CONG DONG ASEAN VA VAN DE AN NINH HIEN NAY d DONG A*
LE VAN MY **
D 6 MINH CAO ***
Tom t&t: TrUdc them thap ni&n thd: ba cua the k^ XXI, tgi An Dp DiOmg -Thdi Binh DiCang, bao gom Dong A, nai ASEAN dUgc coi la "cot lot", dang vd se con not len nhdng dgt "song nong" cua nhieu vdn de an ninh cdn cgng ddng qu6c te chung tay giai quyet.
Bdi viet ldm ro viec ASEAN vdi cdu true vd sdc mgnh cpng dong mdi dang trd thdnh
"trung tam" lien ket khu vUc; ASEAN dang tich ciCc tham gia gidi quyet mpt sd vdn de nSi len trong an ninh Dong A: Bdi Loan (Trung Quoc), phi hgt nhdn hoa bdn ddo Triiu Tien, Biin Hoa Dong, Biin Dong, an ninh phi truyen thong. Vdi vai tro tr&n, ASEAN dang trd thdnh nhdn to quan trgng trong viec dinh hinh cdu true an ninh m&i trong khu vUc.
TU khoa: ASEAN, ASEAN+, an ninh, Bong A, An Dp Diiang - Thdi Binh Duang.
H
i§p hoi cae qu6'c gia Dong Nam A -ASEAN da tien tdi mpt t^ng na'c phat trien mdi, trd thanh Cong d6ng ASEAN (AC) ngay 3V12/2015. Muc ti&u Idn n h a t cua AC la mang lai nhieu cd h6i cho hcfn 600 trieu dan cac nUdc ASEAN, la nen t a n g de thuc day va lam sfiu sac hOn hop tac khu vUc d l giai quyet dUcfc nhiftig thaeh thdc hien nay cung nhU thaeh thutc dang n6i nen trong toan cau hoa hi&n na^^' ASEAN co ccf che hoat dgng ro rang, CO tiem lUc chinh tri, kinh te va quan sir m a n h trong dau t r a n h vi an ninh khu vUc;ASEAN dang va se c6 nhflng hoat dong
thiet thUc doi vdi viec giai quyet nhiJng van de nong noi len trong an ninh Bong A;
dac biet, vai tro nSi trpi cua ASEAN dUcfc the hign trong viec giai quyet cac van d4 an ninh phi truydn tho'ng tai khu vifc. Vdi noi dung ccf ban tren, bai viet dong gop vao vi&c n h a n thOfc t a m quan trong cua ASEAN trong vi§c hinh thanh cue dien an ninh tai Dong A hien nay.
1. ASEAN - c a u t n i c a n ninhi q u a n trpng c u a k h u vifc
Tac gia Telo M., trong cong trinh "Chu nghia khu vUc trong thcfi dai kho khan. Xu
* Bai viet la ket qua nghiSn ciiu ciia dl tai cap Bo nam 2019: Vai tro cua Trung Qu6'c va My d^i vdi an ninh D6ng A ttr sau Dai hSi 19 DCS Trung Quoc: Tac dong va dif bao
** TS. Le v a n My, *** TS. De Minh Cao, Vien Nghien ciJu Trung Quoc
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 7/2019
hiJcfng canh tranh va hau tif do d chfiu Au, chau A, chau Phi va chau My", da danh gia vai tro quan trong cua ASEAN trong cau true an ninh khu vUc va cho r i n g , ASEAN ket hop vdi EU co the cijng co cau true da trung tam va trd thanh nen tang cua quan tri toan eau, bang each mcf rgng so lUcfng chu the tham gia vao no, han che y chi cua cac cu'cfng quoc va kiem che su" phan manh cua he thong the gi6i'^\
Tren thifc te, nhifiag nam gan day, nguyen tac "moi" vdi cong thilc "ASEAN+"
da trd thanh "chia khoa" de ASEAN trd thanh "trung tam" hen ket khu vUc, bien dinh dang nay tr& thanh:
Mpt la, CO cdu ggn nhe nhUng todn dien, CO kha ndng hodn thdnh tdt ca mgi nhiem vu dgt ra: ASEAN dUOC x&y diJng tren ccf sd ba tru c6t chinh (ggn nhe) nhirtig trong moi mpt tru cgt lai co rat nhieu linh virc/thanh to (+). Thi du, cac linh vifc/thanh to trong Cgng dong Chinh tri - An ninh ASEAN (APSC) gom: (i) Hop tac chinh tri;
(ii) Xay diftig va chia se chuan miTc ihig xCf;
(iii) Ngan ngfla xung dot; (iv) Giai quyet xung d6t; (v) Kien tao hoa binh sau xung dot; va (vi) Co che thuc hien. Sau t h a n h to nay diJcfc the hien trong 75 hoat d6ng cu the. Nguyen tac "md" la d ch6 Cgng dong chinh tri - an ninh ASEAN cung nhi/ Ke hoach hanh dgng Viengchan (VAP) khong quy dinh muc tieu cu the va lg trinh thiic hien doi vdi cac boat dgng thugc 6 thanh to ndi tren nen rat Iinh hoat trong viec dat dugc nhCfng muc tieu mong muon.
Hai Id, to chdc ngay cdng mgnh:
ASEAN+" bao ham hai ham y ldn: "cgng"
cho moi thanh vien noi rigng va "cgng" cho cgng dong noi chung. (i) Dot vdi cdc nitdc thdnh vien: Gia nhap ASEAN, sdc manh
cua moi thanh vien diu diftxc nhan len do nhihig dieu kien va quy dinh ngi khoi dem lai. V l mat an ninh, tuy khong cd quy dinh nao rang bugc trach nhiem bao ve nhau trong tnfcfng hcfp khan cap, nhiftig khi ASEAN cd tieng ndi chung ung hd mgt van d l nao dd vdi mdt nifdc nao dd hay vdi ca cgng dong thi nUdc cd lgi ich h e n quan diTpc hirdng lgi. (ii) Bdi v&i toan ASEAN:
"ASEAN+" da di tir "ASEAN+1" den nhiing
"cong" ldn hcfn, da tiep thSm siic manh cho ASEAN va cac dd'i tac trong "cgng" tren mgi linh virc, dac bi&t trong phat trien thirgng mai, kinh te do co thi tnrdng cung Lfng tieu thu rgng rai va an ninh do quan diem va ap lyc chung tir khdi "cgng"...
