CUA DIA DANH 6 THIJA THIEN HUE

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Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 1 (78). 2010 95

DAT Nl/OC - NHAN VAT

CAC PHUONG DIEN VAN HOA

CUA DIA DANH 6

THIJA

THIEN HUE

Tran Van Sang*

1. M d d a u

1.1. Dia danh la nhiifng tff hoac ngff cd dinh, dffgc dung lam ten rieng chi cac ddi tffgng dia ly tff nhien va nhan van ed vi tri xac dinh. Nghien cffu dia danh (Dia danh hge) la mgt nganh nhd eua danh xiftig hgc, chuyen tim hieu y nghia, ngudn gdc va nhffng bien ddi cua dia danh; ddng thdi nghien cffu cd dae diem ca'u tao, phffang thffc dat dia danh. Vi the, ngffdi nghien cffu cd the ehi ra nhffng phffffng thffc va quy luat tao dia danh dae thu ciia moi vung phffffng ngff, gdn vdi moi vung mien van hda va dia ly khac nhau.

Dia danh cdn dffgc xem la bd bien nien sd sd'ng ddng, khde hga qua trinh phat trien cua mdt vung dat.

1.2. Dia danh, trffdc he't, la mpt hien tffpng ngon ngff. Nd la nhufng

"khdi ngdn ngff ky sinh" dffgc dung de dinh danh cae ddi tffgng dia ly. Nhffng dia danh dffgc sinh ra cung van hoa, phat trien cung van hda do vay, no cung la mdt hien tffgng van hda. Dia danh khong chi thffc hien ehffe nang ca ban la dinh danh sff vat, ca the hda ddi tffgng ma cdn thffc hien chffc nang phan dnh. Moi dia danh deu ra ddi trong mgt hoan cdnh lich sff cu the nen nd phdn anh nhieu mat xa hdi xung quanh. Day cung ed the quan niem la chffc nang xa hdi cua dia danh. Ngoai ra, dia danh cdn bieu hien dae diem van hda ngon ngff eiia edng ddng. Moi dia danh hay mdt ldp dia danh deu gdn vdi van hda cua cdng ddng hay tffng khu vffc cu the. Ndi nhff A.V. Superanskaja, nha dia danh hge ngffdi Nga, dia danh chinh la "nhdng tdm bia bdng ngdn ngd doc ddo ve thdi dgi cua minh")^' Theo dd, dia danh phan anh nhieu khia canh dia ly, lieh suf, van hda, dan tgc, kinh te... nai ma nd chao ddi.

1.3. Nghien cffu dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue la mdt hffdng tiep can lien nganh ngon ngff-van hda hge ve mdt vung dia ly hgi tu nhieu ldp, nhieu tang van hda cd sff giao thoa, tie'p bie'n giffa eac dan tgc chung sdng tren dia ban cff tru (Kinh, Cham, Cff Tu, Pa Cd-Ta Oi). Trong qua trinh hinh thanh va chuyen bien, dia danh khdng chi chiu tac ddng bdi cae yeu to ngon ngff ma cdn ca cae yeu td' ngoai ngdn ngff. Cae yeu to' nay lam eho dia danh trd thanh nhffng "tram tich sdng" bang ngdn ngff, ky thae nhieu thong tin tff lieu quy gia ddi vdi ede ngdnh khoa hge: ngon ngff hge, dan tde hgc, van hoa hge, sff hge, khao cd hgc.

Trffdng Oai hpc Phu Xuan, thanh phd Hue.

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96 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 1 (78). 2010

1.4. (^ Viet Nam, va'n de dia danh tff lau da dffgc r a t nhieu nha ngdn ngff hge, dan tde hge, dia ly hge quan tam.'2' Nhieu edng t r i n h nghien cffu ve dia danh tff nhffng gdc do khde nhau ciia eac tde gia tieu bieu nhff Hoang Thi Chau, Tran Tri Doi, Dinh Xuan Vinh, Nguyen Van Au, Le Trung Hoa, Nguydn Kien Trffdng, Tff Thu Mai... da cd nhffng ddng gdp n h a t dinh trong viee he thd'ng tri thffe dia danh hge Viet Nam. Trong khudn khd eua bai viet nay, chung tdi thii tim hieu ede phffang dien van hda ciia dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue' tff each tie'p can lidn nganh ngdn ngff-van hda hgc.

