CONG DONG AN NINH ASEAN

Xay di/ng Cpng ddng ASEAN theo Hien chuang

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CONG DONG AN NINH ASEAN

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rong lich su hgp tdc cua minh, ASEAN dd Sli dung khd nhigu cdng cu nhu Tuygn bd vg khu vuc hod binh, tu do vd trung lap (ZOPFAN), Hiep udc vl Ddng Nam A khdng cd vii khi hat nhdn (SEANWFZ), Dign ddn khu vuc ASEAN (ARF) dg xdy dung vd phdt trign quan he hgp tdc vg an ninh. Nhung cdc cdng cu nay khdng mang tinh rdng budc cua thg chg phdp li nen hieu qud digu chinh cdn bi ban chg d nhigu mat. Tu thuc tg nay, trong digu kien quan he qude tg mdi d khu vuc, cdc thdnh vign ASEAN phdi tinh dgn su cd mdt ciia ca chg hgp tdc an ninh theo hudmg xdy dung COng dong an ninh ASEAN (ASEAN Security Community - ASC). Vdi mdi trudng hgp tdc ciia ASEAN, ASC giii vi tri ciia mdt trong ba tru cgt chfnh cua Cdng ddng ASEAN Id md hinh hgp tdc dugc cdc nhd Idnh dao ciia mgi thdnh vien ASEAN chdp thuan tai Hdi nghj Cdp cao ASEAN ldn thii 9 hgp d Bali, Indonesia vdo thdng 11/2003. Sdng kign vg thdnh lap ASC do Indonesia dua ra vdi muc dich thiic ddy sir hgp tdc vg chinh tri vd an ninh todn khdi ASEAN. Cdc thanh vign ASEAN mudn xdy dung ASC theo hudmg khdng phdi la lign minh quan su, hiep udc phdng thu hay mdt chinh sdch ngoai giao chung md Id mdt trong nhiing tru cdt hgp tdc chinh cua Cdng ddng ASEAN, trong dd cdc thdnh vign cd su gdn kit chdt chd vdi nhau vl chinh tri-an ninh, dua tren nin tang ciia

TS. Li MAI ANH*

lign kgt vg kinh tg, cung chia se trdch nhiem xa hdi, cdc muc tigu vd van menh chung. Ca sd phdp li quan trgng dg xdy dung vd phdt trign ASC la Hiep udc than thien va hgp tdc Ddng Nam A ndm 1976 (TAC) cung hai nghi dinh thu bd sung vd Hign chuang Hiep hgi cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A (Hign chuomg ASEAN). Tai ldi ndi ddu cua Hign chuomg, cdc thdnh vien ASEAN da cam kgt: "Ddy manh viec xdy dung cong dong thong qua tdng cudng hap tdc vd lien ket khu vuc, dgc biet thong qua viec hinh thdnh Cong dong ASEAN bao gom Cong dong an ninh ASEAN, Cong dong kinh te ASEAN vd Cong dong vdn hod-xd hoi ASEAN". Cdc vdn kien phdp li qude tg ndy da cd sir thg chg hod sdu sdc nhu cdu tdt ygu cua viec hinh thdnh vd phdt trign Cdng ddng an ninh trong md hinh cdng ddng phdt trign cua ASEAN.

1. Boi canh hinh thanh ASC

Trong ldng kinh hdi nhap quoc tl, ASEAN dang Id mdt trong sd nhiing lign kgt khu vuc dugc ddnh gid Id khd thdnh cdng trgn cd hai phuang dien Id hieu qud hgp tdc vd tign trinh phdt trign md hinh thi chi.

Khdng chi cd vay, su trudmg thdnh cCia ASEAN trong bdn thap ki tdn tai vd phdt trign cdn khdng dinh dugc vi thi cua mdt thuc thg chinh tri-kinh tg quan trgng d chdu A-Thdi Binh Duomg vd Id ddi tdc khdng thi

* Giang vien chinh Khoa dao tao tham phan Hpc vien tu phip

Xay dung Cong dong ASEAN theo Hien chuang

thilu trong chinh sdch khu vuc cua cdc nudc trgn thi gidi. Thuc tg chiing td cdc quoc gia ASEAN da lua chgn cho minh con dudng phdt triln phu hgp vdi xu thg tat ygu cua thdi dai qude tl hod khu vuc vd todn cau, trong dd, khdng quoc gia ndo, dii ldn hay nhd, phdt triln hay dang phdt trien cd thg tdch rdi khdi mdi trudng hgp tdc cua cdng ddng khu vuc va quoc tg. Tuy nhign, viec dinh vi dugc cho ASEAN vi thi chign luge ndi tren trong bdi cdnh qude tg ngdy nay vdn khdng dg ddng md ngugc lai cdn dac biet khd khan ddi vdi khu vuc mang nhigu ygu td nhay edm cao nhu Ddng Nam A.