Ba la, phdt trien tie trung tam mang y nghia khu VUc den the gi&i: Ban than ASEAN da la mgt lien ket mang tinh khu vUc. Tuy nhien, rgng hcfn, ASEAN+, dae biet la ASEAN+3 la ccf sd mang tinh n i n tang quan trgng de thirc hien sau rgng v l hgi nhap khu vuc. Tren nen ASEAN+3 sau dd cdn la ASEAN+6, ASEAN+8 v.v... Den nay, cd 91 nirdc ctf Bai siJ tai ASEAN va 54 Uy ban ASEAN tai nirdc thd ba dUcfc t h a n h lap. ASEAN co 10 dd'i tac do'i thoai gom:
Australia, Canada, Trung Quo'c, Lien minh chau Au, -An Do, Nhat Ban, New Zealand, Han Qudc, Nga va Hoa Ky. ASEAN cung thiet lap quan he dd'i tac toan dien vdi Lien Hgp Qudc. Harsh V. Pant, Giao sir chuyen ve quan he quoc te tai dai hgc d London nhan dinh, ASEAN "dang trd thanh trung tam dinh hinh kien true cho khu viTc mdi noi d An Bg-Thai Binh Du'gng"*^)
Bon let, tS chiCc co ca che chat che nhUng hoat dpng linh hogt: "ASEAN+" the hien mdc do the che hda da, dang va se tiep tuc nhiT: Ttr Hiep dinh tir do thirong mai (FTA)
Le Van My, Do Minh Cao - Cdng dong ASEAN vd vdn de an ninh hien nay...
giOfa ASEAN vdi cac dd'i tac den "Ddi tdc Kinh ti Toan dien Dong A"(CEPEA) va
"Doi tac k m h te toan dien khu viTc" (RCEP) v.v... Nhir vay, "ASEAN+" la ccf che lay ASEAN lam trung tam, thu hut, md rgng hoat dgng cua mdt to chifc khu vUc vircfii r a the gidi. Trong tiTOng lai, co chg' "ASEAN+"
se tiep tuc dirge suf dung trong dd'i thoai va dam phan vdi cac nirde, khu viTc: ASEAN +3, Hdi nghi cap cao Bdng A (EAS), Diln dan khu vUc ASEAN (ARE), CEPEA, RCEP, Tuyen ho' ve ijfng xiT ciia cac ben d Bi^n Ddng (DOC) va dac biet la Bg quy tac ijfng xLf d bien Ddng (COC), Hiep dinh dd'i tac toan dien va tien bg xuyen Thai Binh Dirgng (CPTPP)... Sir linh hoat ciia
"ASEAN-I-" khdng ehi nang eao iru the ciia ASEAN ma cdn giup thiTc hi&n t h a n h cong chien liTgc "can bang nitdc Idn"^*' 2. A S E A N vdri mOt s6' v a n d e a n n i n h t r o n g k h u v i i c
ASEAN la mgt t a p the va giai quydt cac van de mang tinh d i n g thuan ndn khach quan hcfn so vdi mgt nirdc cu the nao dd, thi du nhiT Trung Qudc, My..., ncfi each giai quyet thirdng xuat phat tir nhiing chien liTcfe va chinh sach cua rieng hg nen mang tinh chu quan hcfn. Viec t h a m gia giai quyg't cac v&'n d l cua ASEAN didn r a theo h a i cap dd: chung eua ASEAN va rieng cua timg quo'c gia trong ASEAN, tuy timg va'n de va thdi diem eu the.
2.1. Van de Bdi Loan
Dd'i vdi ASEAN, va'n de Bai Loan ra't n h a y cam vi: (i) Dai Loan la ngi "sinh ra"
"diTdng liTdi bd" tai Bi^n Bdng (tir nam 1947) de ngay nay Trung Qud'e lgi dung thiTc hien t h a m vgng ddc chid'm viing bien nay; (ii) Lanh th6 Dai Loan dang bi Trung
Qudc "tich circ" n h a p vao Dai luc; (iii) Dai Loan vdi ASEAN (Viet Nam) cd va'n de do lieh sif de lai. Dai Loan chiem dao Ba Binh (thudc chii quyen eiia Viet Nam) va hien nay ludn cd h a n h ddng bao ve hon dao nay; (iv) Dai Loan duy tri quan he thifgng mai va van hoa, xa hgi vdi mdt sd' nirde ASEAN.
Giai phap ciia ASEAN cho va'n de Bai Loan, vi thd', ra't de dat va linh hoat. Mdt mat, kien quyet vdi nhCftig h a n h dgng xam pham ehii quyin nifdc khac de'n tir va'n de Dai Loan. Mdt so' nUde ASEAN keu ggi Trung Qudc Dai luc va Dai Loan kiem che, giai quyet mgi v^n de bang bidn phap hoa binh. Viet Nam ludn phan dd'i Bai Loan t a p t r a n va quan sir hda dao Ba Binh'^' Mat khae, radt so' niTdc ASEAN tiep tuc duy tri quan he thirgng mai, van hda, xa hgi vdi Dai Loan, dae biet sau khi Tong thdng Dai Loan tuyen bo "Chinh saeh hirdng Nam mdi" lay Bdng Nam A lara trgng diem, ttfrig biidc thife hien viee hdi n h a p vao chau A, nham xac dinh lai vi tri va vai trd ciia Dai Loan trong sir phat trien eua chau A, trong dd Viet Nam dirge xem la mdt cau nd'i quan trgng giup Bai Loan xich lai gan hon vdi ASEAN'^'.
