NGHIEN CUU&U^IG DUNG
DOI MCfl PHlTtfMG P H A P DAY HOC MO^ LICH Slf VC^I Slf H 6 T R O C t A C 6 ] \ G J^GHE THOMG TEV
1. Nhu cau dat ra can phai dii moi day hoc Lich su-
Ciing vdi cie bd mdn khoa hpe khac, bd mdn Lich sir eung da dupe ddi mdi tir chuomg trinh vdi viec xiy dyng chuom^g trinh ehuin cua bd mdn, the hien trong SGK va thue tien giing day tir tieu hpe cho den bac trung hpe phd thdng. Trpng tim cua ddi mdi tip trung vio ddi mdi phuang phip day hpc (PPDH).
Trong PPDH truyen thdng, giio vien (GV) ehi quan tim kien thiic cin truyen dat cho HS (HS) li cii gi. HS^nhu eai
"binh'' ma_ ngudi thiy phii nhet diy kien thitc vao "binh"
HS hoan toan thu dpng, cie em chi phii nhd nhiing gi ngudi thiy di cung cip, d trang thai hoan thinh. Trong phuomg phip day hpc eu, tinh thu ddng bieu Id d hinh inh ngudi GV diing kha rieng biet tren bue giing va cung cap "eii miu", edn phia dudi la hinh inh eac HS ngdi thanh hing tren ghe, cung lam mdt cdng viec gidng nhau li sao lai eii "mau" mi thay dang eung cip eho hp.
Neu quan niem day hpe la mot nghe thuit thi day hpc chinh la nghe thuit thiic tinh sy hiing thii hpe tip ti-orig tim hdn eac em tharih thieu nien, tinh ham hieu biet, day eie em biet suy nghi va hanh ddng tieh eye. Hiing thii hpe tip, tieh eye, ham hieu biet...
eiia cac em ehi cd dupe trong cii diu thoai mii, sang khoai.
NIU nhoi nhet kien thiic mot cich euong buc thi hieu qui giao due khd cd the nhu mong
mudn. Hiu het HS khi hpe mdn Lich six deu cd ging hpe thupc long ya nhd timg su kien (chi biet) mi khdng cd khi ning phan tich, khii quit, nhin nhin su kien lich sir (hieu vi van dung) _trong bdi canh lich su cu the, tir dd khdng thay rd ban chit, nguyen nhin va mdi lien he ciia cac sy kien, cang khdng the he thdng hda vin de cho de nhd nhiing sy kien dien hinh, tieu bieu cua mdi giai doan lich sy. Vdi phuomg phip tniyen thdng va cich thiic giing day nhu tren khdng the hinh thanh cac nang lye hoc tip eho HS.
De HS chu ddng, tich eye, sing tao trong hpc tip, dap ling yeu cau "xa hdi hpe tip",
" Hpc tap sudt ddi" thi tit yeu phai ddi mdi PPDH trong DHLS hien nay d trudmg phd thdng.
2. Cong nghe thong tin trong day hoc lich sir
Cdng nghe thdng tin (CNTT) la phuomg tien day hpe (PTDH) hien dai ed khi ning tich hpp cao cic chire ning ciia nhiing PTDH truyen thdng nhu tranh inh, bin dd, luac dd, so dd, nien bieu, bieu dd, ban so sanh... va eac phuomg tien ki thuit nhu radio, video, tivi, den chieu overhead, projector, cae loai bing dia...
Die biet vdi khi ning da phuomg tien, da truyen thdng (Multimedia) va kha ning tuong tic (Interactive). Viec ling dung CNTT vio DHLS se giup GV ning cao hieu qui cua viec su dung eic loai dd dimg true quan (DDTQ) khi
ThS. Nguyen Dire Cirorng, Tru&ng DHSP- DH Hue dung lai biic tranh lich sit mot each ehin thyc, giau hinh anih va sinh dpng. Ddng thdi, nd cd the thu hiit sy chii y eiia HS, kieh thich vi huy ddng nhilu giic quan ciia eae em khi nhan thiie, dieu dd gdp phin ning cap hieu qui cua viec ghi nhd kien thuc. Nhd thi, HS de ding hieu diing ban chit ciia su kien, hien tupng lieh sir.