Nhin lai nhiing giai doan phdt trign trudc day, ASEAN da phdi ddi mat vdi khdng it khd khdn, nhat Id trong ITnh vuc hgp tdc vg an ninh phi truygn thdng nhu buy hoai mdi trudng sinh thdi, nan di cu bdt hgp phdp, tdi pham cd td chiic, xuygn qude gia, te tham nhung cung cdc tdi pham vg kinh tg, tdi pham cdng nghe cao... Hdng loat van dg ngu trgn cd tac ddng tigu cue dgn mdi trudng hgp tdc kinh te ciia ASEAN, budc ASEAN phdi tinh dgn van de hgp tdc vg an ninh, chinh tri.

Quan niem truygn thdng vg an ninh qude gia cua cdc nudc Ddng Nam A, trong dd nhdn manh khia canh bdo ve ddc lap, chu quyen vd dn dinh ciia he thdng chinh tri, vi vay can phai dugc nhin nhan theo tu duy hien dai, cd sir thich ling tich cue vdi tinh hinh mdi cua quan he qude tg dign ra trong khu vuc.

a. Trong thdi digm chuygn tigp cua the gidfi tli ddi dau sang ddi thoai, khi cdng ddng quoc tg dang dan budc ra khdi chign tranh lanh tung tdn tai nhieu thap ki thi cdc dan tdc Ddng Nam A da cd quygt dinh sdng sudt cho

minh, dd la lira chgn sir lien minh khu vuc dg vTnh vign xod bd tinh trang bi chia rS bdi tdc ddng cua nhigu ygu td Ididch quan, chu quan vd tap hgp nhau lai trong mdt hiep hgi vdi muc tigu quan trgng Id dn dinh, phdt triln kinh te, xa hdi, hod binh, tign bd, cd sir ddm bdo viing chac ve an ninh-chinh tri va khdng cd su can thiep tir bgn ngodi. Tat ca dugc ddt trong bdi cdnh qude tl vd khu vuc chiia dung nhumg sir kien, bien cd quan trgng, ldm thay ddi sau sac ddi sdng cdng ddng quoc tg vd tung qude gia:

Ngay sau chign tranh lanh, he thdng quoc te cd nhiing chuygn bign ddng kg do su kit thiic cua nhung cugc ddi ddu Ddng - Tay dl ddn dich chuyen sang hinh thdi phat trien mdi, trgn ngn ciia hai xu thg thdi dai la todn cdu hod vd khu vuc hod. Sir ddi mdi cua he thdng qude tl hien dai gdn vdi ba ygu td chii ygu, cd tinh thii bdc, dd la: (1) Cdc quoc gia dan tdc; (2) He thdng kinh tl todn cau; (3) Cdc ngn vdn minh-vdn hod ciia nhdn loai. Cdc yeu td nay long ghep vdo nhau, tao ngn tinh da dien, phdt trien ddng thdi vdi su tuy thudc ldn nhau ngdy cdng tang trong chinh the phiic tap cCia ddi sdng qude tl, ldm cho mgi dan tdc diu bi cudn vdo ddng chay ciia qud trinh qude te hod d binh dien khu vuc vd todn cdu. Trat tu th6 giai mdi dang tren dd hinh thanh tir xu the qude tg hod ndy, vi thi ciing chuyen dgng mdt cdch manh me, trong dd nhu cau h^i nhap quoc tg vd khu virc vg tat cd cdc ITnh vuc kinh tl, an ninh-chinh tri, van hod-xd hdi... trd thdnh nhu cdu thuomg true ddi vdi tung quoc gia. Dl thich ung vdi dilu kifn quan he qude tl ndy, timg thuc thi, mgt m$t

Xay dung Cpng dong ASEAN theo HiSn chuang

phdi cd gdng ldm chii dugc bdn than trong cdc quan he tiiy thudc lan nhau ngdy cdng sdu sdc giiia cdc qude gia, mat khdc ludn tim kiem, duy tri vd phdt trign chinh sach cung nhu quan he cd tinh khu vuc ciia minh. Ddy Id he qud tdc ddng chinh cua sir thay ddi trat tu quan he qude te sau chign tranh lanh dgn he thdng qude tg todn cdu.

Nd giup li gidi vi sao trgn thg gidi ngdy cdng xudt hien nhigu md hinh lign kgt todn di^n giua cdc qude gia thdnh vign trong cimg khu vuc dia li vd ASEAN khdng ndm ngodi quy ludt phdt trign chung dd. Ngodi ra, vg phuomg dien an ninh qude tg vd khu vuc thi su kgt thiic cua chign tranh lanh da khdng tdt ygu md ra ki nguygn chi hodn todn cd hod binh va thinh vugng chung. Trdi lai, trgn thg gidi cflng nhu tai Ddng Nam A dang dan tao ra su bien ddi quan trgng ciia cdu triic quan he qude tg theo hudng da tdng ndc vd da phuomg dien (song phuang vd da phuomg; khu vuc vd toan cdu; hgp tdc vd c ^ tranh...). Trong cdc tang ndc vd phuang di?n dd, quan he gifla cdc quoc gia ludn dugc ddt trudc hdng loat cdc van dl mang tinh khu vuc vd todn cdu md chi cd thdng qua lien kit, dn dinh vd hod binh dl cung nhau phdt triln thi mdi mong cd sue manh dg gidi quygt dn thda nhflng van dg dd.

