Xu hu'dng chuyen djch cd cau
nganh nong nghiep cua dja phUc/ng theo hu'dng phat trien ben viJhg
BCII THI THANH HUYEN*
Tom tat
Chie'n lugc Phdt trien bin vitng Viet Nam giai doqn 2011-2020 dd di ra 5 ngi dung cda tdi ca cdu nen kinh te, trong do tdi ca cdu ngdnh ndng nghiep theo hudng ndng cao gid tri gia tdng vd phdt trien bin vvtng (PTBV) dugc coi Id nhiem vu kep de thvtc hien thdnh cdng muc tieu cda Chie'n lugc. Td do, ddt ra vd'n di cdn chuyen dich ca cdu ngdnh (CDCCN) ndng nghiep hudng tdi PTBV. Tren ca sd ngi hdm cda phdt trien ndng nghiep bin vvtng (NNBV), bdi vie't da nghien cdu vd chi ra 4 xu hudng CDCCN ndng nghiep hudng tdi PTBV ndng nghiep, gom: chuyen dich theo lgi the so sdnh, chuyen dich theo hudng xanh, chuyen dich theo hudng dng dung cdng nghe cao vd chuyen dich theo hudng dng phd vdi bie'n ddi khi hdu (BDKH).
Ttf khoa: chuyen dich ca cdu, ndng nghiep bin vvtng, bie'n ddi khi hdu Summary
Vietnam Sustainable Development Strategy for 2011 -2020 sets out five components of economic restructuring. In particular, the agricultural restructuring in the direction of boosting value added and sustainable development are considered as a dual task to successfully implement the objectives ofthe Strategy. This implies the need for structural shift in agricultural sector towards sustainable development. Based on the inclusion of sustainable agricultural development, the paper has examined and pointed out four trends of structural shift in agricultural sector towards sustainable development, including: shift in comparative advantage, green shift, shift towards the application of high technology and shift towards the response to climate change.
Keywords: structural shift, sustainable agriculture, climate change
^
GlOfI THIEU
PTBV da va dang la chien Iffdc phat trien ciia toan the' gidi. Nhan thffc dffdc xu hffdng nay, ngay 12/04/2012, Vipt Nam da ban hanh Chiern Iffdc Phat trien ben vffng Viet Nam giai doan 2011- 2020. Trong dd, nhan manh ''PTBV Id yeu cdu xuyen sud't trong qud trinh phdt trien ddt nude; ke't hgp chdt che, hgp ly vd hdi hda giita phdt trien kinh te vdi phdt trien xd hgi vd bdo ve tdi nguyen, mdi trudng, bdo dam qud'c phdng, an ninh vd trat tvt an todn xd hdi". De dat dffdc cac muc tieu cua Chien Iffdc, nhiem vu dat ra la can phai dieu chinh, tai cd ca'u nen kinh te' nham tao sff gia tang nang sua't va hieu qua, nang cao kha nang canh tranh cua nen kinh te; cai each the che tao mdi trffdng thuan ldi cho nen kinh te phat trien va hdi nhap sau rdng hdn nffa.
Trong dd, tai cd cau nganh ndng nghiep theo hffdng nang cao gia tri gia tang va PTBV dffdc coi la nhiem vu kep, vi: (i) Tai cd ca'u nganh ndng nghiep se tao ra sffc dot pha ve tinh hieu qua ben vffng cua nganh; (ii) Nganh ndng nghiep PTBV se la cd sd de cung cap dau vao cho nganh cdng nghiep che bien va sff dung dau ra ciia cac nganh cdng nghiep che^tao, do dd se gdp phan tai cd ca'u nganh kinh te.
Nhff vay, viec CDCCN ndng nghiep theo hffdng PTBV vffa la mdt ndi dung cua phat trien NNBV, nhffng ddng thdi cung la mdt each thffc de dat tdi nen NNBV. Bai vie^t nay se dffa tren ly thuyet ve phat trien NNBV de phan tich cac xu hffdng chuyen dich nganh ndng nghiep theo hffdng PTBV.
J H E NAO LA PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP
BEN V Q N G ?
