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DAI HQC QUdC TE HONG BANG
NHUl^G VAN DE T H U O N G GAP TRONG QUA TRINH BIEN DICH CAC VAN BAN TAI LIEU PHAP LY GlD'A TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET
COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TEXTS BETWEENENGLISH AND
VIETNAMESE
ThS. LY NGOC TOAN (*) ThS. LU'OfNG DUY THANH (**)
TOM TAT
Co the noi rdng viec bien phien dich cdc tdi lieu hay vdn bdn phdp ly tie tieng Anh hay tie nhieu thu tieng khde sang tieng Viet dd tao ra nhimg rdo cdn khong nho doi vai nhiing nguai ldm cong tdc bien phien dich, ke cd nhirng ngu&i dd co nhieu kinh nghiem trong linh vuc ndy.
Vdy dau la nguyin nhdn cua vdn di ndy? Bdi bdo ndy duac thuc hien nham gidi quyet mpt phdn cua cdu hoi tren, dong thai tiinh bdy nhimg kinh nghiem xir ly nhimg kho khdn thuang gap trong qud trinh bien phien dich cdc vdn bdn, tdi lieu Phdp ly tie tieng Anh sang tieng Viet.
Tu khoa: Phdp ly, thudt ngir, tuang xirng. he thong, ngon ngU dich, ngon ngir nguon.
ABSTRACT
// can be said that the translation ofthe legal documents and texts from English or other languages into Vietnamese have created significant barriers for interpreters and translators, people actually having a lot of experience in this field. So what is the cause of this problem?
This article is done to reply for this question, and presents the experience ofthe difficulties of- ten encountered in the process of translation and interpretation of legal texts and documents from English to Vietnamese.
Keywords: Legal term, corresponding system, the target language, the source language.
1. Dat van de: quoe gia (transnational crimes), te nan budn Trong bdi canh toan eau hda hien nay, ban ngudi (human trafficking), budn ban nhu cau hge tap va nghien cim he thdng p h ^ va van chuyen ma tiiy (dmg trafficking),...
luat eiia cae nudc tren the gidi ^ va dang dang trd nen cin Ihilt han bao gid hit. Tieng phat trien manh me, mdt qudc gia mong Anh ngay nay da lid dianh ngdn ngu qudc mudn dugc tiep can vdi he thdng p h ^ luat ^ (intemational language), mgt bang chimg cua mgt nudc khac de gjai quyet cac vin dl cho Ihiy hiu hit eac cdng udc Qaoc te lien quan nhu; phdng ehdng tdi pham xuyea (international convention), luat phap Qudc
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te (intertional laws) hay cac quy dinh trong Ihuong mai Qaoc ^ phin Idn duge phat hanh bang tieng Anh. Cae tai lieu P h ^ ly cua mgt sd qudc gia, dac biet d cac qudc gia phat trien deu duge phat hanh bang hai ngdn ngu: ngdn ngii ban dia va ngdn ngii Anh. Nhu vay, viec dich cac tai Ueu hay van ban Phap ly tii ngdn ngii ban dia sang tieng Anh va ngugc lai la rat can thiet, viec nay nham myc dich de eae td chiic hay ca nhan cd the tiep can he thdng phap luat cua cac nudc tren toan &e gidi thdng qua eae trang web chmh thdng ciia moi qudc gia. Vi?c dich cac tai Ueu van ban P h ^ ly ddi hdi ngudi lam cdng tae bien dieh khdng nhung phai ed kien thiic sau rdng ve chuyen nganh luat, ed hieu biet thau dao ve dac tinh ehuyen nganh, cd kha nang bao quat tdt each sir dyng cae thuat tir ehuyen nganh phap ly, ma cdn cd kien thiic ve phong each viit trong chuyen nganh phap ly. Mdi qudc gia cd nhiing tieu chi va phucmg phap danh gia viec dich thuat rieng, viee nay nham de danh gia va kiem dinh nhiing ban dich la chinh xac va rd rang so vdi ban gdc.
