tir nude, hai lim vd gid [1, Dieu 56, tr.l7, Diiu 57, tr.38].
Them lue dja ciia qudc gia ven bien bao gdm ddy bien va long dat dudi ddy bien ben ngodi Ianh hdi eiia qudc gia dd, tren loan bd phan keo dai ty nhien ciia lanh thd dat lien ciia qudc gia do eho den bd ngoai ciia ria luc dia, hoac den cdc dudng ca sd diing de tinh chieu rdng Ianh hdi 200 hai ly khi bd ngoai cua ria luc dia cita qudc gia dd d khoang cdch gan han. Cdng udc Luat Bien nam 1982, Dieu 76, theo quy dinh tai dieu nay, ranh gidi phia trong cua them luc
TAP c m KHOA Hq>C DAJ HQC VAN LANG Sin.ThingiJOli dia la dudng bien gidi qudc gia fren bien
(ranh gidi ngoai ciia lanh hai). Viec xac dinh ducmg ranh gidi nay se khdc nhau frong hai tmdng hop: 1) Khi bd ngoai ciia ria luc dja d khodng each gan hon 200 hai Iy tinh ni dudng co sd, chieu rdng cua them lue dia dugc md rdng tdi 200 hai ly tinh tir dudng cd sd (khoan 1), 2) Khi bd ngoai cua ria luc dia md rdng ra qua 200 hai Iy tinh tir dudng CO sd.Qudc gia ven bien phai can cii vao cac dac diem dia chat ciia them luc dia de xac dinh, fren ca sd dp dung hai phuong phap sau: phuong phdp "chan ddc luc dja"
theo dd qudc gia ven bien ndi nhiing diem cd dinh d each chan ddc luc dia nhieu nhat la 60 hai ly (khoan 4, a, ii) va phuong phdp
"be day lop da tram tich" theo do qudc gia xdc dinh be day ciia lop da tram tich vdi dieu kien be day nay phai it nhat bang mdt phan tram khodng each tir diem xdc dinh fren chan ddc lue dia (khoan 4. a, i)...
Trong trudng hgp ranh gidi phia ngoai cua them luc dja ciia qudc gia ven bien dugc xdc dinh theo hai phuang phap tren, khdng dugc md rdng qud 350 hai ly tinh tir dudng CO sd hoac cdch dudng dang sau 2500 met, la dudng ndi cdc diem d ddy bien cd dp sau 2500 met, mdt khoang cdch khdng qua 100 hdi ly (khoan 2, 5). Qudc gia ven bien cd nghia vu thdng bao cho Uy ban ranh gidi thim luc dja ve viec xac dinh cac ranh gidi thim luc dia ciia minh, khi them luc dia dd md rdng qua 200 hai Iy ke tir dudng co sd dimg de tinh chieu rdng lanh hdi (khoan 8).
Qudc gia ven bien thuc hien cac quyen chii quyen ddi vdi them luc dia ve mat tham dd va khai thdc tdi nguyen thien nhien. Cac quyen ciia qudc gia ven bien ddi vdi them luc dia mang tinh chat dac quyen,
ton tai mdt each thyc tl \a duong nhien (Ipsofacto and ab Initio) khdng phu thudc vao sy chilm hiru that sy hay danh nghla, ciing nhu vdo bat eii tuyen bd rd rang nao.
Dieu dd cd nghla cac qudc gia khac khong duge quyen tien hanh tham dd. khai thdc tai nguyen thien nhien d them luc dia ciia quoc gia ven bien, neu khdng dugc sy cho phep ctia qudc gia nay, ngay ca frong tmdng hop qudc gia ven bien khdng tham dd tliem luc dia hay khai thac lai nguyen thien nhien eua them luc dia [1, Dieu 77, fr.39].
Trong vung dac quyen kinh te va them luc dja, qudc gia ven bien cd dac quyen frong vi$c xay dyng, cho phep va quy dinh viec xay dyng, khai thdc vd sii dung cdc dao nhan tao, cdc thiet bi, cdng trinh. Qudc gia ven bien ddng thdi cd quyen tai phan dac biet ddi vdi nhiing edng trinh fren, bao gdm ca viec ban hanh va ddm bao thuc thi cac van ban quy pham phdp luat cd lien quan den hai quan, thue quan, y te, an ninh va nhap cu [1, Dieu 56, tr.l7, Dieu 60, fr.23, Dieu 77, tr.46]. Xet vl vj tri dja ly, viing dac quyen kinh te va them luc dia khdng phdi Id bd phan ciia lanh thd qudc gia (qudc gia ven bien khdng cd chii quyen md chi thyc hien quyen ehii quyen va quyin tai phan) nhung cung khdng la bd phan cua bien qudc te. Xet ve quy che phap ly, day la vimg bien dac thii bao gdm quyen ciia qudc gia ven bien va cac qudc gia khac: mot mat, bao ddm cho qudc gia ven bien thdm quyin rieng biet frong viee xay dyng, lip dat cac cdng trinh nhan tao va khai thdc, sir dune ngudn tdi nguyen; mat khdc, cdng nhan cho cde qudc gia khac mdt sd quyin tu do biln ca nhu quyen ty do hang hdi. Diiu nay cho phep giai quylt ddng thdi hai vin dl dat ra
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN L ANG Nt;u\en Xuan Te
trong quy che phap Iy cua cdc vimg bien nay, do la md rpng quyen chii quyen va quyen tai phan ciia qudc gia ven bien va dam bao tinh on dinh tuong ddi eua biln la noi ma lgi ich chung eua cdng ddng cin dugc tdn frgng.