Hien nay, khai niem ve phat trien NNBV cd rat nhieu each tiep can. Francis va cdng sff (1987), Carter (1989) tie'p can phat trien NNBV nhff la mdt chien
*ThS., Tru'dng Dai hoc Kinh te Quo'c dan I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhan bdi: 25/10/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 08/11/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 16/11/2018
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Iffdc. Cdn Brklacich va cdng sff (1991); To chffc Ndng duy tri cdng bang xa hdi; Tinh hieu qud nghiep va Lffdng thifc Lien hdp qud'c FAO (1992) lai va tinh trach nhiem cao cua chinh phii tiep can phat trien NNBV nhff mpt muc tieu. trong quan ly phat trien.
Cu the, theo quan diem cua FAO dffa ra tai Hpi nghi Cac xu hffdng chuyg'n dich
Lien hdp qud'c ve Mdi trffdng va Phat trien nam 1992, thi Vdi cac nguyen tac PTBV nong NNBV dffdc hieu la qua trinh bao tdn da't, nffdc, ngudn nghiep nhff tren, thi cac xu hffdng chuyen gidng cay trdng va vat nudi, khdng lam suy giam chat dich cd ca'u theo hffdng PTBV ciia cac Iffdng mdi trffdng, phil hdp ve mat ky thuat, kha thi ve dia phffdng se la:
mat kinh te va chap nhan ve mat xa hdi. Nhff vay, phat (1) CDCCN phdi hudng de'n mot nen trien NNBV cua FAO cd npi dung cu the: (i) Cuoc sdng ndng nghiep cd hieu qud kinh te cao (hay cpng ddng dn dinh; (ii) He thd'ng san xua't ndng nghiep cdn ggi Id chuyen dich theo lgi the so sdnh) tdng hdp ben vffng; (iii) Quan ly tdng hdp ngudn tai Dieu nay the hien nen ndng nghiep do nguyen thien nhien. Cae ndi dung nay lien quan tffdng se tan dung ldi the ciia tffng vung de san ffng den muc tieu PTBV 1 va 7: Xda ddi giam ngheo xua't san pham ed chat Iffdng dap ufng nhu (MDG 1); Ben vffng ve mdi trffdng (MDG7). cau cua con ngffdi vdi ngudn cung cap an Trong cac nghien cffu trong nffdc, thi quan niem ve toan, chat Iffdng, gia ca canh tranh. Dac ndng nghiep ciing khac nhau. NNBV la sff ket hdp hai biet, gia tri gia tang va nang sua't lao dong hda ca ba tru cdt (kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trffdng), thda ciia nganh ndng nghiep ludn dffdc nang man nhu cau Iffdng thffc hien tai va khdng anh hffdng cao va nganh ndng nghiep ffng dung dffpc den nhu cau cua the he tffdng lai (Dd Kim Chung, Kim cdng nghe cao trong qua trinh san xuat.
Thi Dung, 2013). (//) CDCCN ndng nghiep phdi hudng Quan diem phat trien NNBV cua Dang va Nha nffdc de'n mgt nin ndng nghiep thdn thien vdi cung dffa tren 3 tru cdt: kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trffdng mdi trudng, ndng nghiep theo hudng xanh va dffdc cu the hda trong npi dung so 4 cua Agenda 21. Trong Bao cao Kinh te xanh cua Trong Chffdng trinh nay, Viet Nam xac dinh 3 nut that de Chffdng trinh Mdi trffdng cua Lien hdp cai thien phat trien ndng nghiep va ndng thdn ben vffng, qud'c nam 2011 (UNEP, 2011), nong cu the la: chinh sach, kinhte va khoa hpc, cdng nghe. nghiep xanh la nen ndng nghiep ffng Nhff vay, vdi each tiep can phat trien NNBV nhff dung eac ky thuat canh tac nham: (i) Duy la mdt muc tieu, thi hau bet cac khai niem phat trien tri va tang nang sua't, ldi nhuan ciia cac NNBV deu dffa tren ba tru cdt ciia PTBV: ben vffng san pham ndng nghiep thdng qua ky thuat kinh te, ben vffng xa hdi va ben vffng mdi trffdng. canh tac hoan toan tff nhien trong khi vin dam bao viec cung cap Iffdng thffc cho CHUYEN DICH CO CAU NGANH NONG mdt nen tang ben vffng; (ii) Giam