2. Cac phi^cfng d i e n v a n h o a di^cfc t h e h i e n q u a d i a d a n h d Thu'a T h i e n Hue

2.1. Thdng ke, phdn loai dia danh d Thiia Thien Hue

Khao sat, thong ke 2.248 dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue', ehung tdi tie'n hdnh phan loai ehung theo hai tieu ehi sau:

- Cdn cd vdo ngdn ngd tgo dia danh, cac dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue dffge phan t h a n h hai nhdm ehinh: a) Nhdm cac dia danh tie'ng Viet, bao gdm Han-Viet va thuan Viet (1.763 dia danh); b) Nhdm cac dia danh tieng dan tde thieu sd^ (485 dia danh).

- Cdn cd vdo ddi tdgng dia ly md dia danh phdn dnh, chung tdi chia dia danh Thffa Thien Hue t h a n h ba nhdm chinh: a) Nhdm cac dia danh hanh chinh-eff tru (1.327 dia danh, chiem 59%); b) Nhdm cae dia danh edng trinh xay dffng (382 dia danh, ehie'm 17%); c) Nhdm cac dia danh chi dd'i tffgng dia hinh tff nhien (539 dia danh, chiem 24%).

Sff ed mat day dii cac loai hinh dia danh va sff phong phu ve ngdn ngff tao dia danh qua sd^ lieu thd'ng ke d tren cho thay ro Thffa Thien Hue la mgt vung dat ed be day lieh suf van hda va giau ban sac. Bffc t r a n h ngdn ngff van hda giau ban sdc ay, trffdc he't, dffgc the hien qua he thd'ng dia danh. Mdi dia danh la mgt "vat ddn van hda" ve vung da't ma nd chao ddi.

2.2. Sii phdn dnh ddc diem khdng gian vdn hoa cda dia danh d Thiia Thien Hue

Dia danh ra ddi trong mdt khoang khdng gian va thdi gian nha't dinh, nd ghi lai ro net nha't nhffng dac diem ve dia ly tff nhien ciia mgt vung dat.

Qua dia danh, ehung ta bie't dffgc nhffng thdng tin ve dia hinh tff nhien, cac loai ddng thffc vat, tdi nguyen khoang san hinh t h a n h nen mgt khdng gian van hda sinh dgng. Khdng gian van hda eua dia danh Thffa Thien Hue the hien qua eac binh dien: dac diem dia h i n h tff nhien, the gidi thffe vat, the gidi dpng vat gdn vdi vung da't chffa dia danh.

2.2.1. Dia danh phdn dnh dac diem dia hinh td nhien • . Dia danh dffgc ggi t e n theo nhffng dae diem dia the', h i n h dang, vi tri rieng eiia mgt vung da't. Qua eac dia danh nay, chung ta bie't t h e m nhffng thdng tin thu vi ve dia ly tff nhien tinh Thffa Thien Hue.

Ve dia hinh, ede dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue phan anh day dii ede yeu td dia ly nhff sdng, nui, bien, ao, hd, khe, sud'i. Chang han, ten lang xa mang

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cac yeu td "khe", "bau", "hoi": Khe Su, Ba Bdu, Khe Trdi, Hdi Dda, Hot Mit, Khe Tre, Lang Xd Bdu, Lang Xd Can...; dac biet, sd dia danh dffffc cau tao bdng cae ye'u to "san", "hdi", "thuy", "ha", "giang" chiem mot sd lffffng ldn.

"San" (23 dia danh): Son Tung, Son Cdng, Duang San, Trieu San, Son Tho.