Thyc tiln quan h | qude tl ndi trgn tdc ddng sau sdc din y thuc vd quan digm phdt trign cua nhilu qude gia Ddng Nam A, qua dd ldm cho ASEAN y thiic hom nfla y nghTa ciia vi?c phdi tap hgp nhau lai trong mdt lien kit mang tinh hiep hdi dg dua cdc qude gia trong khu vuc vTnh vien thodt khdi tinh tr^g chia re, le thudc vdo ben ngodi, timg

budc dua Ddng Nam A trd thdnh khu vuc hod binh, dn dinh vd phat trign.

b. Bgn canh dd, sir thay ddi trat tu kinh tg qude tg vd khu vuc ciing dat ra khdng it van dg cho viec ddm bdo an ninh chung ciia cdc qude gia Ddng Nam A. Sau chign tranh lanh, thg gidi chuygn manh tu chay dua quygt liet vg quan sir dg tranh gidnh khoang trdng quygn lire sang canh tranh vg kinh te vd chiem ITnh thi trudng khu vuc cung nhu thi trudng todn cau. Ngn kinh tg thg gidi cd su thay ddi ldn. Kinh tg thi trudng trd ngn phd bign vdi nhigu hinh thiic, nhigu cap do, trong dd tu do hod kinh tg-thuang mai chigm uu thg. Cd thg thdy ngn kinh tg thg gidi thuc su chuygn minh dudi tdc ddng cua tien bd khoa hge kT thuat, ddc biet Id cdng nghe tin bgc vd vign thdng. Su phdt trien cua xa hdi qude tg khdng cdn chi dua vdo cdc ngudn du trfl tu nhign nhu trudc ddy md chu ygu dua vdo ngudn lye cd yeu td tri thirc, trong dd thdng tin vd tri thuc trd thdnh dau vdo cua he thdng qudn li, sdn xudt trgn thg gidi cung nhu tai tung qude gia. Digu ndy keo theo su van hdnh cua ngudn vdn, trao ddi hdng hod, dich vy, siic lao ddng...

dgu boat ddng theo hudng xuygn qude gia.

Canh tranh gifla cdc qude gia ve kinh tg vi vdy trd ngn quygt liet hom bao gid hgt vd trong xu thg todn cdu hod ngn kinh tg thi gidi, mdi nudc khd cd thg boat ddng dan ddc md phdi tim cdch lign minh vdi cdc nudc khdc cd cung Igi ich vd digu kien tuomg tu nhu minh. Do vay, xu thg lign kit kinh tg khu vyc phdt trign manh me d nhilu cdp do khdc nhau nhu Lign minh chdu Au (EU), hay chu nghTa khu vuc md vd md

Xay dung Cong ddng ASEAN theo Hien chuang

hinh lign kit xuygn chau luc nhu Dien dan hgp tdc kinh tl chau A-Thdi Binh Duomg (APEC)... Qud trinh toan cau hod ngn kinh tl thi gidi dien ra song hdnh vdi qua trinh khu vyc hod nen kinh tg thg gidi, lam thay ddi ddng kg ddi sdng chinh tri, an ninh qude gia, qude tg vd khu vyc theo hudng lign kgt kinh tg khu vyc phdi dua tren sy hieu qua cua hgp tdc an ninh-chinh tri (bao hdm cd an ninh phi truyen thdng), hinh thdnh giua cdc thdnh vign cua lign kgt kinh tg vdi nhau va vdi bgn ngodi lign minh. Bdi khi xde dinh phdt trign kinh tg la myc tigu chign luge cua tirng qude gia trong lign kgt khu vuc thi hcjrp tdc Id cdch thiic chu yeu vd dn dinh Id digu kien quan trgng dg cd sy bgn viing trong quan he hgp tdc gifla cdc nudc ciing lign minh. Nd cd gid tri rdng budc qude gia vd cdc thyc thg qude tg khdc tham gia vdo cdc khudn khd vd thigt chg hgp tdc an ninh, chinh tri nhdt dinh dg duy tri tinh hieu qud ciia hgp tdc kinh tl, thuang mai hien hdnh tai timg khu vuc.