thieu NGHIEP CUA DjA PHU'ONG THEO HUOfNG PTBV cac tac ddng tieu cffc khi khdng sff dung cac chat kich thich tang trffdng, cac chat Cac nguyen tac chuyen dich diet cd hffu cd, cung nhff tff chdi san pham Tren cd sd khai niem phat trien NNBV, thi trong qua bien ddi gen; tao ra tac ddng cd ldi cho trinh san xua't ludn phai dam bao ben vffng ca 3 tru cdt: mdi trffdng de bao ve he sinh thai, kinh te, xa hpi va mdi trffdng. Neu thieu mdt tru cdt, thi De CDCCN ndng nghiep theo hffdng khdng dffdc coi la PTBV, cu the san xua't ndng nghiep xanh can:
theo dudi chat Iffdng mdi trffdng, ma khdng dam bao kha - Da dang hda cay trdng vat nudi, tich nang ldi nhuan cho ngffdi ndng dan, thi se khdng ben hdp giffa chan nudi va trdng trpt;
vffng. Trong qua trinh san xua't, nang sua't san pham rat - Sff dung nffdc hieu qua va ben vitog hdn;
cao va dn dinh, nhffng sff dung Iffdng ldn cac tai nguyen Quan ly da't dai hdp ly va hieu qua, khdng tai tao dffdc de duy tri nang sua't va cung gay d tranh sff xdi mdn da't;
nhidm mdi trffdng, thi qua trinh san xua't khdng dffdc coi Dam bao cac cd sd bao quan, giam la ben vffng. Hoac neu phat trien ndng nghiep, ma sinh that thoat sau thu hoach;
ke tff ndng nghiep khdng cd, thu nhap tff ndng nghiep Thffe hien cd gidi hda trong san xuat cua ngffdi ndng dan khdng du sd'ng, khdng nang cao dffdc than thien vdi mdi trffdng va lao ddng;
phue ldi xa hdi cho ngffdi ndng dan va gia dinh, thi nen Nang cao chat Iffdng eiia gid'ng cay ndng nghiep dd cung cung khdng dffdc coi la ben viJng. va con trong san xua't.
Do vay, cac dia phffdng hoac qudc gia mud'n phat (iii) Chuyen dich theo hudng dng dung trien nen ndng nghiep theo hffdng ben vffng can dam cdng nghe cao
bao cac nguyen tac phat trien NNBV, nhff: Nang cao Hien nay, cac loai cdng nghe cao dffdc hieu qua kinh te trong san xua't ndng nghiep; Tang ffng dung trong san xua't ndng nghiep la:
cffdng bao tdn ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien; Cai thien cdng nghe sinh hpc, cdng nghe tham mdi trffdng sd'ng cua cdng ddng va dan cff la chia khda canh, cdng nghe tff ddng hda va b^n ttf de phat trien NNBV; Dam bao sinh ke ciia ndng dan va ddng, cdng nghe thdng tin... Khi nganh
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Kinhte vaDU baoKinh le
ndng nghiep ffng dung cdng nghe cao vao san xua't se gia tang dffdc gia tri san pham, tang nang sua't theo yeu tddau vao (Dffdng Hoa Xd va Pham Hi?u Nhffdng, 2006). Ben canh dd, ndng nghiep ffng dffng cdng nghe eao se giam Iffdng khi thai vao mdi trffdng; giam that thoat sau thu hoach; giam Iffdng sff dung phan hda hpc va tang cffdng bao ve tai nguyen da't.
Chinh vi vay, trong san xua't ndng nghiep, ty trpng cac nganh sff dung cdng nghe cao trong san xua't tang len chffng td ndng nghiep eua dia phffdng cd sff chuyen dich theo hffdng PTBV. Xu hffdng ffng dung cdng nghe cao trong tffng linh vife eua ndng nghiep the hien:
Trong trdng trpt, tang ty le san pham ndng nghiep sff dung cdng nghe tffdi tiet kiem nffdc, cdng nghe trdng thuy canh;
cdng nghe san xua't cay trong nha Iffdi, nha kinh; cdng nghe ffng dung chpn gidng, cdng nghe san xua't theo tieu chuan VietGAP, GlobalGAR..
Trong chan nudi, tang ty le san pham suf dung cac cdng nghe tff ddng cho an, udng nffdc; tff ddng trong san xua't trffng ddi vdi ga, vit va tff ddng vat sffa dd'i vdi bd sffa; cdng nghe nudi gia cam lanh, ldn lanh; cdng nghe sinh hpc...
