Tap chi KHLN 1/2014 (3112 - 3118)
©• Vien KHLNVN - VAFS
ISSN, 1859-0373 Bang tai tgi: wvtov.vafs gov.vn
ANH HUaNG CUA ANH SANG VA PHAN BON DEN SINH TRU'aNG C A Y G I O I XANH SAU KHI T R 6 N G
Phan Van Thang
Trung tdm Nghien ciru Lam sdn ngodi go - Vien KHLN Viet Nam
Tif lilted. Cdy chiu bong, anh sang, ban lot, do tan che
TOM TAT
Gioi xanh {Michelia mediocris Dandy) la loai cay go 1cm ban dia. Thi nghiem anh huong cua do tan che den sinh truang cua Gi6i xanh dS dirge tr6ng diroi tan rirng thong xen keo tai Chi Lang - Lang Scm, va trong duoi tan rimg tir nhien tai Hoanh B6 - Quang Ninh. Thi nghiem anh huong cila lo?i phan bon den sinh truong cua Gi6i xanh ciing dugc ti^n hanh tai Hoanh Bo, Quang Ninh. K g t q u a nghien ciru cho thiy trong thoi gian 2 nam dIu sau khi trong, cay Gioi xanh vln la cay chiu bong, thi nghiem do tan che 0,25-0,45 thich hgp nhat cho kha nang sinh truong ca \k duong kinh g6c va chi^u cao Gi6i xanh. Nam thir 3 sau khi tr6ng, Gi6i xanh van la cay chju bong nhe, thich hgp nhdt cho sinh truong ca vg duong kinh g6c va chiSu cao a thi nghiem do tan che 0,0 - 0,25. Tir 4 nam tu6i tra di Gidi xanh la cay ua sang hoan toan, thich hgp vcri di6u kien dugc chiSu sang hoan toan, thi nghiem do tan che 0,0 thich hgp nhit cho cay sinh truong ca \k duong kinh va chieu cao. D6i voi thi nghiem loai phan bon, thi nghiem bon lot cho cay Gim xanh vdi lilu lugng Ikg phan ga hoai/h6 hoac 0,2kg phan vi sinh Song Gianh/fio cho sinh trucmg t6t nhat trong then gian 3 nam dSu so vdi thi nghiem bon 0,|kg NPK va cong thiic d6i chirng. Che bong cho cay Gidi xanh sau khi tr6ng la cSn thigt, nhung do tan che cin dugc diSu chinh o cac nam sau de cung cap anh sang thiic dSy sinh trudng cija cay, Phan bon hiJu CO phii hgp voi sinh trudng ciia Gidi xanh.
Keywords: Shade-tolerent.
organic fertiliser, light demand
Growth response of Michelia mediocris Dandy planted under different levels of canopy openness a n d different types of fertilisers
Michelia mediocns Dandy, is a native-tree, evergreen broadleaf species.
Growth responses of M mediocris seedlings to different light conditions were tested by planting under different canopy openness levels of mixed Pimis massoniana and Acacia mangium plantation in Chi Lang, Lang Son and under degraded natural forest in Hoanh Bo. Quang Ninh. The effect of different types of fertiliser on seedling growth was also tested in Hoanh Bo, Quang Ninh. Results showed that, diameter and height growth were significantly higher in the treatment of 0.25 - 0.45 canopy openness, which suggested that the species is shade-toleranl in the seedling stage. However, at age 3 years, the demand for light become higher which was shown by bener growth rates of both diameter and height in the canopy openness of 0.0 - 0.25. At age 4 years, the saplings grew best in the treatment of 0.0 canopy openess which indecated that the species become light demander at this age. For fertiliser, seedling growth was signiHcantly higher in Ihe treatment of fertilising with Ikg compost of chicken waste/seedling and 0.2kg Song Gianh micro-organic fertiliser/seedling in comparison with the treatment of 0.1kg NPK ( 5 : 1 0 : 3) and the control. Shading is important for early establishment and growth of M mediocris seedlings but adjustment of shading level when tree grow up is needed to facilitate seedling growth. Organic fertilisers are suitable for fertilising M. mediocris seedlings.