2.2. Vdn de phi hat nhan hoa bdn ddo Trieu Tien
Lap tnrdng cua ASEAN v l van d l h a t n h a n Trieu Tien "ra't rd rang va nhat quan": Xudng thang ddi dau, phi hat nhan hoa va ndi lai dam phan 6 bdn, tat ea cac ben lien quan can "tiT Idem che" eae hanh ddng cd the g§y eang thang tren ban dao'^', Tren thirc te, cac ben lien quan da "tii kiem che" va tie'n hanh eac eude do'i thoai thie't thirc. ASEAN da cd nhutig ddng gdp khdng nhd trong va'n de nay. Thdi gian eudi
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 7/2019
nam 2018 va dau nam 2019, chu dl ndng nhat tren cac trang thdng tin va bao chi qud'e te ciing nhu" khu virc la hai eude hgp thirgng dinh My-Trieu vdi hai dia diem thudc ASEAN la Singapore va Ha Ngi.
My, Trieu Tien, Han Qudc va the gidi danh gia cao ddng gdp eua Singapore va Viet Nam ndi rieng va ASEAN ndi chung trong tien trinh phi hat nhan hoa ban dao Trieu Tien. Neu ket qua Thirgng dinh Singapore danh dau mgt giai doan lich sijf phi h a t nhan hda ban dao Trieu Tien (ehinh sif ung hd cting hgp tac ttr cac qudc gia thanh vien ASEAN+3 da giup Ieh dang k^ cho viec dat dirge bitdc t i l n nay*^*) thi Thagng dinh Ha Ngi la bUdc tien mdi eung cd long tin. Nha Trang khang dinh hai ben da dat dirge nhuaig birde tien thiTc sif va tam nhin ve phi hat nhan hda "xich lai gan hgn" so vdi mgt nam trirdc. Tbiigng dinh Ha Ndi difge danh gia la "tiln bd ed y nghia hcfn bao gid he't", (theo Han Qudc), la "hanh ddng ngoai giao dung cam" (T6ng thif ky Lien hgp qudc Antonio Guterres),
"thda thuan chuyen tiep" de ket nd'i qua khd va tirong lai (Virong Tua'n Sinh, ehuyen gia quan he qud'e te cua Vien Khoa hgc x a hgi Trung Qud'c)*^'.
2.3. Van de bien Hoa Dong vd Bien Bong
Day la van de lien quan den nhieu ben, ea trong va ngoai khu vUc. 'VI vay, ddi hdi dd'i vdi cac giai phap eiia ASEAN la linh hoat, phu hgp luat phap quo'c te va thiTc te do'i vdi cgng dong cho nen nhiing giai phap nay mang tinh tong hgp va cd hai tang nae:
nhCfng van dl ehung thugc ca cdng ddng va c6 nhOfng van de cu the do nhufng mrdc cu the giai quye't vdi sir iing hd ciia cgng dong.
Thti nhdt, tdng ciidng nhgn thi^c vd
quyit tam chung cua ca cpng dong: Thdng qua cac diln dan khu vtfc va cae hdi thao khoa hge qudc te' ve Bien Ddng, cae niTde ASEAN, tnrdc hd't, n h a n rd dugc md'i nguy eg do'i vdi an ninh tai bien Hoa Bdng va Bien Bdng lidn quan dd'n Nhat Ban va cae niTdc t h a n h vien cua Cgng ddng. Hien tai tinh hinh an ninh tai bi^n Hoa Ddng va Bien Ddng ndng len chu yeu do tham vpng lanh tho va quan sir hda, dan sir hda h a n h ddng quan siT cua Trung Qudc. Vting nhan dang phdng khdng-ADIZ la "ta'm liTdi phii ca bau trdi" d bien Hoa Ddng, "van ly tnrdng t h a n h bang ten lLfa"'^*^\ canh t r a n h tai nguyen bien, nhir nguin ea va khai thae tai nguyen dau khi, vide sif dung eae thie't bi phiTcfng tidn khdng ngiTdi lai'^^', tau danh ea "dan quan" quan sU hda va quay nhieu... tai Bien Ddng dang lam gia tang nguy CO gay xung dot la riLt hien huXi.
Qua cac diln dan, hgi nghi ciia ASEAN, cac nirdc ludn thao luan, t h a m chi ed ea nhtj^g "nhugng bg" de cd ddng thuan v l van d l Bien Ddng.
Thi£ hai, nang cao site mgnh toan cpng dong va tiCng quoc gia: Be giai quye't v ^ d l Bien Ddng, ngoai nhan thifc radi nguy hiem va quyet tam giai quyd't chung, cae nUdc ASEAN cung hieu rang, hp phai tU manh de cd the cd duge sUe manh "ran de" trUdc ngudi lang gieng. Gan day, nhieu nUdc ASEAN da gia tang tiem lUe qud'e phong ciia minh bang each tang chi phi qudc phdng, mua sara thdra vu khi hidn dai, t i l p nhan sU hd trg trang thiet bi hai quan ttr mgt so' nUdc trong va ngoai khu vufc.