Trong qua trinh nghien ciiu tai lieu bien phien dieh eac tai lieu Phap ly, tdi nhan thay vi?c bien phien dieh eae tai lieu, van ban chuyen nganh Phap ly khdng nam ngoai quy tic chimg la phai dya tren eae quy luat cua ngdn ngir. Vai trd cua ngon ngG rat quan trgng trong viec lam rd cac trudng hgp khdng ed sy tuong duong giita hai hay nhieu ngdn ngii. Ngugc lai, chiing ta ciing khdng the giai thich dugc tat ea van de trong dich thuat bang cac dac tinh ngdn ngii, ma khdng dya tren nen tang kien thirc trong ITnh vye ehuyen nganh luat. Do vay, chung ta phai nhan thay rang viee xem cae quan diem ve ngdn ngu ciing nhu cac pham tni ve Phap ly ti-ong qua trinh dich thuat la rat can thiet.
Trong thdi gian qua, da cd rat nhieu cac cugc hgi thao Qudc te dugc td ehiie nhim tim ra cae quy tae chung ve viec bao dam su tucmg ddng can thiet (essential equivalents)
trong qua trinh bien phien dich, dac biet la trong qua trinh bien dich cac tai lieu hay van ban chuyen nganh Phap ly. Dieu nay mdt lin nua cho thiy viec bien phien dich cac tai Ueu hay van ban ehuyen nganh Phap ly ddi hdi khdng chi sy hieu biit thiu dao ve dae tinh ngdn ngu hay cac chii de cd lien quan ma can phai cd tu duy Id gich trong viec phan tich eac dac tinh ciing nhu ban chat eua ngdn ngii. Day la nhung van de then chdt de khing dinh sy dien dat tinh chinh xac, day du, rd rang cua cae van ban trong qua trinh dich.
Cae quan diem va ly thuyet ve dieh cd the ndi xuat hien tir rat sdm, tir thdi La Ma cd dai, tdi thdi ky Phyc Hung eho den thdi ky nghien cuu dich d the ky XX. Mdi thdi ky, cac nha nghien dieh deu dua ra nhiing nguyen ly khac nhau ve dieh, nhung eac nguyen ly ve dich thuat d ky XX ed the dugc xem la kha hoan chinh. Dai dien eho eac nguyen ly ve dich thuat d the ky XX do la cac nguyen ly cua Hatim va Mason (1990), hai dng da dua ra cac nguyen ly ve dich thuat nhu sau:
1. Hieu ndi dung ciia ngdn ban ngudn cin (a) phan tich ngdn ban (ngu phap va tir vyng); (b) tilp can kien thuc chuyen nganh;
(e) tiep can dung y.
2. Chuyen dich y nghTa nen: (a) sap dat nghia tir vyng; (b) sap dat nghTa ngu phap;
(e) sap dat nghia tu tii bao gdm nghTa ngii dung va nghia suy dien.
3. Danh gia ngdn ban dieh huge: (a) tinh cd the dgc dugc (ciia ban dich); (b) tuan theo quy udc ve the loai cua ngdn ban ngfl dich;
(e) phan xet sy tuong xiing ciia ban dich cho cac myc dieh ey the.
Vdi nhung ly do trinh bay d tren, ehiing tdi chgn ehu de: "Nhimg vdn di thuomg gap trong qud trinh bien dich cdc vdn bdn tdi lieu chuyin ngdnh Phdp ly giita tUng Anh vd tieng Vi^" lam tya de cho bai bao nghien ciiu khoa hgc. Pham vi nghien eiiu cua bai bao la xac dinh nhiing dac tinh cua SO 02. THANG 6/2015 I
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tieng Anh chuyen nganh Phap ly, van de va khd khan trong qua trinh bien dieh tai lieu, van ban ehuyen nganh Phap ly giua tieng Anh va tieng Viet. Viec bien phien dich eae van ban Phap ly tii tieng Anh sang tieng Viet, thudng gap phai eac van de nhu: sy khac biet ve he thdng Phap ly giiia cac nude, va khac nhau ve dae tinh hay cau tnic ciia cac ngdn ngii. Trong pham vi nghien eiiu eua bai bao nhu da de cap d tren, chiing tdi mong mudn trinh bay nhung van de hay khd khan chu yeu ma nhiing ngudi lam cdng tae bien phien dieh thudng gap trong qua trinh bien phien dieh cae tai lieu tir tieng Anh sang tieng Viet, ni dd dua ra nhung giai phap ey the.