3112
Phan van Thing, 2014(1) Tgp chi KHLN 2014
I. DAT VAN B E
Gioi xanh {Michelia mediocris Dandy) la loai cay go Ion, da tac dung, sinh truang nhanh, va go CO gia tri kinh te cao. G6 Gidi xanh thuoc nhom IV, ben va chac, tho min, it biln dang, it bi moi mot xam hai, co van va mau sac dep, phii hop de trang tri noi that va san xuat cac mat hang xuat khau hoac do mpc gia dung. Qua va hat Gioi xanh chua nhieu tinh dau, CO mui thom va vi cay dung lam gia vi de che bien thiic an, lam huong lieu trong cong nghiep hoa my pham va lam thuoc chiia benh. Gioi xanh la cay ban dia, la rong thuong xanh, than thang va tron deu, tan la dep va can doi, he re phat trien sau va rong, vira thich nghi rong a nhieu viing sinh thai va chiu dugc cac dieu kien khac nghiet, vira co tac dung phong hp canh quan va moi truang, nen Gioi xanh dugc uu tien lira ehpn trong cac chuong trinh trong rirng, thich hap nhat la lam giau rirng trong cac khu rirng tu nhien ngheo kiet, hoac trong phong ho va rirng dac dung. Tuy nhien, nhiing hieu biet ve dac diem sinh hpc cung nhu cac bien phap ky thuat gay trong loai cay nay con nhieu ban che. O nhieu dia phuang nhu Gia Lai, Thanh Hoa, Phii Tho va Lang San da gay trong hang nghin ha, nhung ly le thanh rirng rat thap, kha nang sinh trucmg kem, tang trudng cham do nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau nhu:
khong CO cay phii trg che bong sau khi irong, dat xtiu ngheo dinh duong... Vi vay, nghien ctru anh hudng ciia anh sang den sinh trudng cua Gioi xanh a giai doan mdi trong. rimg non va rirng sao lam co sd de xuat bien phap ky thuat nh^m nang cao nang suat va chat hrgng rirng la can ihict, cd y nghTa khoa hpc va thirc tien.
II. VAT LIEU VA PHl/OfNG PHAP NGHIEN C i n J
2.1. Vat lieu nghien cihi
- Rimg trong Gioi xanh I, 2, 3, 4, 6 nam tuoi tai Chi Lang - Lang Son;
- Rimg trdng Gidi xanh 3, 8 nam luoi tai Tram Nghien cim Thirc nghiem Hoanh Bd - Quang Ninh;
2.2. PhiTtfng p h a p nghien ciru a) Phie&ng phdp bo tri thi nghiem
Thi nghiem ve anh sdng.
+ Thi nghiem 1. Nghien ciiu anh hudng cua dp tan che den sinh trudng cua cay Gidi xanh Irong giai doan rirng non. Thi nghiem dugc bo tri tai Chi Lang - Lang San, tren dat feralit mau vang nhat, dudi tan rirng Thdng ma vT xen Keo tai tugng trdng nam 1996 co Di.