Viec khai thae va sir dung mdt sd chlie ning cua eae phin mem ACD See, Hero, Photoshop, Flash, TMPGEnc plus, Adobe Audition... se gilip GV xu_ ly tu lieu hinh anh, xir ly, cit, ghep cae doan phim, im thanh... phii hpp vdi ndi dung, yeu cau ciia bai hpc.
Viec sut dung cae chire ning CO bin, eac hieu iing phong phii, da dang... ciia phin mem Microsoft P9werPoint se giup GV thilt kl va sii dung cd hieu qua eac loai DDTQ theo yeu ciu bii giang va y dd su pham cua minh. Vi vdi kha ning sieu lien ket thdng tin (hyperlink) eua phin mem niy, GV ed the dua vao bai giing cie hinh inh, im thanh, doan phim tu lieu da dupe xir ly, chpn lpc vi bien tip theo y tudng eiia GV, nhd dd, ed the phat huy tinh sing tao eiia GV vi HS trong nhirng tinh hulng su pham cu the khi su dung DDTQ trong day hpc, tilt kiem dupe nhieu thdi gian trong viee xiy dyng^ sir dung cie DDTQ, GV cd dieu kien td chlie eho HS boat ddng nhin thue lieh sit tndt each da dang, gilip HS khac siu kien thiic trpng tim, cd the he thdng,
Ngav nhdn bai 11/6/2012: Ngdy duyel dang 25/8/2012
2 2 • TAP CHI THIET BIGlAo DUC-SO 85-9/2012
NGHIEN c u u &Ul\IG DUNG
III
khai quat tot noi dung bai hoc. thep xu the nay chua dugc Tinh hieu qua dugc thi hien a pho bien, con gioi han a mot so do duoi day. so GV c6 nghiep vu su pham
Tuomq CAC va IM» * tH«o ntnt ciku
ttao ddJ tuong tAz CBD tf^
Sdng tao ndi dung
%u fttymtn phong phu
Phuong ph<3p hoc t j p ay nguoi ho-c tam t r u n g te
Sur d u n g C N T T t r o n g h o c t s i p
Phat trien phuoiMi phap su pha
Dap ling va phan hoi tuc thoi
Tmh mem deo
C^ng dong hoc tap gan ba
Thuc hanh v i ^ t lach thu6ng xuyen
3. Nhihig xu hu-dng li-ng dung CNTT va thirc trang viec irng dung trong day hoc lich su.
- Su dung CNTT nhu la mdt edng eu ciia, ngudi day. Ngudi day thiet ke bii giang thdng qua cic phin mem day hpe nhu PowerPoint va eie phin mem thdng dung khac. Vai trd eiia ngudi day mang tinh ehu ddng thep eieh eiia G V, hpc trd van d the thu ddng. Xu hudng niy thudng xiy ra ddi vdi GV khdng thudc giao in, ngai viet bing, ... Cii ve dep, miu sac, im tiianh ehe di cii han che ve mat ky thuit, su pham. Xii the nay khdng phat huy tinh tich cue eua ngudi hpe, hieu qui bii hoc khdng cao.
Su dung CNTT nhu la mot phuang tien cho GV vi HS tuong tie trong qui trinh day hpe. GV viet kieh ban bii giang (GADT) ed eiu tnic, dao diln qui trinh D-H vdi su hpp tic ciia HS(thuc hien BGDT).