c. Su thay ddi quan he va trat tu kinh tl qude tl tryc tilp tdc ddng dgn tuomg quan luc lugmg gifla cdc qude gia trong vd ngodi khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Nguy ca vl sy xudt hien khodng trdng quygn lye trong khu vyc vd nhumg khdc biet gifla cdc quoc gia tdt ylu dat ra cho ASEAN con dudng phdt triln di Ign mdt cdch cdn bdng, dd Id phdt trfin hgp tdc vg kinh tg song hdnh vdi hgp tdc vl an ninh, chinh tri. Ddc digm ndy cua khu vuc Ddng Nam A cd xudt phdt dilm tir chinh lich su ciia khu vuc, dd la tiln trinh phdt triln cua cdc qude gia Ddng Nam A thudng chiu dnh hudmg quan trgng bdi mdi tuomg quan cua

quan he qude tl bgn trong vd ngodi khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Do ndm trgn vung ddt vira gidu tdi nguyen thign nhien, vua dn ngu vi tri dia Ii trgng ygu cua tuygn dudng hang hdi quoc te thdng thuang Ddng - Tay ngn trong lich su day timg Id khu vuc chiu dnh hudng ndng ne cua nhieu thg luc de quoc, thuc dan.^'^ Tu nhiing thap nign cudi thg ki XX din nay, Ddng Nam A ludn Id khu vuc thu hiit moi quan tam cua nhilu nudc ldn thuoc cdc he thdng chinh tri khdc nhau. Trong sudt thdi ki chien tranh lanh, cd hai sieu cudng va mot sd cac cudng quoc tai khu vuc nhu Nh$t Bdn, Trung Qude diu mudn gay dnh hudng cua minh ddi vdri sy phdt trign cua khu vuc.

Sau chien tranh cua MT tai Viet Nam, Lao, Cdmpuchia, nhdt Id sau chign tranh lanh, nhumg digu chinh chign luge cua MT vd cdC cudng qude ddi vai khu vuc ndy dudng nhu da tao ra mdt khoang trdng quygn luc vd neu cdc quoc gia tai khu vuc ndy khdng tu xod bd bang nhumg no luc trong ndi bg cdc nudc thi dd sS Id nguy ca mdi de dga hod binh, an ninh vd dn dinh khu vuc.

Song song vdi hien trang ndi tren cua khu vuc Ddng Nam A, ve nhiing phuang dien khdc, nhu phuomg dien lich su, dan tgc, truyen thdng van hod, tdn gido... thi Ddng Nam A Id khu vuc bao gdm cdc qude gia rat da dang md ndi bat hom cd Id su da dang ve ddn tgc vd tdn gido.^^^ Trong dilu kien dd, sy gia tang ciia cdc van de dan tgc, tdn gido (nhu khuynh hudng ddi li khai cua cdc thg lye tdn gido tai mot sd nudc Ddng Nam A), su xudt hien cua khuynh hudmg qude tl hoa cdc the lye tdn gido, dan tdc nhdm chi ph&

vd tham du vdo cdc cdng viec thugc thdm

XSy dutig C^ng ddng ASEAN theo Hiin chuang

quyln cua cdng ddng qude tl, ddc biet Id su phdt trien ciia khuynh hudng bao luc trong viec gidi quylt cdc vdn dk tdn gido, ddn tdc cua luc lugmg tdn gido cue doan, khuyin khich bao lye khiing bd tai mdt sd quoc gia Ddng Nam A, nhu nhdm hdi gido li khai Abu Sayyaf d Philippine... da tilm dn trong ldng cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A ylu to gay mdt dn dinh vl an ninh-chinh tri trong qud khii, hien tai cung nhu trong tuomg lai.

Ngodi ra, ngay tu nhumg thap nign 60 - 70 ciia thg ki XX cho dgn nay, gifla cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A van tdn tai khodng cdch khd ldn vl trinh do phdt triln. Khodng cdch vl trinh do phdt trign d cdc nudc Ddng Nam A bgc Id d nhumg cap do khdc nhau.^^^ Hien thyc ndy ludn Id mdt trdi ddng lo ngai cho qud trinh lign kit gifla cdc nudc trong khu vyc, cdng hudng vdi nhOmg xung dot, mdu thuin tilm tdng gifla cdc nudc trong khu vuc (nhu mdu thuan gifla Trung Quoc - Vi^t Nam trgn qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa, mau thuan gifla cdc nudc Ddng Nam A vl cdc tranh chdp biln ddo...) trd thdnh nhflmg cdn trd khdng nhd cua qud trinh lign ket, hgp tdc binh ddng gifla cdc nudc thdnh vign.

Nhflng thyc tl ngu trgn da tao ra su cdn trd ldn ddi vdi tign trinh hdi nhdp vd lign kgt khu vyc Ddng Nam A vd dieu ndy chi co the dugc khdc phue bdng viec sdm hinh thdnh md hinh hgp tdc an ninh-chinh tri thich hgp gifla cdc nudc thdnh vign ASEAN, dd Id md hinh c^ng ddng an ninh ndm trong cdu tnic cOng d6ng ASEAN.