11,7cm, F L -- 8,5m, \\L 5,1m, a 3,5m, mai do Irong ban dau la 1.650 cay/ha vdi ly le hdn loai 1 Keo lai tugng: 2 - 3 Thdng ma vT. Tia bdi nhu:ng cay Keo tai tirgng va cay Thdng ma vT Iheo bang de dieu chinh dp tan che phii hgp vdi timg cdng thuc thi nghiem gdm:
+ C T l : Irong hoan loan + CT2: dp lan che 0,25 + CT3: dp tan che 0,45 + CT4: dp lan che 0,60
Thi nghiem dugc bd tri theo khoi ngau nhien day du vdi 3 lan lap, dung lugng mau 40 cay/Ian lap. Cac bien phap ky Ihual trdng, cham sdc d cac cdng ihirc nhu nhau, cu xhi nhu sau: trdng Gidi xanh vao thang 8/2007, trdng dudi lan bang cay con lir hat, D... == 0,6cm, H,„ = 40cm. Mat dp 3 ^ 3m. Cay bui va day leo dugc ludng phal loan dien, kich thudc hd 40 X 40 X 40cm. Cham sdc 1 nam 2 15n. Dp tan che dugc xac djnh bang may do cam tay
Tap chi KHLN 2014 Phan Van Thing, 2014(1)
hang nam de dieu chinh phii hgp vdi timg cdng thuc trong qua trinh cham sdc. Cac chi tieu theo doi gdm: ty le song, chieu cao vui nggn (H..), duong kinh goc (D™) ciia cay 1, 2, 3, 4 nam tudi va dudng kinh ngang nguc ( DI 0 cua cay 6 nam tudi
+ Thi nghiem 2. Nghien ciru anh hudng ctia dp tan che den sinh trudng cua cay Gioi xanh trong giai doan rirng sao (8 nam tudi). Thi nghiem dugc bd tri tai Hoanh Bd - Quang Ninh, tren dat feralit mau vang nhal, dudi tan rimg thir sinh ngheo kiet vdi mat dp cay gd irung binh la 230 cay/ha, D,, = 10,0cm, R.,
= 6,2m, K - 2,1m, D. 3,7m. Tia bdi nhirng cay gd deu iren toan bp dien lich de dieu chinh dp tan che phu hgp vdi timg cdng thuc Ihi nghiem gdm:
+ CTl: trdng hoan toan + CT2: dp tan che 0,25 + CT3: dp tan che 0,45
Thi nghiem dugc bd tri theo khdi ngau nhien vdi 3 lan lap, moi cdng Ihuc bd tri 105 cay (35 cay/Ian lap tuong ting vdi d cd dien lich 500m^) Iren dien lich 0,2 ha. Cac bien phap ky thuat trdng, cham sdc d cac cdng thirc nhu nhau, cu the nhu sau: trdng Gidi xanh vao thang 9/2005, trdng dudi tan bang cay con tir hat, DT, = 0,6cm, H^ = 40cm. Mat do 4 x 3m.
Thuc bi dugc xir ly toan dien, kich thudc hd 40 X 40 X 40cm. Cham sdc 3 nam dau, mdi nam 2 lan. Dp lan che dugc xac dinh bang may do cam tay hang nam de dieu chinh phu hgp vdi timg cdng thirc trong qua trinh cham sdc.
Cac chi lieu theo doi gdm: ty le sdng, dudng kinh ngang nguc (Di))> chieu cao vui nggn (H,..) ciia cay giai doan 8 nam tudi.
Thi nghiem vH phdn bon.
Thi nghiem 3. Nghien cuu anh hirdng ciia phan bdn Ihuc den sinh trudng cua cay Gidi
xanh trong giai doan rimg non. Thi nghiem dugc bd tri theo khdi ngdu nhien day du 3 lan lap lai tai Hoanh B6 - Quang Ninh, tren dk feralit mau vang nhat, ham lugng miin trung binh, tren dit trdng, mat do 800 cay/ha (5 x 2,5m), gdm 4 cdng thuc, dung lugng mlu 40 cay/Ian lap.
+ CT1: khdng bdn phan + CT2; bdn 1kg phan ga hoai
+ CT3: bdn Idt 0,2kg phan vi sinh Song Gianh + CT4; bdn lot 0,1kg phan NPK ( 5 : 1 0 ; 3) Cac bien phap ky thuat trdng, cham sdc d cac cdng thuc nhu nhau, cu thd nhu sau: trdng Gidi xanh vao thang 9/2010, trdng bang cay con tir hat, D-o = 0,6cm, H... = 40cm. Thuc bi dugc xir ly toan dien, kich thudc hd 40 x 40 x 40cm. Cham sdc 3 nam dau, mdi nam 1 lan.