Hdang San, Ldc Son, Chdu Son, Kim San, Thd Son...; "hdi" (19 dia danh):

Tdy Hdi, Trung Hdi, Hdi Thdnh, Hdi Binh, Hdi Tien, Hdi Vdn, Phu Hdi.;

"thuy" (22 dia danh): Thuy Chdu, Thuy Duang, Huang Thuy, Thiiy Vdn, Thuy Phu, Thiiy Luang, Thuy Yen, Thuy Xudn...; "ha" (7 dia danh): Hd Dd.

Hd Cdng, Hd Lgc, Hd Uc, Hd Giang, Hai Hd, Vinh Hd; "giang" (5 dia danh):

Giang Ddng, Nghi Giang, Vinh Giang, Huang Giang...

Ve vi tri, cac dia danh phan dnh y niem ve khong gian cua con ngffdi qua each ddnh dau ten gpi bdng cac ye'u to': "ddng" (Le Xd Ddng, The Chi Bdng 1, Bdc Vong Ddng, The Chi Ddng 2, Trieu San Ddng, Gidp Ddng...);

"tay" (Le Xd Tdy, Gidp Tdy, Bdc Vgng Tdy...); "nam" {Trieu Son Nam); "bdc"

{Hda Bdc) va "thffgng" {Cao Xd Thugng, Thai Duong Thugng, Gidp Thugng, Lieu Cdc ThUgng...); "ha" {Cao Xd Hg, Thai Duang Hg, Liku Cdc Hg...); "trung"

{Le Xd Trung, Gidp Trung...).

Ve mdu sdc vd dnh sdng cua mdi trUdng tU nhien, dia danh cung phdn anh nhffng mdng mau sdc trong khong gian van hda Hue cffng nhff y niem ve mau sdc eua eff dan bdn dia. Tuy so lffgng khong nhieu nhffng qua mgt vai each dinh danh, chung ta eung biet dffgc phan nao ve dac diem tff nhien ciia vffng ddt ma minh cff trff. Chdng ban, ten cac lang: Thanh Ha (song trong), Thanh Ddm (dam trong), Thanh Thiiy (nffde trong), Thanh Duang (anh sang trong), Thanh Lam (mau xanh lam), Thanh Khe (khe trong), Bgch Tligch (da trdng), O Sa (eat den)...

2.2.2. Dia danh phdn dnh the gidi thUc vdt

Viee dung ten cay cd de dat dia danh la mpt hien tffgng phd bien bdi thffc vat la yeu td tff nhien gdn gui vdi con ngffdi, trffc quan va thffdng dffge nhan biet sdm. Qua dia danh, chung ta cd the biet dffgc nhffng loai thffc vat ndo dffgc sinh sdng tren vung dat chffa cac dia danh. Vi du: ten cae lang Son Tung, True Ldm, Hdi Dda, Hdi Mit, Khe Tre; hd Khe Chanh, song Bdu Sen, nui Thdng Cdng, khe Bdu Clie, edn Sen...

The gidi thffe vat dffge phdn anh mgt each phong phff nhat qua dia danh phai noi den cae dia danh dan tde thieu sd, tao nen mdt net vdn hda ddn dd trong ldi dinh danh cffa cff dan bdn dia. Loai dia danh dan tpc thieu sd, chdng han dia danh tieng Pa Co-Ta 6 i , gpi theo ten thffe vat cd the phan chia theo dac diem cua tffng loai thffc vat do tinh phong phu cffa nd:

- Cac loai thffe vat thdng thffdng, phd bien: thdn A Roh (ardh: la tai), thon A Ho [aho: cay true), thon La Ngd {langa: cay tre vang), thon A Ngo (ango:

cay thdng dffng dun cui, thdp lffa), thon A Sam iasani: mpt thff rau nhff rau den), nui Ta Vi {taviar: cay giang), nffi A Tde {atuk: mpt loai cay vd). ddi Kru {krul: cay chdm chdm), nui A Chet {acheat: eay tranh Igp nhd), deo A Ndm (mgt loai reu ed the an dffge), thdn A Min {aniin: mgt loai eay eung hp vgi cay may), thdn Md {mu: mdt loai cay may), thon A Bung {abung: cay Id d)..