Trong nudi trdng thuy san, tang ty le san pham nudi trdng thuy san sff dung cdng nghe di truyen se tao ra cac con gid'ng cd nang sua't va da dang hda san pham nudi trdng; cdng nghe vi sinh;
Tang ty le dien tich nudi trdng ap dung cac cdng nghd kl thuat cao, nhff: ky thuat tuan hoan nffdc tai sff dung; he thd'ng quan trac mdi trffdng ao nudi; cdng nghe cho an tff ddng...
Trong lam nghiep, tang ty le dien tich sff dung cdng nghe tff ddng thu thap thdng tin, tich hdp sd'lieu de dif bao nguy cd chay rffng, dff bao dich benh; tff ddng trong trdng va khai thac rffng; cdng nghe ffdm gid'ng cay trdng...
(iv) CDCCN ndng nghiep phdi dng phd td't vdi BDKH
Ndng nghiep ffng phd BDKH la phat trien ndng nghiep gan vdi muc tieu thich ffng va giam thieu BDKH (FAO, 2010).
Dd'i vdi cac nffdc dang phat trien, san xua't ndng nghiep ffng phd vdi BDKH se dam bao dffdc an ninh Iffdng thifc trong dieu kien BDKH. Trong he thd'ng san xua't ndng nghiep se cd hai trffdng hdp: thich ffng va giam nhe. Trong dd, thich ffng vdi BDKH la hinh thffc san xua't cd kha nang chd'ng chiu nhffng thay ddi bat ldi tff thdi
BANG: KET QUA CUA THCfC H A N H SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP CfNG PHO V6l BDKH
Tifeu chi
SiJ: dung vat ttf san xua't
Su* diing da't canh tac
Su" dung tai nguyen nu'dc Tai nguyen sinh vat
Thi tru'dng San ltfdng va ldi nhuan
Cach stf dung
- Suf dting dli va dung lieu - Diing each, diing liic va diing chiing loai
- Svl dung dat canh tac ben vCng, giiip khoi phue do mau md cua daft, cai thien ca'u triic da't canh tac.
- Tang hieu qua sii dung dat, tang dien tich da't danh cho trong riing va tai sinh rifng.
Hieu qua su: dung cao: ap dung cac qui trinh, ky thuat tifdi ntfdc tie't kiem, ttrdi kho tfdt xen ke. tu'di nho giot.
Khoi phue va tang eifdng da dang sinh vat, ea d trong va d ngoai pham vi cac he thong san xuaft
- Khoi phue can bang sinh thai, tao dieu kien cho thien dich phat trien
Da dang hda cay trong va vat nuoi - Hieu qua sii dung vat ttf va nguon life san xuaft tang
- Nang suaft dn dinh do thieh iJng tot hdn vdi dieu kien khi hau baft ldi
Kfet qua
Giam chi phi, tang hieu qua kinh te, giam 6 nhiem moi tru'dng. giam phat thai KNK - Bao ve va khoi phue tai nguyen dat, tai nguyenrifng;
tang hieu qua kinh te, giam phat thai KNK va giam 6 nhiem mdi trifdng.
- Tie't kiem nifde, cai thien sinh tru'dng va nang sua't cay trong, giam that thoat dinh difdng - Tang kha nang iJng phd vdi thien tai, dich benh va cae dieu kie'n bat ldi cua khi hau, giam nguy cd mat miia tren dien rong - Giam nguy cd khong tieu thu dtfdc san pham
- Ldi nhuan va nang suaft dtfdc cai thien
Mguon: Tai lieu tap huan ve nong nghiep ling pho vdi BDKH, Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Nong nghiep m i l n niii phia Bac
tiet; cdn giam nhe BDKH la hinh thffc san xua't giam Iffdng thai khi nha kinh (KNK) vao khdng khi.
Ndng nghiep ffng phd vdi BDKH the hien dffdc vai trd ciia minh trong PTBV thdng qua viec sff dung cac vat tff ndng nghiep, tai nguyen da't, tai nguyen nffdc cu the dffdc minh hpa dffdi Bang.
De chuyen dich ndng nghiep ffng phd vdi BDKH se cd hai hffdng:
Mdt Id, chuyen dich thich dng vdi BDKH.