Cac chi tieu theo ddi gdm: ty le sdng, dudng kinh gdc (D.,.), chieu cao viit nggn (H,n) cua cay giai doan 3 nam tuoi.
b) Phuang phap thu thap so lieu
Cac chi lieu sinh trudng dugc do bang cac phuong phap thuong diing trong dieu tra rimg nhu sir dung thudc do cao, thudc Pan-me va thudc day de do dudng kinh va chieu cao.
Ham lugng sac td (Chlorophyll a va b) cua thi nghiem ve anh sang va tudi cay dugc xac dinh theo phuong phap cija Grodzinxki A.M. va Grodzinxki D.M. (1981), bSng each nghien la Irong dung dich acelon 80%, sau dd ly tam trong 10 phiit d tdc do 2.500 vong/phut va dugc dinh lugng bang may quang phd ke UV1650 Shimadzu UV-visible d budc sdng 645 va 663.
Cac sd lieu thu thap dugc phan tich va xir ly bang phuong phap thdng ke loan hgc trong lam nghiep tren phan mem SPSS 13.0 vdi tieu chuan Ducan va Levene va Excel 5.0.
3114
Phan van Thang. 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2014
III. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU
3.1. Anh hvOTig cua anh sang den sinh
tnrdTig cua Gioi xanh giai doan rimg non (1 -^ ^ " ' ^ '> ^•
- 6 nam tuoi)
Sinh trudng dudng kinh va chieu cao ciia Gidi xanh dudi cac dd tan che khac nhau duoc the
iioo - 10,00
8,00 6,00 4,00 • 2.00
D(cni)
10 o;
-.96 1
'^ 1
.^
1
06
• C T l " C T :
m 1
n^tliuc
< T.^ • LT-I
1 t '
Hinh 1. Sinh irudng dudng kinh (Dl,3) cay Gidi xanh trdng dudi lan rimg hdn giao Keo tai tugng va Thdng ma vT trdng nam 1996 vdi cac cac dp lan che khac nhau
Nam tuoi C T : "CT.l •CT-J
Hinh 2. Sinh trudng chiSu cao (Hvn) cay Gidi xanh trdng dudi tan rimg hon giao Keo tai tugng va Thdng ma vT nam 1996 vdi cac cac do tan che khac nhau Ket qua nghien cuu tren cho thay kha nang
sinh trudng dudng kinh gdc (D...) ciia cay Gidi xanh dudi cac mire dp tan che khac nhau d thdi diem 1 nam tudi chua cd su khac nhau ro ret (Sig = 0,63 > 0,05). Nhung thdi di^m 2 nam tudi cho tdi 6 nam tudi da cd su khac nhau kha ro r?t (Sig = 0,00 < 0,05). KCn qua
phan tich phuong sai cho thay d Ihdi diem 2 nam tuoi, Gidi xanh trdng trong cdng Ihirc thi nghiem cd dp tan che 0,45 cd sinh Irudng dudng kinh cao nhal. Tir nam ihir 3 den nam thir 6. Gidi xanh irdng trong cdng thirc thi nghiem cd dp tan che 0.0 cho sinh irudng dudng kinh cao nhat.
Tgp chi KHLN 2014 Phan Vin Thang. 2014(1)
Khac vdi dudng kinh gdc, kha nang sinh trudng chieu cao (H,^) ctia cay Gioi xanh dudi cac mire dp tan che khac nhau da cd su khac nhau kha rd ret ngay tir giai doan 1 nam tudi trd di (Sig -0,00 <0,05) tiic la tir ngay sau khi trdng, dp tan che tang cay che bdng da anh hudng tdi kha nang sinh trudng chieu cao ciia cay mdi trdng va d giai doan rimg non.
Ket qua phan tich phuang sai cho thay trong hai nam dau tien sau khi trdng, cdng ihirc cd dp tan che tir 0,25 den 0,45 la thich hgp nhit cho sinh Irudng chieu cao cua Gioi xanh. Nam
thir 3 cdng thuc cd dp tan che tir 0,0 den 0,25 la thich hgp nhit cho sinh trudng chieu cao ciia Gidi xanh. Tir nam thii 4 trd di, cong thiic CO do tan che 0,0 thich hgp nhat cho sinh trudng chieu cao ctia Gidi xanh.