2. Cdc nguyen tic va phirong cham chi dfio xfiy dyng ASC

Cdc nguyen tdc ca bdn cho viec hinh

thdnh vd phdt triln ASC dugc ghi nhdn trong TAC vd Hiln chuang ASEAN gom:

a. Thiic day hap tdc chinh tri vd an ninh ASEAN len tdm cao mdi, phit hap vai "Tdm nhin ASEAN ndm 2020" vd khdng nhdm dat tdi hiep udc quoc phdng, lien minh qudn su hay CO chinh sdch doi ngoai chung

Sd dT cdc thdnh vign ASEAN xde dinh nguygn tdc vd phuomg cham xay dyng ASC theo ndi dung ngu trgn Id do ngay tu khi mdi thdnh lap, ASEAN da sdm khdng dinh muc tigu chinh cua Hiep hgi la thdng qua nhumg no lye chung, dya trgn nguygn tdc binh dang, cimg cd Igi dg hudmg dgn phdt trign bgn vumg mdt xa hdi hdi hod d moi nudc, cung cd hod binh khu vuc, khdng ngimg md rdng vd phdt trign hgp tdc chinh tri, an ninh, ngoai giao... Day vira Id chign luge phdt triln chung cua khu vyc, vua la quygt sdch phu hgp vdi mgi giai doan xdy dyng md hinh hgp tdc ciia ASEAN. Hodn todn cd thg higu nguyeh tdc vd phuomg cham thiic ddy hgp tdc chinh tri vd an ninh ASEAN Ign tam cao mdi, phu hgp vdi "Tdm nhin ASEAN ndm 2020" va khdng nhdm dat tdi hiep udc quoc phdng, lign minh qudn sy hay cd chinh sdch ddi ngoai chung theo diing cdch md cdc thdnh vign ASEAN da hinh dung, dd Id bdng mdt tdm nhin, mdt bdn sdc, mdt cdng ddng, ASEAN se trd thdnh mdt nhdm hdi hod cdc ddn tdc Ddng Nam A hudng ra bgn ngodi, quan he gifla cdc thdnh vign dugc duy tri va phdt trien trong mdi trudng hod binh, dn dinh, thinh vugng, gdn bd vdi nhau bdi quan he ddi tdc, phdt trign bin vumg de cd dugc cdng ddng cdc xa hdi dum bgc, cung chia se trdch nhiem. Cong ddng ASEAN trong

Xay dung Cpng ddng ASEAN theo Hien chuang

tuomg lai phdi nhan thuc dugc cdc mdi lign he trong lich sii, phdi higu vd bdo tdn dugc di sdn van hod cua cdc dan tdc Ddng Nam A dg tao sire manh ciia sy gdn bd vdi nhau bang ban sac chung cua khu vyc. Cong ddng ASEAN cua nhumg nam tdi day la cdng ddng phdt trign hien dai, trong dd quan he gifla cdc thdnh vign vdi nhau vd vdi bgn ngodi Hiep hgi la quan he:

- Khdng cd vu khi hat nhan, vu khi giet ngudi hang loat;

- Sir dyng hieu qua Dign ddn khu vyc (ARF) va xay dyng Cdng ddng an ninh ASEAN nham ciing cd va tang cudng ldng tin, thyc hien ngoai giao phdng ngfla, thuc day gidi quygt, loai bd xung dot;

- Loai bd dugc nan ddi, suy dinh duomg, thigu thdn, ngheo khd, ma tiiy;

- Cd khd ndng canh tranh vg cdng nghe, ngudn nhan luc trinh do vd dugc ddo tao;

- Cd sy phat trien bgn vumg ve mdi trudng, tai nguygn thien nhign vd chdt lugmg cugc sdng ciia ngudi dan;

- Cd sy ddng thuan vd tham gia qudn li cua ngudi dan vdo hoat ddng ciia nhd nudc nhdm ddm bdo phiic Igi xa hdi, Igi ich cdng ddng va nhdn phdm cua con ngudi;

- Tao dyng mdt ASEAN hudng ra bgn ngodi de tdng cudng quan he ddi thoai, ddi tdc phdt trign vdri cdc qude gia, vimg lanh thd vd cdc td chuc qude tg.

b. ASC se duac thuc hien dua tren cdc khdi niem bdo ddm "an ninh todn dien" cho cdc quoc gia thdnh vien ASEAN

Trgn dien ddn khu vyc vd todn cdu, khdi niem an ninh todn dien hien khdng dimg d cdc mdi quan he ddi ngoai thudn tiiy ma

dugc ddt trong tdng thg cdc mdi quan h^

ben trong va bgn ngoai khu vuc, lien quan den nhieu ITnh vuc, tu qudn su, kinh te dgn chinh tri, van hod, xa hdi, mdi trudng...

Tuang ddng vdri cdch ddt van dg dd, neu trudc day, vai ZOPFAN Id sy dg cao vai tro ty cudng, ty dg khdng dan tdc vd khu vyc, khdng mudn cd su can thiep cua cdc nudc vdo cdng viec ndi bd cua minh thi vdi tu duy cua an ninh todn dien, ngn an ninh dich thuc va bgn vumg ciia ASEAN lai can cd su tham gia cua cdc nudc dg ddm bdo duy tri thudng xuygn mdi trudng an ninh khu vuc, phdt huy tinh tich eye cua cac cdng cu hgp tdc an ninh hien cd nhu ZOPFAN, SEANWFZ, ARF, dudri tdc ddng cua "chu nghTa khu vyc md", chu nghTa da phuong vd an ninh tap thg. Phuang cham hien thuc hod ASC dya trgn ngn tdng an ninh toan dien tai Kl hoach hdnh dgng ASC thdng qua trong Hdi nghi Cap cao ASEAN nam 2004 la digu chinh chign luge diing dan de Hiep hdi cd dugc sue manh tap thi cung nhu siic ty cudng quoc gia-dan tdc vd khu vyc, qua dd ndng cao vi thg phdp li cua ASEAN tai cdc dien ddn quoc tl.