Chi tieu cho vu khi tai Ddng Nara A da tang trung binh gan 10% hang n a m ke tir n a m 2009. Ly do chu ye'u dSn tdi lan sdng hien dai hoa quan ddi va gia tang chi tidu
Le Vdn My, Do Minh Cao - Cgng dong ASE/W vd vdn de an ninh hien nay..
qud'e phong d Bdng Nam A dugc xae dinh la do nhijfng h a n h vi cua Trung Qud'e. Dii ASEAN khdng the can bang sdc raanh quan sir vcfi Trung Qudc theo kieu "an midng t r a mieng", song viee mua sSm vu khi r ^ m rd nay khien Trung Qudc cd thd phai t r a ragt cai gia dat hon neu nUdc nay quye't dinh tie'n h a n h mdt cudc chie'n, vi du nhu d vung bien t r a n h cha'p'^^'
Thit ba, tranh thu su hd trg qudc ti:
"Khong ai sdng don dgc nhU mgt hdn dao trg trgi"<i3' r a t dung vdi t i n h hinh da'u t r a n h hien nay cua ASEAN tai Bien Ddng.
Cac nude ASE.AN da t r a n h thii sU hd trg qudc te' t r e n cac phucfng dien: Mpt la, da dua Biin Dong thank vdn de quoc ti. Vdi cac d i l n dan, hdi nghi md (Cap cao Ddng A-EAS cd My va Nga t h a m gia, ARE md rgng, Hgi nghi Bd trUdng quo'c phdng ASEAN md rdng -ADMM+...) d u l u a n qud'e te' da hieu r i n g , "Bien Bdng khdng phai ciia rieng Trung Qudc" (Tudng Daniel Sehaeffer, Chuyen gia eua Bd Qud'e phdng Phap, Nghi Quye't Bien Bdng Cua Ha Vien Hoa Ky...), nhieu nUdc da len an Trung Qud'e quan sU hda Bien Ddng. Ttr n a m 2016, cac nUdc G7 da thdng n h a t la can thiet phai ed thdng diep m a n h rae hcfn dd'i vdi Trung Qud'e. Hai la, tranh thu sU giup da ve khi tdi quan sU. My da ndi long lenh cam van vij khi vdi Viet Nam de Ha Ngi ed dieu kien mua vu khi ttr My. Viet Nam, Philippines n h a n dupe sU hd trg eae tau tuan t r a ttr N h a t Ban... Ba la, md rpng quan he kinh ti mang tinh an ninh.
Malaysia, Singapore va Viet Nam da la t h a n h vien cua CPTPP, trong dd khdng cd Trung Qudc t h a m gia. Bg!t cha'p phan ddi va de dpa tir BSc Kinh, eae cdng ty cua Nga, An Dd, mdi day la My*^*' v i n tiep tuc va se hidn thue hda eae hgp d i n g khai thac
d^u khi vdi Viet Nam tai Bien Ddng, ncfi Trung Qudc mdi ve lai dudng chin doan t h a n h liln net va eoi Bien Bdng la "ao nha" ciia hp. Cae hgp ddng tren khdng ehi mang tinh kinh te' raa eon mang tinh an ninh. Mdt khi cd sU hidn dien ciia eac cdng ty thudc ba nude ke tren, Trung Qude khd ed the thufe hien cac h a n h ddng mang tinh quan sU tra'n ap tai cac viing bien nay.
ThU tu, ddu tranh bang phUang tien chinh tri - phdp ly: Hien ehUtfng ASEAN de cao bien phap hda binh trong ragi quan he, ke ca trong giai quye't van d l an ninh Bien Ddng vdi Trung Qudc. Cho de'n nay ASEAN dang lam tdt dieu nay:
Yeu cdu Trung Qu6c thUc hien DOC:
Ngay ttr nam 2002, ASEAN da ky ket vdi Trung Qudc Tuyen bo' ve tjftig x& cua eae bdn tren Bien Ddng (DOC). Tuy nhien, Trung Qud'e lien tuc vi pham: van bat giU, danh ehim tau thuyen danh ea eua ASEAN, v i n ra lenh cam danh bat ea, van dem Hai Duong 891, Bdng Phucfng 13-2 vdo vung dac quyen kinh te' eiia Vidt Nam, v i n bdi dap 07 dao nhan tao do chid'm ddng ciia Viet Nam, va quan sU hda ehiing, van dem tau ca "dan quan" can trd boat dgng tU do hang hai va boat dgng kinh te' bien binh thudng ciia eac nUdc ASEAN. Mac du tinh hinh ngay cang toi te hem, cae nude ASEAN luon keu ggi Trung Qudc thUe thi BOC nhara ban che cang nhieu eac hanh ddng phi phap ciia Trung Qudc cang tdt. Tich cUc thiic day soan thao va thdng qua COC: Tren thUc te, ca Trung Qude l i n .ASEAN deu thay rang, DOC va sau dd la Ban quy tae hUdng d i n DOC da khdng cdn hieu qua, mae du ca hai ben v i n vien d i n nd trong tranh cai ve Bien Bdng. V\ the, hai Ben da thong nhat scan thao va thUc hien Bg Quy tSe Ung xii
8 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 7/2019^
(COC) mdi raang tinh rang huge phap ly hcfn. Tuy nhien con dUdng tU DOC de'n COC la ra't dai, quanh eo, khue khuyu.
Tuy nhien, COC v i n la mgt trong cac phuong thUe dau tranh phap ly hgp phap vdi Trung Qudc n h i m giam bdt cang thang tai Bi^n Bdng, gdp p h i n vao cudc dau tranh vi mdt nen hda binh thUe sU trong khu vUc. VI the, cac nude ASEAN v i n Men tri va quye't tara tim mgi bien phap thieh hgp dam phan de cd mdt COC thuc chat, bieu qua va phu hpp vdi luat phap qud'e td', eong bang cd the chap nhan dugc. Quye't tam dd dupe khang dinh theo tinh than Tuyen bd chung eua Hgi ngbi Bd trUdng Ngoai giao ASEAN td chifc tai Manila, Philippines ngay 28/4/2017*^^' va tai eae hdi nghi tiep theo khac.