HS tham gia vio bii giing eiia thiy. Trong qui trinh D-H dd, eic phuang phap truyen thdng va hien daidupc phdi hpp nhuin nhuyen, tao ra dupe nhilu hinh thiic day hpe, giy dupe hiing thu hpe tip, phat huy tich tieh cue ciia ngudi hpc. Tuy nhien, viec thuc hien
gidi va ed trinh dd ning lue ve CNTT.
,Tuy nhien, edn ed quan diem khdng diing ve BGDT, GADT, din den cich iing dung CNTT chua diing, edn lim dung hoac qui ling, phi ve thdi gian edng siie,thiet ke bai giang, khdng khac phuc dupe nhiing ban ehe ciia bin thin GV nhu: Chii xiu, viet chim... khdng khai thic dupe eic phuang tien true quan...
Nguyen nhin ehjnh d diy li chua ed su nhat quan bdi nhirng quan diem chi dao tu Bd GD-DT, Sd GD-DT, Phdng GD-DT, BGH, Td bp mdn d cic trudng trong viee ihig dung CNTT vio D;H va kiem tra dinh gia eie tiet day cd ling dung CNTT... lam eho GV hoang mang, thieu nd luc phin diu, chua that su say me ling dung CNTT trong day hpe.
4. Mot so giai phap, kien nghi nham nang cao hieu qua irng dung CNTT trong day hoc hien nay if trirdng pho thong.
Ve mat nhan thirc. Viec ling dung CNTT vio day hpc khdng phai la mdt phuang phip,day hpc hien dai, nd Ii su bieu hien eiia phuang phap true quan. Xet vl mat cdng
nghe cd khi nang tich hpp cao cae chiie ning eua nhung (PTDH) truyen, thong eung vdi cie phim mem day hpc...
ling dung dupe d tit ca cae khiu trong qui trinh day hpe, nhung chi phit huy dupe hieu qui thdng qua boat ddng eua ngudi thiy. Nghia la CNTT khdng thay the dupe ngudi thiy mi ehi li hd trp ed hieu qua eho thiy va trd trong day hpc, gdp phin ning cao bieu qua bii hpc lieh su d trudng phd thdng. Ndi cich khie, vai trd cua ngudi thiy ed the thay ddi, nhung vi tri ciia ngudi thiy la khdng thay ddi, hoic dupe ning eao hon sp vdi tnrdc diy neu ngudi thiy dd dip ling dupe yeu eiu eiia thdi
Quan diem ve Giao an dien tii (GADT) vi Bai giing dien tu (BGDT) cd rit nhieu quan diem, nhung tuu ehung GADT Id hdn thiet ki cau trite bdi giang (kieh hdn) cho tiit day vd BGDT tren l&p Id hinh thuc day hdng GADT, v&i todn bp hoat dpng gidng day dd dugc chtrang triith hoa mot edeh uyin chuyin sinh dpng nha CO sir ho trg eiia cdc cong cu da phieang tiin. Neu khdng thiet ke eiu tnic bai giang, thd khdng thi gpi li BGDT, dpn thuin chi li day hpc truyen thdng cd su hd,trp cua CNTT.
Tu quan diem vi thuc tien giing day, theo tdi cd hai hinh thiic ling dung CNTT co ban.
Day hpe truyen thdng vdi bing treo tudng, phin tring... ed su diing CNTT Nhung CNTT ehi li hd trp eho phuong tien true quan khi sir dung tranh, anh, bin dd, eae tu lieu... thay vi GV phii sii diing eie phuong tien, do dung true quan theo kieu truyen thdng.
- Day, tiet day CNTT, tiic
TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 85-9/2012 • 2 3
NGHIEN CUU&U>IG DUNG la thiet ke GADT, thuc hien BGDT dien tir tren ldp theo ciu tnic bii giing di dupe thiet ke bing CNTT va eac phin men day hpc, dim bio tinh Idgic, tinii he thdng eua cic slide.