c. ASC ndi rieng vd Cong dong ASEAN ndi chung se khong tao thdnh mot khdi khep kin md md rdng hap tdc vdi ben ngodi qua cdc ca che, khudn khd ddi thoai vd hap tdc ve an ninh-chinh tri dd duac thiet lap

Thyc tign hgp tdc an ninh-chinh tri trong bdn thdp nien qua cua ASEAN cho thdy co sy ddng hdnh gifla qud trinh md rgng Hiep hdi vd xu thi tang cudng quan he doi thoai vdi cdc nudc trong, ngoai khu vuc vd cdc to chuc qude tl. Hien tai cung nhu thdi gian

Xay dung Cpng dong ASEAN theo Hien chuang

tdi, hgp tdc an ninh cua ASEAN vln dugc duy tri thdng qua ARF (mdt thilt chi khdc vdi su hien dien cua 26 qude gia vd nin kinh te, theo tinh chdt cua ca chg hgp tdc an ninh da phuang). Theo phuang cham khdng tao thdnh khdi khep kin md md rdng hgp tdc vdi ben ngodi qua cdc ca chg, khudn khd ddi thoai vd hgp tdc vg an ninh-chinh tri da dugc thiet lap, hien phdn ldm cdc thdnh vign cua dien ddn dang mudn day nhanh tign trinh phdt trign ARF nhdm thg chg hod ca chg ddm bdo an ninh tdng thg.

3. Cor cau cua ASC

Phu hgp vdi cdc myc tigu cua Hign chuang ASEAN nhu: Duy tri, thuc ddy hod binh, an ninh, dn dinh vd tdng cudng ban nfla cdc gid tri hudmg tdi hod binh trong khu vyc; duy tri Ddng Nam A Id khu vyc khdng cd vu khi hat nhdn vd cdc loai vu khi buy di^t; ddm bdo dg nhan dan vd cdc qude gia thdnh vien ASEAN sdng hod binh vdi thg gidi trong mdi trudmg cdng bdng, dan chu vd hod hgp; tang cudng ddn chu, thiic ddy qudn tri tdt, phdp quyln, bdo ve vd thiic ddy nhdn quyln vd cdc quyln ty do ca bdn, vdi sy tdn trgng thich ddng cdc quygn vd trdch nhiem cua cdc quoc gia thdnh vien ASEAN; cimg nhau ddi phd h&u hieu vdi tdt cd cdc nguy CO, cdc loai tdi pham xuygn qude gia vd cdc thdch thuc xuygn bign gidi... ASC dugc thiet ke theo md hinh sau:

a. Hpi nghi Bd truang ngoai giao ASEAN (AMM)

Trong khudn khd thi chi ASEAN, lign quan din ASC thi AMM chinh Id try cdt ciia Hgi ddng dilu phdi chung cua ASEAN, dugc thilt kl vdi chiic ndng chudn bj cdc

phign hgp cho Cdp cao ASEAN, dieu phdi viec trign khai cdc thda thuan vd quyet dinh cua Cap cao ASEAN vd quan trgng hom cd Id phdi hgp vdi ASC nham tang cudng tinh ddng bd vg chinh sach, hieu qud cua hgp tdc an ninh ASEAN.

b. Hdi ddng Cdng ddng an ninh ASEAN Vg nguygn tdc, ASC se hgp it nhat 2 ldn mdt nam, do bd trudng cd lign quan cua qude gia thdnh vign gifl cuang vj Chu tich ASEAN chu tri. Hign chuang ASEAN quy dinh tryc thudc ASC se cd cdc ca quan cdp bd trudng chuygn ngdnh nhu Hdi nghi bd trudng qude phdng (ADMM); Hdi nghi bg trudng phdp ludt (ALAWMM); Hdi nghi cap bd trudng vg phdng chdng tdi pham xuygn qude gia (AMMTC). Bgn canh ca quan ndy, ASC cdn bao gdm cd Uy ban khu vyc Ddng Nam A khdng cd vu khi hat nhdn (SEANWFZ Commision) vd Dien ddn an ninh khu vyc.