Thic ndm, ddu tranh tren thUc dia: Cude da'u tranh phap ly la lau dai va ke't qua dat dupe kha mong manh. Trong khi dd, dd' COC cd the dugc r a ddi, tren thuc dia Bien Ddng rat nhieu sU kien, chu yeu do hanh ddng ciia phia Trung Qudc dang tie'p tuc diln ra ngay eang nhilu, he luy ngay eang nghiem trgng eho nhCfng van de an ninh eu the khac nhau. Dieu nay ddi hdi nhiing nUdc ASEAN la dd'i tugng trUc tie'p cua cac h a n h dgng cua Bftc Kinh, eung nhU ASEAN ndi chung, phai cd nhdng giai phap cap nhat tren thUc dia nham tranh de tinh hinh phUe tap hon.
Nam 2014, sau gan hai thang vdi nhdng nd luc phi thudng cua quan va dan Viet Nam ea tren mat t r a n phap ly, trong tbdi gian cae hgi nghi khu vUc ciing nhU tai cac cP quan qud'e te lien quan, ea tren thu'e dia noi Trung Quo'c dat gian khoan HD 981, Tnmg Qudc mdi chiu ddi "tien ddn ndi" nay khdi vung kinh te' dae quyen ciia Viet Nam
tai Hoang Sa. Cude da'u t r a n h da can dd'n ca tinh mang ciia ngudi dan va ngUdi linh Viet Nam. Thang 4/2019, rapt lan nCa Trung Qudc lai dUa gian khoan, lan nay la Bdng PhUPng 13.2 CEPB vao vung kinh td' dae quyin ciia Viet Nam tai khu vUc Vinh Bac Bd. Tinh hinh lan nay cung gidng nhU nam 2014. Tau chip phap cua Viet Nam v i n hi tau Tnmg Qudc dam nat. Nhieu chie'n si Viet Nam da bi thUcfng. Tnrdc dd, ngay 06/03/2019, trong khu vUe dao Da Loi thude quan dao Hoang Sa, tau ca QNg 90819 TS eiia Vidt Nam bi tau Trung Qud'e dam ehira.
Viet Nam ludn phai gifi cdng h a m phan dd'i eae boat dgng xara pham nghiem trgng chu quyen cua Viet Nara dd'i vdi Hoang Sa, TrUdng Sa, di ngUge lai Thoa thuan v l nguyen tac cP ban chi dao giai quyd't va'n de tren bien gida Viet Nam va Trung Qudc.
Tuong tu, Philippines cung nhidu lan gifi cdng ham phan dd'i cae h a n h dgng phi an ninh cua Trung Quo'c. Vu viec radi nhat la edng hara phan dd'i 275 tau va thuyln Trung Qudc xuat hien xung quanh dao Thi TU t u diu nam 2019 de'n nay^^^'. Nude nay eon sSn sang trien khai eac tau ciia minh ddi dau tau Trung Qude tai day va cd the kien len Lien Hop Qud'c'^'*
Dau tranh tren thuc dia eara go va phUe tap. Tuy nhidn, dd la giai phap can thiet giup ASEAN giam nhiet ragt sd vu viec de vide nho khdng trd t h a n h to, gdp phan vao cugc da'u tranh chung vi mdt khu vUc Bien Ddng hda binh, tu do hang hai, dam bao chii quyen cua cac nUdc trong khu vUc.
2.4. Cong dSng ASEAN vd rngt so van de an ninh phi truyen thong tgi Bong A
ASEIAN vdi tu each radt cdng dong an ninh va timg thanh vien Cgng ddng da va
Le Vdn My, Dd Minh Cao - Cgng ddng ASEAN vd vdn de an ninh hien nay...
dang tich cUc t h a m gia giai quyet v i n de an ninh phi t r u y i n thdng dang ngay cang phufc tap, de lai nhufng hd luy khd lUdng tai Ddng A. NhCfng hudng giai quye't chinh gdm:
Mpt Id, dinh che hoa phuang thUc giai quyit: Ba tru cdt, dac biet la tru cdt Chinh tri-an ninh cua ASEAN ddu h a m chUa nhOfng quan diem va dinh hUdng v l phdng ehdng va giai quye't van de an ninh phi truyen tbd'ng. Tai ASEAN tdn tai hai hinh thUe the che da phucmg, hao gom: (i) Cdc the che do ASEAN giit vai tro dieu phoi, ARE, EAS, -ADMM va ADMM+; (ii) Cdc the che da phuang khdc nhU: APEC;
ASEM. Tai ehinh eac the che nay, nhieu van kien quan trgng ve an ninh phi truyin tho'ng da dUpe thdng qua va di vao eugc sdng. VI du tidu bilu la Cdng Udc ASEAN ve phdng, chdng budn ban ngUdi, dae biet la phu nU va tre em (ACTIP); Tuydn bd ASEAN ve phdng, chdng budn ban ngUdi n a m 2004; Tuyen bd Bali 2002 ve Tie'n trinh khu vUe e i p Eg tnrdng ve ehdng di cU hat hpp phap, buon ban ngUdi va eac tgi pham xuyen qud'e gia cd lidn quan; Sang kien phdi hpp cap Bd trUdng khu vUc sdng Mekong ehdng n a n budn b a n ngUcfi (COMMIT) 2004; Cac ban ghi nhd ve hop tae song phuong xoa bd n a n budn ban ngUdi giUa cac qudc gia ASEAN...
Hai Id, tdng cu&ng y thdc cda cpng dong vd ngU&i ddn ve an ninh phi truyen thong:
Gan day ASEAN da lam rd nhCfng rui ro dd'n tir hnh vUc an ninh phi truyen thdng nhU:
chdng khiing bd, budn ban ma tuy, budn ngudi, bao dam an ninh, an toan hat nhan, an ninh mang, hd trg nhan dao va culi trg thidn tai, an toan va an ninh bien... ASEAN da va dang tie'n h a n h hang loat hoat ddng truyen ba kien thUe, tuyen truyen, khuyen
khieh eae hoat dgng bao dam an ninh phi truyin tbd'ng trong khu vUc.