2. Cac van de thirdng gap:
2.1. Van de do sir khac biet trong h^
thong phap ly
Van de dau tien va ciing cd the coi la van de khd khan nhat ma nhung ngudi lam cdng tae bien phien dieh g$p phai do la sy khac biet trong he thdng Phap ly giiia cac qudc gia.
Tuy thudc vao nhiing dae trung ve van hda hay he thdng chinh tri cua mdi qudc gia, ma
r(£\ NewMark ciing cho rang: ^''Mpt tie bieu thi mpt vdt hay mot the che co lien quan den dac tinh chuyen biet ve vdn hoa thi khong phdi luc ndo cdng dich duac".
Mdt su tuong duang cua mgt the che, mdt phan nganh, mgt y niem hay mdt thuat tu cd the se khdng tdn tai d hai ngdn ngu rieng biet. Se khdng cd thuat tir nao trong tieng Viet cd the dung de dien dat hoan toan dugc nhiing khai niem co ban trong he thdng phap luat cua nudc Anh.
Trong eudn giao trinh "//e thong Phdp ly ciia nu&c Anh" (The English Legal Sys- tem) cua tae gia Slapper Gary va Kelly Da- vid (2003:2) da dua ra nhung bd luat hong he thdng Phap ly cua nudc Anh nhu sau:
1/ Common law and civil law 2/ Common law and equity 3/ Common law and statue law 4/ Private law and public law 5/ Civil law and criminal law Khi dich eac bg luat nay sang tiSng Viet, ehiing ta cd the thay rat nhieu cdc cap luat khdng tdn tai trong tieng Viet. Cu the nhu sau:
Tieng Anh 1. Common law and civil law 2. Common law and equity 3. Common law and statue law 4. Private law and public law 5. Civil law and criminal law
Tieng Vift 1. 0 v a luat dan su 2. 0 v a 0 3. 0 v a 0 4. 0 and 0
5. Luat dan su va luat hinh su
nhiing qudc gia ay ed nhimg he thdng phap Iy rieng biet. Do vay, cd nhung quy dinh hay dieu khoan Phap ly cua qudc gia nay khdng tdn tai trong he thdng phap Iy cua qudc gia khac. Martin Weston (1983:207) da nhan xet nhu sau: "Nhung kho khdn ca bdn trong viee bien phien djeh la khde phuc nhiing su khde biet ve y niem giira cdc ngon ngie, md phdn l&n Id do su khde biet ve vdn hoa ciing nhu su khde biet ve cdc the che chuyen biet tao
(0:Khong ton Igi) Nhu vay, cd nhieu bg luat trong h?
thdng phap ly eiia nude Anh khdng the ehuyen dieh sang tieng Viet. Chiing ta khdng the dieh dugc cum Xii "Common Law" sang tieng Viet, bdi le "Common Law" trong he thdng luat eua nudc Anh cd ttie tam hieu nhu la nhiing "'Thong phdp", "An le phdp" hay
"Tien lephdp", tiic la khi xet su mdt vy an, tda an ed the dya tren nhiing dae diem cua cac vu an da xay ra trudc va miic an tuyen de
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ap chieu nen cac vy an xay ra tuang tu.
2.2. Van de do sir khac bi8t trong he thdng ngdn ngir
Theo thdng ke, tren the gidi cd khoang 240 ngdn ngii dang dugc sir dung, va dilu nay dugc vi nhu mdt biic tranh mudn mau.
Mdi ngdn ngii deu cd he thdng can am (phonetics), cu phap (syntax) hay hinh vi tu (morphology) rieng biet, va ehinh sy da dang nay cung da tao ra nhiing khd khan cho viec bien phien dich.