Sy ra ddi ciia Dien ddn an ninh khu virc ASEAN bigu hien rd net nhdt ca chg hgp tdc an ninh mdi tai khu vyc chdu A-Thdi Binh Duomg. Trong chien tranh lanh, an ninh khu vuc ndy gan lign vdi sue manh cua MT, thdng qua cdc hiep udc phdng thu song phuang ki gifla MT vd mdt sd nudc chdu A. Sy kgt thiic cua chign tranh lanh da cd dnh hudng sdu sac din eye dien chinh tri d day, vdi sy dieu chinh lai chinh sdch vd chign luge quan he gifla cdc quoc gia. Trong ITnh vyc an ninh chung, ASEAN cd gdng thdo gd nhumg ngdi nd dg gay xung dot trong khu vyc ddng thdi tim cdch khai phd cdc con dudng dg tign tdi thigt lap ca chg hgp tdc an ninh da phuang, phu hgp vdi tinh da dang cua chdu A-Thdi

Xay dung Cpng ddng ASEAN theo Hien chuang

Binh Duomg. Chinh thdng qua qud trinh ndy da hinh thdnh sdng kign ve thdnh lap Diln dan khu vyc ASEAN va sdng kign dd dugc chap nhan tai Hdi nghi ldn thii 26 cdc bd trudng ngoai giao ASEAN. Sau dd, nhieu cudng quoc trong vd ngodi khu vuc Ddng Nam A ung hd sdng kign ndy nhu MT, Trung Quoc, Nhat Bdn, Nga...

Muc dich md cdc thdnh vign ki vgng vdo Dien dan nay la khuygn khich sy ddi thoai, tham khao cd tinh chat xay dyng vg cdc van dg chinh tri-an ninh md cdc bgn cimg quan tdm vd hudng tdi viec xay dyng ldng tin cflng nhu ngoai giao phdng ngfla d khu vyc chdu A-Thdi Binh Duomg. Trong sudt 14 nam hoat ddng, ARF da ddp ung dugc mdt phan quan trgng mong mudn ciia cdc thdnh vien, digu ndy thg hien rd d nhumg ddng gdp cua dien ddn ndy:

- Dign ddn dd thu hiit dugc cdc cudng qude ldn cung nhu cdc nudc cd vai trd quan trgng vg hgp tdc chiln luge d chdu A-Thdi Binh Duomg tham gia. Thyc tl, ARF da dua cdc quoc gia vdn khdc biet ve lich sir, tdn gido, vdn hod, sac tdc, chg do chinh tri vd trinh do phdt trign tham chi thu dich nhau cimg ngdi vdo bdn hdi nghi dk thdo ludn cdc van dg lien quan tdi hod binh vd an ninh trong khu vyc. Chi rigng digu ndy da mang lai y nghTa to ldn cho sy phdt triln cua chau A-Thdi Binh Duang, vdn Id khu vuc trudc day cdn thigu vang nhumg no luc chung vl hgp tdc an ninh da phuomg.

- Tren thyc tign, tai Dien ddn ARF da cd cdc cugc ddi thoai vdi cap do, hieu qua khdc nhau vg nhigu van dg bat ddng gifla cdc qude gia trong khu vyc, nhu cdc tranh chdp tren

biln Ddng (vdn dl Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa), van dg Campuchia, van de bdn ddo TriSu Tign.... Khdng nhumg thg, thdng qua ARF, cudi cimg, ASEAN da dua Trung Quoc vao tien trinh cua Dien ddn da phuang ndy vdi cdc cugc ddi thoai tich eye. ARF da tao ra co cau quan trgng dg Trung Quoc hod nhdp vao khu vuc chau A-Thdi Binh Duong. Dieu ndy ddng nghTa vdri hod binh, dn dinh trong khu vuc dugc ddm bdo hom.

- Thdng qua su hien dien cua minh, ARF khdng chi cung cdp cho cdc nuac vua vd nho mdt cdng cy gifl gin an ninh khu vuc ma cdn tao digu kien cho cdc nudc ldm nhu MT, Nh$t Bdn, Nga, Trung Quoc ddng vai trd xay dyng ddi vdi an ninh vd dn dinh d chdu A- Thdi Binh Duomg.

- Bang nhflmg boat dgng trao ddi thdng tin, ARF da vd se xay dung, nudi dudng mot he thdng thdng tin md rdng ve hgp tdc an ninh gifla chinh phu vd cdc quan chuc quan su, gifla chinh phu vd ITnh vuc phi chinh phil. Digu ndy ciing Id ddng gdp quan trong ddi vdi viec xay dung ldng tin, tang cudng sy hieu bigt lan nhau gifla cdc nuac thanh vien ARF.

Nhin lai lich sir hinh thdnh vd phdt trien cua ARF, cd thg thay Dien dan ra ddi mang y nghTa quygt dinh ddi vdri cdc van de cua an ninh da phuang ASEAN vd cdc quoc gia chdu A-Thdi Binh Duong. Trong quan h$

gifla cdc thdnh vien hiep hgi, ARF ddng vai trd gidi quygt cdc van de tranh chap m^t cdch hod binh, chdng lai sy de dga cua cac nudc ldn ddng thdri tao cho ASEAN phdt huy vai trd chu ddng cua minh. Vi Id khu vuc mi cdc nudc ldn ludn mudn mo rdng dnh hudi^

Xay dung Cpng dong ASEAN theo Hiin chuang

(nhdt Id MT) ngn cdc nudc ASEAN cd Igi ich song cdn trong viec ldm thi ndo dl can bdng Igi ich gifla cdc nudc ldm, loai bd khd ndng tdn tai "khodng trdng quyln lye". Viec hinh thdnh mdt dien ddn vdi sy tham gia cua 26 nudc, trong dd cd cdc cudng quoc Nga, MT, Nhat, Trung Quoc, EU vd cdc nudc khdc trong khu vyc Ddng Nam A da ldm cho Ddng Nam A trd thdnh trung tam trong he thdng bdo ddm an ninh Ddng A vd cd khu vyc chdu A-Thdi Binh Duomg.