Trong dieu kien cho phep ed Bing tuang tie thdng minh, But dien tu, thiy vi trd cd the thuc hien, td ehiie hoat ddng D-H ngay tren bang tuang tic.
Neu Ididng, bing treo ,tudng trd thinh bing phu de thiy vi trd giii quyet nhiing vin de trong qui trinh D-H, hoic nhung van de nay sinh khdng cd trong thiet ke bii giing tir trudc. Hieu qua tiet day phu thude rit nhieu vao khi ning img dung CNTT va van dung linh boat cac phuang phap day hpe eua GV.
D I thuc hien ddi mdi PPDH, ed su ho irg CNTT can phai ed nhiing giii phip cu the ddng bd tir trung uong den dia phuang, din timg trudng va timg GV
Ve phia eo quan quin ly:
Nhin thiie diing dan ve CNTT va ling dung CNTT trong day hpe. Khing dinh tinh tit yeu eua viec iing dung CNTT trong day hpe ndi ehung vi DHLS ndi rieng d trudng pho thdng.
Td chlie Hdi, thio chuyen siu ban niia ve iing dvmg CNTT trong day hpe ndi chung vi DHLS ndi rieng de diic nit nhung kinh nghiem, kilm chiing khpa hpc, van diuig vao day hpe d trudng phd thdng.
Td chlie tip huin iing dung CNTT cho GV theo chuyen nginh. Khdrig nen tip huin dai tri, bdi mdi chuyen nginh cd die thii rieng, ed each thiic thilt kl va sii dung GADT, BGDT khie nhau.,
Dau tu diing miic vl co sd ha ting, trang thilt bi diy
du, phil hop vdi viee iing dung CNTT trong Nha trudng, nhu trang bi them phdng hpc da ning vi diu tu ddngbd cie trang thiet bi: miy chieu, miy quay, miy chup, ndi mang,
.. .va hudng din sir dung, du phdng kinh phi eho siia ehua nang cap phin cimg, phin mem giao due.
LTng dung CNTT trong doi mdi PPDH la xu thi tit ylu, yeu ciu GV phii quin triet thue hien timg budc den hoan thien viee iing dung CNTT vio DHLS d trudng phd thdng.
Ddng vien GV tich cue tu hpc, khiem tdn hoc hdi, sin sing chia se, ludn eiu thi tien bd, thudng xuyen trao ddi vdi ddng nghiep, cimg nhau tirn ra iJiiing cich thiie tdi uu de umg dung edng nghe thdng tin trong ddi mdi phuong phap day hoc.
v l phia GV:
- GV ein hpc, tip huin cie ldp soan, giing BGDT, thudng xuyen truy vio eac trang web vi thanh vien eiia dien din:
baehkim.vn, dayhocintel.org, giaovieii.net, moet.edu.vn, ...
dl ed the nit kinh nghiem, tiep thu nhirng edng nghe mdi trao ddi nhiing, each lam hay...
- GV cin manh dan, khdng ngai khd, tu thilt ke GADT vi thuc hien BGDT cua minh se gilip cho GV ren luyen duoe nhieu ky nang vi phdi hpp tdt eie phuang phip day hpc tich cue khac.
,Khi thilt kl GADT can chuan bi trudc kieh ban, tu lieu (Vedeo, hinh anh, bing do, ....), chpn giii phap cho su dung edng nghe, sau dd mdi bit tay vao soan giing.
NIU sir dung MS PowerPiont lam cdng cu ehinh cin luu y vl Font chii, miu chii vi hieu ling thich hpp (hieu ung don
giin, nhe nhing trinh gay mit tip trung vao ndi dung bai giang).