3.2. Anh hirong cua anh sang den sinh trirong cua Gioi xanh giai doan sao (8 nam tuoi)
Sinh trudng dudng kinh va chieu cao ciia Gidi xanh 8 nam tudi dudi cac dp tan che khac nhau dugc the hien d hinh 3, 4.
6.00 - 5.00 - -1,00 - 3,00 2.00 • 1.00 •
^ " . 1 ,
c Tl
4 "
m 1 11
1 1
^ ^ /
CT:
Cong thuc CT3
Hinh 3. Dudng kinh (D|..i) cay Gidi xanh 8 nam tudi trdng dudi lan rirng thii' sinh ngheo kiet vdi cac do lan che khac nhau
Hvn (ml_
S.iiii
6.00 - -(.00 •
2.00
i w - • ^
;TI
. ^ H
ij- 1 IP
CT:
Cong thiic
-- —
3J2
CT?
Hinh 4. Chieu cao (Hv„) cay Gi6i xanh 8 nam tu6i trdng duoi tan
_
rimg thii sinh ngheo kiet voi cac do tan che khac nhau
Ket qua nghien ciru tren cho thiy kha nang ro ret (Sig = 0,00 < 0,05). K6t qua phan tich sinh truong ilirong kinh ngang nguc (D, i) cua phuong sai cho thay a thoi diem 8 nam tuoi, cay Ciioi xai h dudi cac muc do tan che khac Gioi xanh trong o cong thuc co dp tan che 0,0 nhau a thai liiem 8 nam tu6i c6 su khac nhau '^ho sinh trucmg dudng kinh cao nhit.
3116
Phan van Thing, 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2014
Cung nhu sinh tnrdng dudng kinh gdc, kha nang sinh trudng chieu cao ( H,«) cua cay Gidi xanh 8 nam tudi dudi cac miic do tan che khac nhau da cd su khac nhau kha ro ret (Sig ^0,00
<0,05). Ket qua phan tich phuang sai cho Ihay d thdi diem 8 nam tudi, Gidi xanh trdng d cdng thirc cd dp tan che 0,0 cho sinh irudng chieu cao cao nhat.
3.3. Anh hvong cua do tan che den ham liTffng diep luc ciia Gioi xanh d cac giai doan phat trien khac nhau
Ket qtia nghien ciiu ham lugng diep luc ciia Gidi xanh d cac giai doan phat trien dudi cac dd tan che khac nhau duoc the hien d hinh 5.
Dtep luc alb 3,50 - .^.00 2,50 2.00 1,50 1,00
<)-?•«
] \
,-• i
: . • !
•rj ra
Id H
1 •—1
2 6"
1.66
n
\ \ 1
1 • 1
2.96
i 1
H H
An 11 Ih t
11 1 •—
i.QJ 3,(M
1
Hinh 5. Ty le diep luc a/b cay Gidi xanh 3, 4, 6, 8 nam tudi d dudi cac do lan che khac nhau Ket qua nghien cim Iren cho ihay ty le diep luc
a/b lang dan theo ludi cay, giam dan theo do lan che. Cay Gidi xanh d tudi 3 cd ly le diep luc a/b d cac cdng thirc trung binh la 2,0 luc la cay the hien rd la cay trung linh, van cdn chiu bdng nhe, ua anh sang khuech tan. Den tudi 4, nhu cau anli sang ciia cay Gidi xanh bat dau tang dan Iheo sir giam dan cua dp lan che. Ty le diep liic a/b d cac cdng thiic Irung binh la
2,6. Cay cd chieu hudng ua sang hoan toan.
Den ludi 6 Ird di, ty le diep luc a/b Irung binh giua cac cdng thirc la 3,2 tire ia cay Gidi xanh la cay ua sang, cd nhu cau anh sang hoan loan.