Hang nam, vao cac ngay ky niem: Ngay Dat ngap nUdc The gidi 2/2, Ngay Nude the gidi 22/3, Ngay KM tUpng the gidi 23/3, Gid Trai d i t vao thG bay cudi cung ciia t h a n g ba, Ngay Mdi trUdng the gidi 5/6,...
tai cac nUde ASEAN deu d i l n r a eae boat dpng ky nidm vdi nhieu chii d l , hinh thUc hoat ddng phong phu v l hinh thifc ndi dung, thu hiit nhieu ngUdi tham gia. Bay la nhCftig dip tdt de giao due tinh than yeu quy va bao ve tU nhien, mdi trUdng...
Ba la, hop tdc thuc thi ddm bdo an ninh phi truyen thdng: Su hop tae nay cua ASEAN dUOe thd hien trdn hai phUcfng dien: (i) Hgp tdc npi khoi: Nhuhg nara qua ASEAN, thdng qua cae hgi nghi, dien dan khu vUe, nhOlig Tuyen bd, Chuong trinh, Cdng Ude, Du an quan trgng v l h n h vue nay da dugc dUa vao thUe tiln. Nam 2018,
"Bao ve mdi trUdng b i i n eho vimg bien Ddng Nam A" (MEPSEAS) dupe khdi ddng n h a m mue tieu hUdng tdi mgt hd thd'ng van tai b i i n b i n vuhg va giai quye't cac van de radi trUdng bien quan trgng'^^'- Nam 2019, va'n dd rac thai bien dugc neu ra va bat dau thUc hien hoat ddng bao ve bien tai Hdi nghi dac bidt Bd trUcfng ASEAN ve rac thai bien td ehUc tai Bangkok, Thai Lan. Cung tai Thai Lan, v a n de ngudi Rohingya d Rakhine, Myanmar dUgc de cap va tim ra phUPng budng giai quye't tiep theo tai Hgi nghi hep bd trudng ngoai giao ASEAN. ASEAN thie't lap dUOc ragt nguon quy dac biet de hd trg Myanmar, dU an dupe Nhat Ban san sang ho trg tai chinh, vdi hy vpng giup eho viec hdi hUOng va hd trg nhan dao eho 720.000 ngudi Rohingya'^^'. (ii) Hgp tdc
Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A, so 7/2019^
trong khuon kho ASEAN+: Trong eac nam 2017, 2018 va 2019, My da va se ban giao eho Viet Nam nhieu tau tuan duyen, xudng cao tdc. Day la nhUng cong cu hd trg tich cUe Viet Nam trong linh vUc thuc thi luat hang hai, hoat dgng tim kiem va euU hg tren bien, hgp tac trp giup nhan dao hang hai trong vung lanh hai va dae quyen kinh te. Cae nam trudc dd. My cung da chuyen eho Philippines nhieu tau tuan duyen cd ciing raue dieh.
Nam 2018, Tokyo eimg ASEAN da thUc thi 03 Bd'i thoai ve mdi trUdng: Bd'i thoai lan thCf 12 ASEAN - Nhat Ban ve hpp tae radi trUdng; Hgi nghi cac quan chdc cap cao ve radi trudng ASEAN+3 lan thU 15 (ASEAN+3 SOME 15) va Hgi ngbi eac quan ehUe cap cao ve radi trUdng Ddng A I l n thd 3 (EAS-OM 5). Trung tam Xuc tie'n va Hgp tac quo'c te' lain nghiep Nhat Ban (JIFPRO), trong nhCfrig nara qua da hd trg nhieu dU an trong rtmg, trong dd cd rimg ngap man tai mgt sd nude ASEAN, bao gdm Viet Nam, Philippines, Indonesia...
Thang 3/2019, trong khudn kho Hgi thao ARF lan thif 2 ve tang cUdng hpp tac khu vUc trong thuc thi phap luat tren bien td ehUc tai thanh phd Ba Nang, Viet Nam, dai dien Bd Ngoai giao va Thuong mai Australia, nude ddng chu tri Hdi thao da d l xuat cac nude can xem xet muc tieu thiet lap CP che' de bao ve trat tU tren bien, dfng phd hCfu hieu vdi eae loai tdi pham xuydn qud'e gia'^'^l Trong thue te, giUa Australia va Indonesia cd thda thuan hgp tac n h i m ngan ngUa danh bat ca trai phep...
Ket lu^in
An Dp Duong -Thai Binh DUPng ndi ehung va khu vUc Ddng A noi rieng hien
tai dang trai qua thdi ky cd nhCfng bien doi ldn. Ra't nhilu v i n de an ninh dang noi len. Nhilu qud'e gia, to ehde trong va ngoai khu vUc Ddng A vUa la nguyen nhan vira la ddi tupng chiu hftu qua eua chung, dang eiing thara gia vao viec giai quyd't, trong do cd ASEAN. Vdi ciu true, the' ehe' va each van h a n h (ASEAN+), ASEAN da va dang trien khai nang dgng cae hoat ddng t r e n tat ca eac linh vUe sinh boat qud'e te va khu vUe. ASEAN thara gia giai quyet mgt sd va'n de ndng noi bat nhU phi h a t n h a n ban dao Trilu Tien, van de Bien Ddng, van d l an ninh phi truyen thd'ng... Cong ddng qudc te' va khu vUc danh gia ddng gdp ciia ASEAN thiet thue va ed hieu qua. Ben canh dd, ASEAN edn la to ehiife thu hut sU hgp tac qud'e td' cung thara gia giai quye't tren binh didn rdng ldn va hidu qua hOn.