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- Cac loai cay mang tinh tam linh, thffdng la nai ngff tri eua cae vi than linh. Chdng h a n , thdn Pi Ring {piring: mgt thff di rffng), thdn A Ddng {addng: mdt thff rau eai rffng), thdn Y Ri {iri: eay da), thdn Ta Rd {taraq:

eung thude hg eay da), sudi A Xdm {asoom: tua eay neu ngay Te't)...

- Cac dia danh ggi ten theo cac san vat dia phffffng, phan ldn la nhffng loai sdn vat dffgc trdng tren ddi nui nhff: thdn Ka Rdn {kardng: mdt loai sdn ngon), thdn Pa Ri {parts: eu rieng), thon Poi Ring {pairing: mdt loai trai eay ngon dung dai khdeh quy), nui A Lau {arlau: mdt loai eay tieu rffng), nui A Tung (atung: mdt loai mia ngon), thon Ta Lo {talo: eay eg). Ngoai ra edn cd nhffng sdn vat dffgc thien nhien ban tang rieng eho ngffdi dan ban dia nhff:

thon Chi Hda {chihoar: tieu rffng, dffgc xem la loai gia vi dac biet eua ngffdi Ta Oi), thon Prieng (ten mdt loai qua rffng), thon A Tia {atia: mdt loai tieu rffng), thdn A Den {aden: mgt loai mdn rffng)...

2.2.3. Dia danh phdn dnh the gidi ddng vgt

Cung gidng ede dia danh dffgc dat theo ten cae loai cay cd, eac dia danh dffgc ggi ten cac loai ddng vat eung trd nen quen thude, gdn gui va phd bien. Chdng han, eac dia danh: nffi Chuc Mao, khe Bgch Xd, eau Bgch Hd, cdn Hen, eau Thanh Long, edn Thia, mui Voi Ddi, nui Bgch Md, hdn Voi...

So vdi cac dia danh thudn Viet va H a n Viet, dia danh cae dan tgc thieu sd d Thffa Thien Hue dffge dat theo ten eac loai vat chiem sd lffgng dang ke.

Chdng han, cdc dia danh tie'ng Pa Cd-Ta Oi ggi theo nhffng loai ddng vat song tren can: song A Ling {aling: con kie'n ndi ehung), sdng A Lin {alin: sinh linh be nhd), suoi Hu {hu: ddng vat ddu Ign minh eho), sdng Pling {pling:

chim phffgng), khe Cd Xinh {kaseenh: eon rdn), ddi A Bia {abiah: mdt loai sdc), sudi A A {a-aq: con qua), thdn A Ddt {adaos: mdt loai khi), sdng A Lim {alim: eon chau chau)... Va nhffng lodi vat sd'ng dffdi nffde: thac Ra Ka {arka:

mgt loai ea sud^i), nui A Ha {ahar: mgt loai ech dd), nui A Rur {abrur: mpt loai ed trdm), thon A Hua {ahaaar: ech dp)...

Nhff vay, moi trffdng tff nhien hdi dii cac dac diem ve tinh chat va dia hinh vung dat, mgt the gidi ddng thffc vat phong phu gdn vdi dae trffng vung mien, tat ed deu dffge "hda than" t h a n h dia danh, qua dd khde hga ro net nhdt mpt khong gian van hda Hue' giau ban sac.

2.3. Sii phdn dnh cdc gid tri vdn hoa, lich sd cua dia danh d Thda Thien Hue

Neu "vdn hda Id cdi cdn lgi khi ngudi ta dd quen di tdt cd" theo each noi eiia Edouart Herriot'^' thi eung ed the ndi dia danh la mgt trong nhffng

"eai edn lai" dd, trd t h d n h "vat hda thach" lffu giff nhieu thong tin lieh sii, van hoa ciia mgt thdi dai. Ngoai cac tai lieu thff tich ed, dia danh la mdt trong nhffng ngudn ngff lieu quy gia ed the phuc vu eho edng tac nghien cffu lich sii, ghi lai ro net t a t ed nhffng dau an ve lich sd da tffng xdy ra tren vung dat ma dia danh ehdo ddi. Gia tri phan dnh hien thffe ve phffang dien thdi gian van hoa, tffc m a t lieh sii cua dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue r a t phong phff va da dang, the hien t r e n nhieu khia canh khac nhau.