Trudc tien, chiing ta khao sat khd khan dugc tao ra do sy khac biet ve cu phap va hinh vi giiia tieng Anh va tieng Viet trong eau dugc trich din trong ky yeu ciia Bd ngoai giao Hoa Ky nhu sau:
"In the testimony whereof, I, (Secretary of State's name). Secretary of State's name have hereunto caused the seal ofthe depart- ment to be affixed and my name subscribed by the Assistant Authentication officer ofthe said Department, at the city of Washington, in the District of Columbia, this Date. "
(Foreign AfFaks Manual Volume 2:8) Cau nay cd the dich sang tieng Viet nhu sau;
"De xdc nhgn, Toi, (Ten Bp truang Ngoai giao), uy quyen Tra ly vien chirc ehung thuc cua Bo tru&ng ky ten toi vd dong ddu cua Bo tai thdnh pho Washington, qudn Columbia, vdo ngdy....thdng....ndm "
(Ky yeu Bd ngoai giao sd 2:8) Tir ban dich Anh-Viet cua cau tren, chiing ta ed the thay rang cau tnic cii phap trong tieng Anh phiic t^p han nhieu so vdi cau fine cu phap cua tieng Viet. Vi dy, trong cau sau: "Secretary of State's name have hereunto caused the seal ofthe department to be affixed and my name subscribed by the Assistant Authentication officer", tdn tai hai ddng tir dudi dang bi ddng "to be affixed"
(dugc ddng diu) va "subscribed" (dugc ky ten), tuy nhien, khi ehuyen dich sang tieng Viet, hai dgng tir tren dugc dieh d the chii
ddng dd la "Ddng dau" va "Ky ten". Ly eho dieu nay, trong cau SVG (S la chu ngii, V la ddng tir, va O la tan ngii), trong tieng Anh, khi chu ngu khdng phai la chii the gay ra hanh ddng thi cau tnic dd phai duge viet dudi dang bi ddng. Vi dy: The cup was bro- ken (Chiec ly hi vo). Tuy nhien trong tieng V e t thi hoan khac khac, phan Idn cac cau tnic cau deu dugc viet dudi dang chu ddng cho dli chu the khdng gay ra hanh ddng (Vi du: Chiec l y d a v a ) .
Van de thii hai ma sy khac biet ve he thdng ngdn ngii gay ra cho ngudi dich do la su khac biet ve ngii nghia ciia tu loai (lexicology). Khi dugc hdi ve ngii nghia cua ddng tir khiem khuyet "Shall" trong ngii phap tieng Anh, phan Idn ngudi hge d Viet Nam deu cho rang la "shall" duge sii dung de dien ta mdt hanh ddng se xay ra trong tuong lai. Nhu vay, bat ky eau nao cd chiia trg ddng tir "shall" deu dugc dich la
"se". Tuy nhien, theo Danet (1985:281) cho rang trong ngdn ngii phap Iy trang trgng thi
"shall" duge dimg de dien ta tinh chat phap quyen hay tinh quyen han hon la dien ta ve mgt dieu gi do xay ra trong tuang lai. Vi du, khoan 1 Dieu 1, trong Hien phap cua My cd ghi: "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress ofthe United State, Which shall consist of a Senate and House of representatives". Cau nay duge dich nhu sau: Mgi quyen lap phap dugc ban Hien phap nay thira nhan dugc trao cho Qudc hdi Hgp chimg Qudc, bao gdm Thuong vien va Ha vien". Nhu vay, ddng tit khiem khuyet "Shall" trong eau nay hoan toan khdng de cap y mem ve tuong lai.
2.3. Van de do thieu thuat tir chuyen nganh phap ly trong tilng Viet
Nha thuat ni hgc Daniel Goudec (1990:
XVII) cho rang viec xac dinh mgt thuat tu duy nhat cho y niem, mgt vat the hay mgt tinh hudng cu the la khdng the thuc hien duge. Tuy nhien, trong thdi dai quan he
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qudc tl nhu hien nay thi viec md ta, chuan hda hay day mdt thuat tu eho !Tnh vye cu the la rat can thiet.