Phii hop vdi cdc quy dinh ciia Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc ve Luat Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS), Viet Nam da xac djnh he thdng dudng co sd, bao gdm dudng ca sd ven bd luc dia va dudng co sd diing de tinh chieu rpng lanh hai cua cac quan ddo Hodng Sa vd Tmdng Sa [6]. Ddi vdi he thdng dudng co sd ven bd luc dja, Viet Nam dp dung phuang phdp dudng co sd thang, ndi lien cdc diem dugc lya chgn tai ngam nude thiiy trieu thap nhat dpc bd bien va cdc dao gan bd, bao gdm 10 doan ndi 11 diem tir AO (nam frong vimg nude lich sir Viet Nam - Camphuchia) den All (frong vjnh Bac Bg). Trir diem A8 nam tren mui Dai Lanh (Phii Yen), cdc diem cdn Iai deu nam tren cdc ddo ven bd. Theo quy djnh tai Dieu 33 ciia Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc ve Luat Biln nam 1982 (UNCLOS), chilu rgng thue cua vung tiep gidp se phu thupc vao chieu rdng eua lanh hai do qudc gia ven biln xdc dinh. Tren co sd thiet lap lanh hai rdng 12 hai ly tinh tir dudng co sd, Viet Nam tuyen bd viing tiep giap lanh hdi la vimg bien tiep lien va nam ngoai lanh hai Viet Nam, cd chieu rdng 12 hai Iy tinh tir ranh gidi ngoai ciia lanh hdi.
Ben canh viing tiep giap Ianh hai, vimg dae quyen kinh te ddng thdi duge ghi nhan tgi phan V ciia Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc vl Lugt Biln nam 1982 (UNCLOS), theo do viing dac quyen kinh te bao tnim len viing tiep gidp lanh hai, vdi ranh gidi trong
Id dudng bien gidi qudc gia fren bien va ranh gidi phia ngoai la dudng md mdi diem fren dudng dd d each diem gan nhat ciia dudng CO sd mdt khoang each khdng vugt qud 200 hai ly. Phii hgp vdi quy djnh tren ciia Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc ve Lual Biln nam 1982 (UNCLOS), Viet Nam tuyen bd vimg dac quyen kinh te la vung bien liep lien phia ngoai lanh hai, hgp vdi lanh hai thanh mdt vung bien cd chieu rpng 200 hai ly tinh tir dudng co sd Ciing vdi viing dae quyen kinh te, Viet Nam xdc djnh them luc dja la viing ddy bien va Idng dat dudi bien, tiep lien va nam ngoai lanh hai Viet Nam, fren toan bp phan keo dai ty nhien cua lanh thd dat lien, cdc dao vd quan ddo ctia Viet Nam cho den mep ngodi eiia ria luc dja. Trong tmdng hgp mep ngoai ciia ria l\ic dia each dudng co sd chua dii 200 hai ly thi them lue dia noi dd dugc keo ddi den 200 hat ly tinh tir dudng CO sd. Trong trudng hgp mep ngoai cua ria luc dia vugt qua 200 hai ly tinh tir dudng CO sd thi them luc dja noi dd dugc keo dai khdng qud 350 hdi Iy tinh tir dudng co sd hoac khdng qua 100 hai ly tinh tir dudng thang sau 2.500 met. Viec xdc djnh tren hoan toan phii hgp vdi quy djnh tai Dieu 76 ve them luc dja ciia Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc ve Luat Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS). Viet Nam da sir dung nhirng bien phap ngoai giao nham yeu cau Tmng Qudc cham dut hanh vi vi pham. Viet Nam da nhieu Ian giri cdng ham va tien hanh fren 30 ldn tiep xiic ngoai giao vdi cde CO quan cd tham quyen ciia Tmng Quoc de yeu cau Tmng Qudc nit gian khoan va tdu ra khdi viing bien Viet Nam, cham dirt cac hanh dgng xam pham quyen
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG S6l7.Thing93!^
chu quyen va quyen lai phdn cua \'iet Nam. Tren thyc dja, lyc lugng chdp phdp tren bien ciia \'iet Nam, bao gdm cdc tau canh sat bien vd lau kiem ngu kien quyet bao ve cdc quyen ciia Viet Nam duge ghi nhan bdi Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc %e Luat Biln nam 1982 (UNCLOS), yeu ciu cac tau Tmng Qudc luan thii luat phdp qudc te va nit khdi viing bien Viet Nam.