Ndi dung BGDT cin ed dpng, xiic tieh. Hinh anh, eac md phdng ed su chat lpc, sit ehii de (trqng 1 slide khdng nen cd nhieu hinh hay nhieu chu),^ nhiing ndi dung HS ghi bai can ed qui ude (cd the dung khung hay miu nen) se khie phue dupe viee ghi bai eua HS., Ndi dung bai, giang chiia nhilu lien, ket, nhit la lien kit din he thdng ciu hdi, bii tip thuc hinh, phim video, tranh anh, so dd, bieu do... Cimg ed bii ein hudng den eac ciu hdi mang tinh van dung hay cie hinh thitc trie nghiem, can khai thac, the manh eiia CNTT trong kiem tra dinh gii va kiem ehiing ket qui.
Khdng lam dung CNTT nlu ehiing khdng tic ddng tieh cue den qua trinh day hpc vi su phit triln eua ngudi hpe.
Khdng phii tiet day nao eiing su dung CNTT, mi phai can cii vao npi ,dung day hpc, muc dich yeu ciu cua bai de chpn lua cich thiic iing dung CNTT eho phil hpp.
- Cimg vdi Td bd mdn td chlie sinh boat ehuyen,mdn, chuyen dl dl trao ddi ve kinh nghiem iing diing CNTT trong giang day...
Tai li|u tham khao.
1. Etoan V ^ Jtung, Nguyen Buc Cuong. "Thiet kevdsu dmg bdi gian^
dien tic tro^g tmng day hoc lich sic a trlcangpho thong theo huong tich cue hoa float dong hm: tgpciiaHS", Tap chi TMet U C^ due, so 32, fliang 4,2m.^
2. Nguyin Manh Huong. "Coagfl^
flj,6ng tin va ttiiyen thong voi van de doi moi phifong p h ^ d ? y hoc Uch su a tnrong pho thorg', Tap chi Gido difc,
(185), 200?. . 3. Le.Vi§ Chung (2012), "Vdiy Men
trao Si ve img dung cong nghe thong tin trong denz-hoc. vn www.qlfc.edu.vn
4. htlp://ttiuathienhue.edu.
5. http://www.quangngai.gov.vn 6. http://phanminhchanh.
2 4 • TAP CHI THIITBI GIAO DUC-SO 85-9/2012
NGHIEN CUtJ&U>iG DUNG
II
NANG CAO HIEU QUA DAY HOC DIA LY CHO HOC SINH KHIEM THINH Of CAP TRUNG HOC CO S6
TS. Kilu Van Hoan, ThS. Bui Thi Lam Tru&ng Dai hpc Suphgm Hd Npi 1. Cac giai phap nang cao
hi^u qua day hoc dia ly cho HS khilm,thinh
/./. Bieu chinh trong qua trinh dgy hpc cho HS khiem thinh
HS khiem thinh cd nhung die diem rieng ve nhin thue, each hpe, each tiep nhin thdng tin vi kinh nghiem sdng, do dd ddi hdi GV khi day hpe dia ly eho, HSKT ein thuc hien mdt sd dieu chinh de phat buy khi ning vi dip iing nhu ciu eiia eie em. Do die dienj mdn hpe, die diem thiet ke chuang trinh, SGK va cie hpe lieu hd tro, mdn dia ly li mdt trong cie mdn khoa hpc phii hop vdi each hpc tap thong qua thi giac va cdc hoat dpng thuc hdnh, hai yeu td eua viec giing day niy phu hpp vdi cae khi ning hoc tip eiia nhieu HSKT
1.1.1. Diiu chinh muc tiiu day hpc cdc bdi hpc Dia ly
Khi xac dinh eic muc tieu day hpe, ein quan tim den trinh dp hpc tip khie nhau eua HS. Trong rit nhieu eie thi nghiem, boat dpng thue hanh, hoat ddng kham phi thue tiln cic kien thirc dia ly bie hpc THCS cho phep nhilu HS thupc cae trinh dp thue hien vi dat dupe cic miic dp khac nhau ye muc tieu day hpc. Dilu cdt loi li GV dit ra cac muc tieu day hpc khac nhau phu hpp vdi txuih dp hpc tip cua HS. HS khiem thinh ed nang lue khie so vdi tre binh thudng vi bin thin mdi HSKT lai cd nhiing ning luc va nhu ciu khie nhau. Do vay,
khi giing day GV can phii thay ddi ndi dung vi yeu eiu cua timg bai sao cho phu hop vdi mpi ddi tupng. Cu thi la:
Dieu ehinh ve miic dp yeu cau ciia kien thiic; Dieu ehinh ve thdi lupng cho, timg npi dung;
Dieu ehinh ve miie dp van dimg kien thiie.