De lam ro van de nay, ehimg ta hay lam rd mdt vai vi dy sau: The oath of office of the president of the United States, that is an oath or affirmation re- quired by the United States Constitution before the President begins the execution ofthe office. The oath of office dugc quy dinh bdi luat phap ciia nude My, ma Hien phap ciia nudc nay yeu cau Tdng thdng phai dua ra trude liic nhan chirc. Nhu v^y, cym tir nay ed the duge dieh la: Ldi tuyen the nhan ehiic. Thuat tir nay khdng dugc phap luat d Viet Nam quy dinh, vi the khdng cd thuat tu tuong duong trong tieng Viet cho thuat tir The oath of office trong tieng Anh.
2.4. vin dl do su- dung eac thu^t tu vdi ngu nghia khac la trong tieng Anh phdp ly
Brenda Danet (1985:279) cho rang ngdn ngu hge Phap Iy ed xu hudng sii dung eac thuat tir quen thude nhung vdi ngu nghTa khac la. Vi dy, khi dieh thuat tu "assignment^ sang tilng Viet, phin Idn ngudi djeh chi sir dyng nghia thdng thudng trong tii dien dd la viee giao mgt edng viec hay mdt nhiem vy eho ai dd. Tuy nhien, trong tieng Anh chuyen nganh phap ly lai dugc hieu vdi nghia khac la, dd la "trdi Igf hay "xem xef\ Trudng hgp vdi thuat tu "launderin^\ nghTa thdng Ihudng ciia thuat tir nay trong tu dien Anh - Vet dd la viec giat, ui..., nhung trong ngdn ngii phap ly thi thuat tu nay duge hieu la mdt loai tdi pham
"rua tiin".
3. Cac pbutmg phap phd biin.
Vdi nhiing van de Ihudng gay ra nhung khd khan trong qua trinh bien hay phien dieh cac tiii Ueu hay van ban phap ly tu Anh sang V?t duge trinh bay d tren, ehiing tdi trinh bay mdt sd phuang phap dich phd biin nhit hien
nay. Tuy thudc vao nhiing van de khd khan trong qua trinh dich, ma ngudi dich cd the lya ehgn phuang phap djeh phu hgp.
3.1. Phmmg phap dien giai Phuong phap didn giai dugc ap dung trong qua trinh bien dieh cac tai Ii?u tir tieng Anh sang tieng Viet hay ngugc lai khi ngudi dieh khdng tim dugc eae tu hay cym tir tuong duong trong ngdn ngii dich (target language). Khi dich cym tii "Solicitor - General" sang tieng Viet, ngudi dieh khdng the tim duge cym td tuong duong ehi mgt loai edng viec nay trong tieng Viet. Do vay, de dich dugc cum td nay, trudc het ngudi dich phai hi§u dugc ban chat ngii nghTa ciia cym tir trong he thdng phap luat ciia nudc Anh, sau do, dya tren dien giai nay, ngudi bien phien dich cd the dua ra cym tir tuong duong ve mat ndi dung, nhung ed the se nhieu hon ve sd lugng tir trong tieng Viet. Trong h? thdng phap luat cua nudc Anh thi "Solicitor-Gen- eral" la mgt trong nhung quan chiic hang dau ve phap luat cua Chinh phii Anh, lam cd van ve cac van de phap luat, nhu vay, "So- licitor-general" cd the duge dich 1^ "Tdng Bien Iy vy sy". Hay khi dieh eym tir: "Lord Chancellor" ciing la mdt dieu phien todi, vi rang, trong Qudc hdi nudc Cgng hda Xa hdi Chii nghTa Viet Nam thi khdng cd Ha vien (House of Commons) hay Thuong vien (House of Lords). Nen khi dich cym tii nay ngudi dich chi bang each dien giai dya tren ndi dung nghTa ciia cym tu dd, do la "ngudi diing dau Thuong vien".
3.2. Tim chirc nang tinmg dinnig Phuang phap nay la sir dyng mgt sy dien dat trong ngdn ngu dieh (tieng Vi?t) ma cd sy dien dat tuong duong gan nhat trong ngdn ngu ngudn (tieng Anh). Tuy nhien, khdng don gian de tim ra mgt chiic nang tuong duong cua mgt thuat tir chuyen nganh Phap ly trong ngdn ngii ngudn khi ma mgt the ehe ve phap ly eua hai qudc gia.