Theo OECD (2011), thich ffng la "lam giam sif tdn thffdng cua con ngffdi cung nhff cac he sinh thai ttf nhien va cac he sinh thai do con ngffdi tao ra trffdc cac tac ddng cua BDKH, ddng thdi giam nhffng nguy cd rui ro cd hen quan den BDKH, thdng qua viec duy tri hoac tang cffdng kha nang thich nghi va phue hdi cua cac he thd'ng". Vdi each tiep can nay, thi thich ffng dffdc coi la nhuHg hanh ddng phan ffng cua cac ca nhan, cac nhdm va cac chinh phu dd'i vdi BDKH va nhffng anh hffdng cua BDKH.
Thich ffng vdi BDKH trong CDCCN ndng nghiep dffdc hieu nhff la mdt hanh ddng cd chu dich trong san xua't cua ngffdi ndng dan de dap ffng cac tac ddng tiem nang hoac thffc te ve BDKH dang va se didn ra. Ngffdi ndng dan thich ffng vdi BDKH bang each tang kha nang san xua't cac cay trdng, vat nudi trong dieu kien BDKH bang each ffng dung cac tien bd ky thuat phu hdp. Thich ffng giup lam giam nguy cd mat miia va suy giam nang sua't san pham, ddng thdi lam tang kha nang phue hdi cua dd'i tffdng san xua't ndng nghiep sau khi bi anh hffdng bdi BDKH. Thieh ffng cung cdn bao gdm ca viec ap dung cac giai phap de tan dung cac tac ddng cd ldi cua BDKH.
Cu the xu hffdng chuyen dich thich ffng la: (i) Thay ddi lich san xua't, cung nhff thay ddi cd ca'u dd'i tffdng san xua't de tranh bi anh hffdng bdi BDKH d giai doan
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man cam; (ii) Lfng dung cac ky thuat quan ly ddi tffdng san xua't cho thich hdp vdi BDKH va tranh bi that thu hoan toan; (iii) Da dang hda san xua't de da dang hda ngudn thu cho ngffdi ndng dan trong vung chiu anh hffdng bdi BDKH.
Hai Id, chuyen dich gidm nhe BDKH
Day la cac boat ddng nham giff cho ndng dp cua KNK trong bau khi quyen dn dinh va khdng tao nen bat ky thay ddi nao ve thdi tiet do hoat ddng con ngffdi gay ra. Giam nhe BDKH theo 3 each: (i) Giam phat thai KNK; (ii) Tranh phat thai KNK; (iii) Thu hdi KNK (OECD-DAC, 2011).
Trong san xua't ndng nghiep giam nhe BDKH la each thffe ffng dung cac tien bd ky thuat trong san xua't va che bien de nham giam chi phi san xua't va giam phat thai KNK tren mdt ddn vi san pham. Cae xu hffdng chuyen dich trong san xua't ndng nghiep de giam nhe BDKH la:
Giam viec sff dung phan bdn hda hpc trong san xua't, va ap dung cac ky thuat lam da't de ban che da't phat thai KNK;
Lfng dung cac ky thuat sau thu hoach de giam that thoat Iffdng thffc, thffc pham se giiip giam phat thai KNK tinh tren 1 ddn vi Iffdng thffc, thffc pham dffdc san xua't va tieu thu;
Giam Iffdng rae thai trong san xuait ndng nghiep, dae biet la rac thai trong chan nudi.
KET LUAN
CDCCN ndng nghiep theo hffdng PTBV la siX Iffa chpn ta't yeu de hffdng tdi nen NNBV. Cd the tha'y, CDCCN nong nghiep theo hffdng PTBV khdng chi dffa vao sff thay ddi gia tri san Iffdng, nang suat lao ddng, ma thay vao dd phai dam bao dung xu the cua phat trien NNBV, nhtf:
ehuyen dich theo ldi the so sanh; chuyen dich theo hffdng xanh; ehuyen dich theo hffdng ffhg dung cdng nghe cao; chuyen dich theo hffdng ffng phd vdi BDKH. Ket qua cua qua trinh chuyen dich khdng chi the hien thay ddi trong linh vffc kinh te, ma cdn thay ddi ca trong xa hdi va moi trffdng. Tren cd sd cua xu hffdng chuyen dich, cac dia phffdng se lifa chpn thay ddi cac md hinh san xua't cho phu hdp de hffdng tdi mpt nen NNBV.a
J A T L I K l l T H A M J ^ H A O
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