Nhu vay, Viet Nsm thyc thi quyen tren ca sd cdc quy djnh ciia ludt qudc le, phii hgp vdi Hien chuang Lien Hiep Qudc, eac dieu khoan cd lien quan cua Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc ve Luat Bien nam 1982 (UNCLOS), tuyen bd ve iing xii ciia cac ben d Bien Ddng va cde thda thuan khac giiia hai nude, gidi quyel bang bien phdp hda binh, khdng sii dung vu lye trong quan he qudc te.
3. KET LUAN
Gidi quyet cac van de franh chap fren Bien Ddng la mdt qua trinh lau dai, khd khan vd day phirc tap vi lien quan den nhieu qudc gia. Giu vung chii quyen loan ven lanh thd vd duy tri hda binh, dn dinh d Bien Ddng la nhimg van de mang tinh todn cue. Giai quyet tranh chap va xir ly cac van de nay sinh d Bien Ddng can dugc dat trong tdng the chien luge phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi eiia dat nude, frong chinh sach ddi ngoai hda binh, dgc lap tu chii, da phuang hda, da dang hda quan he cua ta vdi cdc nude. Tmdc tinh hinh fren, chu truang ciia Viet Nam gidi quyet cac tranh chap d Bien
Ddng thdng qua bien phap hda binh fren tinh thin hiiu bill vd tdn frgng ldn nhau, tuan thu lual phap qudc tl, frong do co Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc vl Luat Bien nam 1982. Ddi vdi eac vin dl lien quan din hai nude Viet Nam - Tmng Qudc (ciia Vjnh Bic Bg, Hoang Sa) thi giai quyet song phuang. van de ndo lien quan den cac ben khac (Tmdng Sa). lien quan den tu do hang hai thi can cd sy ban bac cua cac ben lien quan. Neu cdc ben khdng giai quyet dugc bang co che dam phdn thi can phai giai quyet bang cdc phuang thiic khac nhu tmng gian, hda giai hoac bang cdc ca che tai phan qudc te nhu Tda an Cdng ly Qudc te, Tda an Qudc te ve Luat Bien va cac tda trpng tai. Viet Nam ludn hoan nghenh nhtmg nd lyc va ddng gdp ciia tal ca cdc nude frong va ngoai khu vyc vao viec duy tri hda binh, dn djnh d Bien Ddng. Tren tmh than dd, Viet Nam ddnh gia cao viec cpng ddng qudc le cd nhtrng ddng gdp xay dyng nham bdo ve an ninh, an loan hang hai va duy tri hda binh, dn djnh d khu vyc Bien Ddng. Phdn ddi 'Sii dung vu luc hoac de dga sir dung vu lye, iing hd viec cac ben lien quan gidi quyet tranh chap bang bien phdp hda binh fren ea sd luat phdp va thyc tien qudc le, trong dd ed Cdng udc Lien Hiep Qudc ve Luat Bien nam 1982, tdn trpng quyen ciia cac qudc gia ven biln ddi vdi vimg dac quyen kinh te va thim luc dja phii hgp vdi luat phap qudc te, trien khai thuc hien day dii va cd hieu qua DOC,
"TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Nguyen Xuan Te TAI LIIi:U T H A M K H A O
[1] Cdng udc ctia Lien Hiep Qudc ve Luat Biln nam 1982.
[2] Nguyen Nha (2002), Qud trinh xdc lap chu quyen cua Viet .\am tgi qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Truang Sa, Dai hoc Qudc gia Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh.
[3] Brice M. Clagett, Covington & Burling, Washington (1995), Competing Claims of Vietnam and China in the Vanguard Bank and Blue Dragon Areas ofthe South China Sea.
Part I, Oil & Gas Law & Taxation Review (UK), no. 10.
[4] BBC liing Viet, BP ngung thdm do a Trudng 5a, ngay 14-6-2007, https://www.bbe.eom/vietnamese/vielnam/story/2007/06/070614_bp_china.shtml.
[5] Hoi nghj ARF sau khi ngogi truang Hoa Ky Hilary Clinton tuyen bo lien quan den gidi quyet tranh chdp Bien Dong, Ngay 23-7-2010, http://www.slate.gov/secretary/rm/2010/07/145095.hfrn.
[6] Tuyen bo cua Chinh phd Viet Nam ngdy 12-11-1982 ve duang ca sd dung de tinh chieu rpng lanh hdi Viet Nam, http://bienphongvietnam.vn/van-ban-phap-luat/van-kien- phap-ly-dieu-uoe-quoc-te/179-vankien03.html.
[7] Todn vdn bdi phdt bieu ciia Bg trucmg Ngo Xudn Lich tgi Doi thogi Shangri-La ldn thu IS, http://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/HDme/PrintStory.aspx?distnbution=55074&pnnl=tme.
[8] Ddi thogi Shangri- La 2019: Cdn thien chi vd co trdch nhiem trong vdn de Bien Dong, https://www.sggp.org.vn/doi-thoai-shangrila-2019-can-thien-chi-va-co-trach-nhiem- lrong-van-de-bien-dong-596941.html.
Ngay nhan bai: 13-9-2019. Ngay bien lap xong: 17-9-2019. Duyet dang: 25-9-2019