Vai trd trung tam lien kd't khu vUe ciia ASEAN, ea v l mat dia ly l i n vai trd td chUc thue hien, trdn thUc te, dang bie'n cdng dong thanh n h a n td' quan trgng trong viec dinh hinh eau triic an ninh mdi trong khu vUc. Trong cau tnic nay, cd le, vai tro cua ASEAN chi dUng sau hai da'u thu ehinh trong "van b i i ldn" tai An Do Duong -Thai Binh DUPng la Trung Qud'e va My./.
CHU THICH
1. Cgng ddng ASEAN - tru cgt cua Bong Nam A, http://www.bienphong.com.vn/cong-
dong-asean-tru-cot-cua-dong-nam-a/ Truy cap: ngay 28/12/2015.
2. Hinh thdnh Cpng ddng ASEAN - Ca hpi vd thdch thdc, http://www.antv.gov.vn/tin- tuc/quoc-te/hinh-thanh-cong-dong-asean- co-hoi-va-thach-thuc-180687.html.Truy
Le Vdn My, Dd Minh Cao - Cgng dong ASEAN va vdn di an ninh hien nay...
cap: ngay 01/01/2016.
3. Xem: Telo M. Regionalism in Hard Times, Competitive and Post-Liberal Trends in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas (Chu nghia khu vUc va tUong lai ciia quan tri toan cau. Telo M. Chu nghia khu vUc trong thdi ky kho khan, Xu hUdng canh tranh va hau tu do d Chau Au, ChSu A, Chau Phi va Bac va Nara My). London, New York: Routledge, 2017. 86 p.
http //intertrends.ru/system/Doc/ArticlePdf /1770/qeQelTmSCr.pdf
4. Tai Hgi nghi cap cao ASEAN-An D6 ngay 25/1 tai New Delhi An Dd, Harsh V. Pant, Giao sU quan he qudc te' tai dai hgc d London, nhan dinh: "Ngay nay ASEAN va An Do dang trd thanh trung t&m dinh Mnh kien tnic cho khu vUc mdi n6i & An Dp- Thai Binh Duong. Ho deu la nhUng thanh to quan trgng trong vi&c tao ra luat choi mdi d chau A d giai doan khu vUc nay dang d giai doan quye't dinh tUcfng lai can can sdc manh". Hdi nghi cap cao ASEAN-An Do: Kien tao mgt tr^t tU mdi d khu vuc, https://dantri.com.vii/the-gioi/hoi- nghi-cap-cao-asean-an-do-kien-tao-mot- t r a t - t u - m o i - o - k h u - v u c - 2018012508480042 htm. Truy cap: ngay 25/01/2018.
S.Tham khao them: Cung cd vi tri trung tdm cila ASEAN trong bdi cdnh TPP, http://nghiencuuquocte.org/2016/09/02/cung -co-vi-tri-trung-tam-asean-tpp/ Truy cap ngay 02/09/2016.
6. Bdi Loan 'tdng cUbng quan sU vi tu do', https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/world- 41569018. 10 thang 10/2017; Vi^t Nam phdn ddi Bdi Loan Trung Qudc tap trgn tren Biin Bong, https//baoquocte.vn/viet- nam-phan-doi-dai-loan-trung-quoc-tap- tran-tren-bien-dong-80284.html. Truy cap ngay 25/10/2018.
7. Vi tri cua Viet Nam trong chinh sdch hUdng vdo chau A cda Bdi Loan, http://kxhnv.duytan.edu. vn/Hom&ArticleD etail/vn/94/215 9/vi-tri-cua-viet-nam-trong- chinh-sach-huong-vao-chau-a-cua-dai-loan-
tiep, Truy cap ngay 19/12/2018.
^ASEAN keu ggi ttx kiem che tren bdn ddo Trieu Ti&n, https://vnexpress.net/the- gioi/asean-keu-goi-tu-kiem-che-tren-ban- dao-trieu-tien-3577666.html, Truy cap ngay 28/4/2017.
9. Tong thdng Hdn Qudc keu goi ASEAN Aug hp nd lUc hoa binh vdi Trieu Tien.
h t t p : / / b a o b a c g i a n g . c o m . v n / b g / q u o c - te/265099/tong-thong-han-quoc-keu-goi- asean-ung-ho-no-luc-hoa-binh-voi-trieu- tien.html. Truycap ngay 15/11/2018.
10. Tong quan dU luan the gidi ve k^t qud Thiigng dinh My-Trieu ldn 2.
https://bnews.vn/tong-quan-du-luan-the- gioi-ve-ket-qua-thuong-dinh-my-trieu-lan- 2/114402 .html. Truy cap ngay 01/03/2019.
11. Nhan dinh ciia Dd ddc PhiUp Davidson, Chi huy Bd Tu lenh An Do - Thai Binh Duong (INDOPACOM) My tai Diln dan An ninh Qudc te' Hahfax 5 Canada nam 2018; Hgc gia Richard Heydarian tir Dai hgc De La Salle (Philippines), tai hgi thao 'Thuc diy hpp tac an ninh bien d Bien Dong", dien ra tai Ha Ngi ngay 4/12/2018.
12- Quan diem ciia cac hgc gia tai Hoi thao Qudc t l lan thd 10 ve Bien Dong "Bien Dong: Hgp tac vi an ninh va phat trien khu vUc" diln ra tai Ha Ngi ngay 9/11/2018, Kien nghi nhiiu gidi phdp xay dUng long tin de dn dinh d Bien Bdng, https://dantri.com.vn/chinh-tri/kien-nghi- nhieu-giai-phap-xay-dung-long-tin-de-on- dinh-o-bien-dong-20181109210535175.htm.
Truy cap ngay 9/11/2018.
13. Bong Nam A hien dg,i hoa quan dpi Id do Trun^ Qud'e?. http://nghiencuubiendong.vn/
nghien-cuu-dong-nam-a/6935-dong-nam-a- hien-dai-hoa-quan-doi-la-do-trung-quoc, Truy cap ngay 23/04/ 2018.