3.4. Anh hu'dug ciia phan bon den sinh tru'dng cua Gioi xanh 3 nam tuoi Ket qua nghien ciiu che dp bdn Idt phan cho Gidi xanh khac nhau dugc the hien d hinh 6.
f1 Tl
Hinh 6. Sinh trudng dudng kinh (D^w) va chieu cao (H,.,,) Gidi xanh 3 nam tuoi d cac thi nghiem bdn Idt cac loai phan khac nhau
Tgp chi KHLN 2014 Phan van Thing. 2014(1)
S6 lieu tren cho th^y sau 3 nam trdng che dp bdn phan cd anh hudng rd ret den sinh trudng dudng kinh va chieu cao ciia Gidi xanh (Sig = 0,00 < 0,05). Kit qua phan tich phuong sai cho thay cdng thiic bdn phan cd anh hudng tdt nhat tdi cac chi tieu sinh trudng ciia Gidi xanh la bdn 1kg phan ga hoai hoac 0,2kg phan vi sinh Sdng Gianh.
Nhu vay, bdn Idt phan cd anh hudng kha rd den kha nang sinh trudng ca ve dudng kinh gdc va chieu cao cua cay Gidi xanh 3 nam tudi. Trong pham vi nghien cuu nay, cd the sii dung Ikg phan ga hoai hoac 0,2kg phan vi sinh Sdng Gianh de bdn Idt trong qua trinh trdng cay Gidi xanh la tdt nhat.
IV. KET LUAN
- Che do anh sang anh hudng kha ro kha nang sinh trudng ciia cay Gidi xanh d cac giai doan phat trien (1-8 tudi). Trong thdi gian hai nam dau tien sau khi trdng, Gidi xanh la cay chiu bdng, dp tan che thich hgp
nhat cho sinh trudng tir 0,25 ddn 0,45. Nam thir 3, Gidi xanh van la cay chju bdng nhung d mtic do nhe nen dp tan che thich hgp nhat cho sinh trudng tir 0,0 d^n 0,25. Tir nam thir 4 trd di, cay Gidi xanh bat dku ua sang hoan loan, do tan che 0,0 thich hgp nhat cho sinh trudng ca ve dudng kinh va chieu cao cua Gidi xanh.
- Bdn lot phan cd anh hudng kha ro den kha nang sinh trudng ca vd dudng kinh gdc (D„„) va chidu cao ( H ^ J cua Gidi xanh. Trong pham vi nghien ciiu nay, cd thi su dung 1kg phan ga hoai hoac 0,2 kg phan vi sinh Song Gianh dl bdn lot trong qua trinh trdng cay Gidi xanh la tdt nhat.
- Vdi nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu nhu da trinh bay d tren, trong khi chgn dat trdng hoac thiet kd ky thuat trdng, cham soc va nudi dudng rimg Gidi can chu y che dp bdn phan va dieu chinh do tan che theo cac giai doan phap trien hgp ly.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
I. Nguyin BaChat, 1984. Ky thuat tr6ngGi6i xanh. Tap chi Lam nghiep. 56 4/1984.
•i. Le Dire Dien, Cung Dinh Lugng, 1968. "Nhu cau anh sang doi voi mpt so cay rirng". Thong bdo Ichoa hoc, Ithoa sinh hoc, truang Dai hoc Tong hgp Ha Noi, tap 3, Nha xuat ban Khoa hgc Ky thuat, Ha Ngi.
3. Nguyen Tien Nghenh, 1984. Cay Gioi xanh Mf/jtV/asp. Ket qua nghien ciiii idioa hgc, trang 168-172.
4. Phan Van Thang, 2008. Anh huong cua mot so nhan to hoan canh dSn kha nSng tai sinh va sinh trirong loai Gioi xanh. Tap chi Lam nghiep, so 4/2008, Vien Khoa hgc Lam nghiep Viet Nam.
5. Nguyen Hai Tuat, Nguyen Trgng Binh, 2005. Khai thae va sir dung SPSS d l xu ly s6 heu trong nghien ciju lam nghiep, Truong Dai hgc Lam nghiep.
Ngudi tham dinh: TS. Tran Lam Ddng
3118