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hai nen van hda khdng cd diem ehung.
Chiing ta xet vi dy sau, tu "Solicitor" cd thd cd dugc tu ed ehiic nang tuong duong trong tilng Viet la "Cd vin luat" (Law advisor). Tuy nhien, tii cd chiic nang tuong duong vdi "solicitor" trong tilng Viet thudng duge sir dyng la "luat su". Ca hai tir
"Court" va "Tribunal" deu dugc dieh sang tieng Viet la "Tda an", d do tir "Court"
duge dich la "Tda an" la each dich theo nghTa ciia tii, cdn "Tribunal" dugc dich la
"Tda an" la each hoan chuyen ehire nang tuong duong eua tir.
3.3. Dich theo tir
Day la phuong phap dich ma ngudi dich ehuyen di tirng don vi tir ciia ngdn ngii ngudn sang don vi tu eua ngdn ngii dieh dya tren sy tuong ddng ve nghTa cua eae tir. Ngudi dieh ed the ed nhiing thay ddi can thiet khi dich cae don vi ngdn ngu nhu: gidi tir, cac thanh phan phu, hay cac dac tinh ngii phap. Vi dy, khi dich cum tir: "Court of Protection"
dugc dich tirng don vi tii sang tieng Viet nhu sau: "Court= Tda", "Protection=
Bao hd", gidi td " o f trong tieng Anh la tir ehi ehiic nang, khdng mang nghia nen dugc luge bd. Nhu vay, cym tir "Court of Protection" dugc dich true tiep la
"Tda bao hg".
4. Ket luan:
Sareevic (1997:70) cho ring: "Cdc luat su khong mong mudn ngu&i dich CO dua ra bdn dich tuang duong ve mat
^g^ nghia giUa ngon nguon (tieng Anh) vd ngon ngie dich (tieng Viet), tuy nhien hp chi mong ngu&i dieh dua ra bdn dich tucmg dong ve mat chiec ndng phdp ly".
Nhu vay, nhiem vy quan trgng nhat trong qua trinh dich cac tai lieu hay van ban phap ly tii tieng Anh sang tilng Viet la dua ra ban dich tuong duong nhau ve mat chiic nang phap ly ehii khdng phai tuong duong nhau ve mat ngii nghTa giiia ngdn ngu ngudn (tieng Anh) va ngdn ngii dieh (tieng Viet). De lam dugc dieu nay, ngudi dich khdng chi cd kha nang hieu dugc ngii nghTa thuin tiiy cua tii hay cua cau, ma cdn phai cd kha nang hieu dugc chiic nang phap ly ciia tir hay ciia cau. Viec dich thuat tieng Anh chuyen nganh phap ly nhat thiet phai dugc dya tren cac luat hien huu cua cac ngdn ngii, vai trd cua kien thlic ve ngdn ngu la rat quan trgng trong qua trinh ly giai cae trudng hgp khdng ed tuong duong giua hai hay nhieu ngdn ngii. Ngudi dich hoan toan khdng the ly giai dugc toan bd cae van de ma ehi dya vao dae tinh ciia ngdn ngii, ma khdng dya vao nen tang kien thue ve phap ly.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
Tieng Viet:
[1]. Hd Die Tue (2012), Dich Thudt vd TuDo, NXB Phuong Nam Book.
[2]. Hoang Van Van (2005), Nghien Cihi Dich Thudt, NXB Khoa hgc Xa hgi.
Tilng Anh:
[1]. Danet B. (1984), Studies Legal Discourse, Cambride University Express.
[2]. Ferdico John et al (2009), Crimmal Procedure, WADSWORTH.
[3]. Gibbons J (1984), Language and Law, London.
[4]. Hatim, B va Mason I (1990), Discourse and The Translator, Longman.
[5]. KaiufEka Hannes (2007), Working in Language and Law, Palgrave Macmillan.
[6]. Newmark Peter (1988), A Text Book of Translation, PrmXice Rail.
[7]. Slapper Gary et al (2003), The English Legal System, Cavendish Publishing Limited.
[8]. Plain English Campaign 2004, At http:// www. Plamenglish.co.uk.
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