14. Cdc chuyen gia quoc te vd Viet Nam bdn thuc ddy hgp tdc an ninh tren Bien Bdng.
https://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/cac-chuyen- gia-quoc-te-va-viet-nam-ban-thuc-day-hop- t a c - a n - n i n h - t r e n - b i e n - d o n g - 20181204142417745.htm. Truy cap ngay09/l 1/2018,
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 7/2019^
15. Cong ty Vietsovpetro (Nga) dang hoat ddng tai mgt mo dau each bd bien phia nam ciia Viet Nam 160 km, nam gan md dau ldn nhat Viet Nam la Bach Ho, cung do Vietsovpetro khai thac, nhUng nim ben ngoai "dudng luSi bb» do Bac Kinh tii ve dl yeu sach chu quyen Bien Dong; Exxon Mobil (My) cung Petro Viet Nam trien khai khai thac dau khi tai md Ca voi xanh, 10 ty USD, https://www.youtube.com/watch7v -CMUuJYOAZtU
16. Ngogi triing ASEAN ra tuy^n bd chung ve tinh hinh Triiu Ti&n, Bien Bdng.
h t t p : / / b a o c h i n h p h u . v n / T h o i - s u - ASEAN/Ngoai-truong-ASEAN-ra-tuyen-bo- chung-ve-tinh-hinh-Trieu-Tien-Bien- Dong/304746.vgp, Truy cap ngay 28/04/2017 17. Philippines trao cdng hdm phdn ddi 200 tdu Trung Qud'e dp sdt ddo Thi TU.
https://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/pbilippines- trao-cong-ham-phan-doi-200-tau-trung-quoc- ap-sat-dao-thi-tu-20190402111002164.htm.
Truy cap ngay 02/04/2019.
18. Philipines "nong mat", doa dua tranh chdp Bien Bong ra LHQ neu Trung Qudc vdn vdy Thi TU. https://dantri.com.vn/the- gioi/philipines-nong-mat-doa-dua-tranb- chap-bien-dong-ra-lbq-neu-trung-quoc-van- vay-thi-tu-20190405230836010.htm. Truy cap ngay 05/04/2019.
19. Khdi ddng du dn MEPSEAS bdo ve mdi trudng biin Bdng Nam A,
h t t p : / / w w w . m t . g o v . v n / m o i t r u o n g / t i n - tuc/1089/55480/khoi-dong-du-an-mepseas- b a o - v e - m o i - t r u o n g - b i e n - d o n g - n a m - a.aspx, Truy cap ngay 04/07/2018.
20. Hpi nghi hep bp triing ngoai giao ASEAN thdo ludn 5 vdn de ldn.
h t t p : / / b a o q u a n g n i n h . c o m . v n / q u o c - te/201901/hoi-ngbi-hep-bo-truong-ngoai- g i a o - a s e a n - t h a o - l u a n - 5 - v a n - d e - l o n - 2418365/index.htm, Truy cap ngay 17/01/2019.
21. Hudng tdi xdy dUng quy tdc Ung xit chung cho cdc lUc lugng thUc thi phdp lugt tren bien, http://baophapluat.vn/thoi-su/huong- toi-xay-dung-qity-tac-ung-xu-chung-cho-cac-
luc-luong-thuc-thi-phap-luat-tren-bien- 443121.html. Truy cap ngay 14/3/2019.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 1. D§ Minh Cao (2016), Tham vgng qudn sU
hoa Biin Bdng cua Trung Qudc vd nhUng he luy cd thi, Nghien cUu Trung Quo'c.
ISSN- 0868 3670- Sd 6 (178)- 2016.
2. Nguyin Huy Hoang (2018), Bdnh gid trien vgng ASEAN ndm 2018.
https://vass.gov.vn/noidung/tintuc/Lists/Kb oaHocCongNghe/View_Detail.aspx?IteinID
=56. Truy cap: ngay 10/08/2018.
3. Nguyin Quang Thuan, NhUng vdn de vd khd ndng hop tdc trong linh vUc an ninh phi truyen thd'ng trong khudn khd an ninh chung tgi Bdng A. Bai vie't trong khuon khd Du an hop tac Viet - Nga dugc sU tai trg cua Quy Khoa hgc nhan van Nga sd 14- 27- 09001 (CoBMecTHoe HccneflosaHHe PFHO- BAOH (2014-2015 rr), rpam M 14-27-09001
«nyTH yKpenjiCHHa 6e3onacHOCTH H
COTpyilHHieCTBa B BoCTOHHOii A3HH)>).
4. Tran Minh Son, NhUng chuydn dpng trong cdu trde an ninh khu vUc chdu A - Thdi Binh Duang, http//tapcliiqptd.vn/zh/quoc- phong-quan-su-nuoc-ngoai/nhung-chuyen- dong-trong-cau-truc-an-ninh-khu-vuc-chau- a-thai-binh-duong/6914.html.
5. Tuyen bd ve chuang trinh nghi sU ASEAN ve ben vUng mdi trUdng vd biin dot khi hdu sau ndm 2015, https://asean.thuvienphapluat.vn/cong- dong-asean/cong-dong-van-hoa-xa-boi/Van- kien-phap-ly/moi-truong/445.html. Truy cap: thang 11 nam 2015.
6. Died HBauieHiioB. O SeaonacHocra e Cesepo- BocTo^Hoii A3HH (Vl an ninh d Dong Bac A), http://mirperemen.net/2018/12/o-bezopas- nosti-v-severo-vostochnoj-azii/30.12.2018.
7. HoBfcie BbisoBbi H McxaHHSMbi 6e3onacHOCTH B BocTOMHoii A3HH (NhOng thaeh thdc va co che an ninh mdi tai Ddng A). —• M.; Mfl
«OOPyM», 2016. — 440 c. : HJI. ISBN 978-5- 8199-0675-0.