1.1.2. Diiu chinh npi dung Hien nay, ehiing ta chua xiy dung dupe chuang trinh va sieh giio khoa Dia ly eho tre khiem thinh. Vi viy, cic GV Dia ly dua vao sieh giio khoa va chuang trinh THCS thudng deday cho HSKT nhung ed,su dieu chinh ve ndi dung nhim tao dieu kien cho eae em phit trien tdi da nhung khi nang tren eo sd nhung kinh nghiem vdn ed ciia minh. Ddi vdi ndi dung day hpe Di,a ly THCS cin thuc hien eae dieu chinh sau:
Xae dinh ndi dung trpng tim eiia chuang trinh Dia ly tren ea sd phan tich mdi quan he thdng nhit giua eac don vi kiln thuc, cae khii niem, thuit ngii, tu dd lua chpn eieh thiic nit gpn ndi dung day hpc Dia ly va dinh hudng cic boat ddng day hpc nhim giiip HSKT bpc dupe cic ndi dung trpng tim nay Xae dinh he thdng eae khai niem dia ly ein giii thich eho HSKT giup eie em ITnh hdi dupe eac ndi dung hpe tip cua chuang trinh dl, trinh nhung bit cap giiia kien thiic, ky nang hien cd eiia HSKT vdi ndi dung eiia mdn hpc Dia ly Quan dilm ve miic dp khd tang din, ve hinh thinh he thdng kien thiic dia ly khdng phii ehi d mdt ldp, ma
phai d ea cap hpe - Dilu ehinh ndi dung bii hpc li mdt giii phap huu hieu ciia nhi trudng.
Trong day hoe Dia ly bie THCS cho HS khilm thmh, cd the thuc hien dieu chinh ndi dung theo hai hudng:
- Phin tich eie mue tieu ya ndi dung day hpc thinh nhieu mite dp vi yeu eiu HSKT dat dupe d miic dp phii hop hoic thay ddi hinh thiic the hien npi dung.
Thay the nhiing ndi dung trim tupng mi HSKT chua the tiep can de hieu dupe do su ban ehe ve kinh nghiem, ngdn ngii, su thieu hut ky ning nghe cung nhu cie khai niem dia ly ed lien quan bang nhiing ndi dung thiet thuc va phu hop hon vdi eae em.
1.1.3. Dieu chinh vi phucmg phdp day hpc
-, HSKT ed the su dung nhieu phuang tien khie nhau de tiep nhan va bieu dat thdng tin trong giao tiep ciing nhu trong qui trinh nhin thiic the gidi xung quanh. Trong day hpc ein su dung phdi hpp eac phuang tien giao tiep khi day hpc cho HSKT nhu Idi ndi, dpc hinh mieng, ehu eii ngdn tay, cit chi dieu bd, ky hieu...
Dieu nay ciing dat ra mdt ddi bdi ,d6i vdi GV day HSKT li cin tim hieu va hpc cich sir dung cac ki hieu, eir chi dieu bd, chii cii ngdn tay de giao tiep cd hieu qui hon vdi HSKT,
De tao dieu kien thuan lpi eho HSKT tiep nhin thdng tin tdt nhat vi ehinh xac nhit, trong qui trinh giang day, GV
Ngdy nhgn bdi 17/6/2011: Ngdy duyel dang 25/8/2012
TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 85-9/2012 • 2 5