Vdi cdc nudc ngodi Hiep hdi, ARF Id tdm digm ciia cdu tnic an ninh da phuang tai khu vyc, ddng vai trd hflu ich trong viec ngdn chdn nhflmg cugc xung dot trong tuomg lai tai khu vyc chdu A-Thdi Binh Duomg.

Theo cdc nudc thdnh vign ngoai ASEAN, thdng qua ARF, lan ddu tign, cdc nudc cd co hgi thdo luan vdi nhau vg cdc van dg an ninh vd chinh tri tap thi. Ngodi ra, ARF cung tao vai trd Idnh dao trong viec vach ra cdc qud trinh hgp tdc an ninh d khu vyc chdu A-Thdi Binh Duong cua ASEAN vd ba nudc quan sdt vign Id Vi?t Nam, Ldo, Papua New Gunea. Hien nay, ARF cd 26 thdnh vign, bao gom 10 qude gia ASEAN, 10 nudc ddi thoai ciia ASEAN (Id Uc, Canada, Trung Qude, An Dg, Nhdt Bdn, Hdn Qude, Hoa Ky, New Zeland, Nga), mot quan sdt vign ciia ASEAN la Papua New Gunea vd mdt sd quoc gia khdc, dd Id Cgng hod dan chu nhan ddn Trieu Tien, Mdng Cd, Pakistan, Ddng Timo vd Bangladesh.

Nhu vdy, mdt vdi thap ki tdi, boat ddng cua ARF trong khudn khd ASC phdi cd dugc ddc tinh quan trgng cua co chg an ninh da phuong khu vyc, dd Id ty giiip minh, ty tin

tudng vdo minh vd ty kilm chi. Cd nhu vdy, cdc qude gia mdi cd thg gdp phdn vdo viec hinh thdnh vdng cung an ninh ddng dan cu nhdt tren thi gidi vd cung Id vdng cung hod binh, dn dinh, hua hen sy phdt trign tdt dep.

Mudn vay, vg phuang dien chinh tri thi ARF phai duy tri dugc "md hinh ung xu than thien" cd trong hien tai lan tuomg lai, dudi hinh thuc Diln ddn ddi thoai vd hgp tdc vg an ninh khu vyc. Rigng cdc nudc ASEAN, qua ARF, vai trd digu hod quan digm khdc biet gifla cdc thdnh vign nham tdng cudng su ddng thuan se thuc day ARF tien trign vi muc tigu hod binh, dn dinh vd hgp tdc phdt trien d chdu A-Thdi Binh Duomg./.

(1). D6ng Nam A tCr th^ ki XVI da tra thanh d6i tupng xam lupc cua cdc nu6c tu bin phuciig Tdy. Tdi thS ki XIX, hau nhu tit ca cdc nude Dong Nam A d6u tra thanh thuOc dia ciia chu nghTa tu ban phuang Tay (Philippine bj TSy Ban Nha thdng trj tir cuoi th6 ki XVI; Indonesia bj Ha Lan thdng trj tir cuoi thS ki XVII;

Malaysia bj Anh thSng trj tir cu6i the ki XIX; Vi^t Nam, Lao, Campuchia bj Phap thdng trj tir cu6i th€ ki XIX; Brunei bj Anh chiSm d6ng tir cuoi the ki XIX), trir Thai Lan (nhung ciing bj phy thu$c ch^t chg vao Anh). Xem: "Con duang phdt trien cua mot so nuac chdu A-Thdi Binh Duang", GS.PTS. Duang Phu Hifp, Nxb. Chinh trj qu6c gia. Ha Npi, 1996, tr. 156.

(2). Qua so sanh cho thiy chua c6 khu vuc nao trSn the gi6i lai bao gom dly dii cac ton giao ldn nhu Phat giao, Thien chiia giao, H6i giao, Khdng giao nhu a Ddng Nam A. Ching han, b Thai Lan qude giao la dao Phat; a Philippine qude giao la Thien Chua giao;

Brunei la trung tam hdi giao I6n nhdt d khu vuc Ddng Nam A...

(3). d tim khu vuc, d6 la khoang each giCi'a cac nudc la thanh vien ban diu vdi cac thanh vien gia nh§p sau cua to chiirc nay; khoang each phat trien cung tdn tai trong timg quoc gia, dd la khoang each giita cac viing, ^ miSn ngay trong mpt qude gia.