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2.3.1. Moi dia danh ra ddi trong mpt hoan cdnh xa hpi va lich sff nhat dinh. Do vay, cdc dia danh a Thda Thien Hue Id mdt trong nhdng ngudn tdi lieu cd the gidp cdc nhd sd hgc, ddn tde hgc nghien cdu ve qud trinh di tru ciia mdt hay nhieu tgc ngUdi trong lich sd. Thffa Thien Hue, trffdc khi trd thanh vffng da't kinh sff cffa trieu Nguyen, xet ve lich sff hinh thanh va phdt trien, nd dffge bie't den la vung dat "phen giau", "bien vidn xa xoi".

nai cff trff eua tde ngffdi Cham va cae tgc ngffffi noi tieng Mon-Khmer bdn dia. Nhieu dia danh cdn bdo lffu nhffng "dau vet" cffa dan tpc Cham va cac cupc di dan cua ngffdi Kinh trong tien trinh khai pha vung dat Thuan Hoa.

Chdng han, lan theo dau vet cae dia danh cd thap nhff: Lieu Cdc, Linh Thdi, My Khdnh, Uu Diem, Trgch Phd, Vdn Trgch Hda; cae thanh Iffy nhff Hda Chdu, Thdnh Ldi... ehung ta biet dffpc nffi day da tffng cd ngffdi Cham cff tru trong mgt thdi gian dai trffdc khi ngffdi Viet den tu cff lap lang. Dffa vao nhffng tai lieu lich sff va dia chi co gia tri phdn anh hien thffc vffng dat Thffa Thien Hue ngay nay, ehung ta co the neu len gid thuyet rdng nhffng dia danh dffge eau tao bdng cac ye'u td khong phdi Han-Viet va thudn Viet la nhffng chffng tich ghi lai dau vet eff tru effa ngffdi Cham va cff dan noi ngdn ngff Mon-Khmer nhff Ta (3i, Co Tu, Bru-Van Kieu. Bdng each truy tim tff nguyen cae dia danh, ehung ta ed the ly gidi ngudn gd^c cae dia danh:

sdng 0 Ldu, Thdnh Ldi ed ngudn gdc tff ngon ngff Cham cd; eac dia danh Sia, Trudi, nai hien da sd ngffdi Kinh sinh sd^ng, lai cd ngudn gdc tff cac ngdn ngff nhom Mon-Khmer. Bdng chffng la, "Loi" trong Thdnh Ldi cd the la bien am cua tff "Hdi" (ngffdi Hdi, tffc ngffdi Cham); "0" trong O Ldu vdn CO nghia chi ddi tffgng "song" trong tieng Cham ed, theo quy luat bien am

"6"-"l6" (tffang tff: "iang"-"dng", "li"-"i"), mdt sff the hien eua nhdm cac yeu to Ithloong, luang, loong. Id, ldu... ehi song trong eac ngon ngff Dong Nam A cd dai.'^' Trong khi dd, theo ngudn tff lieu dien da chffng toi cd dffgc, "Sia"

cd hinh thffc ngff am cd la "Seaq", am hien nay la "Asiu" eo nghia la "ca"

trong tieng Ta Oi; hay "Trudi" la dia danh gde dan tgc thieu sd, ed nghia la "con ga" trong tieng Bru-Van Kieu {ntrudi) hay trong tieng Pa Cd-Ta Oi {atrudi). Cd the noi, nhffng vung dat md ngffdi Kinh dang sinh sdng vdi xom lang dong due, thffc chat trffdc day da Id nai cff trff cua eff dan Cham hoac Mon-Khmer. Dieu nay chffng td, trong lieh sd phat trien vffng dat Thffa Thien Hue, da cd nhffng euge di tru eua eff dan Mon-Khmer (Ta Oi, Co Tu, Bru-Van Kieu) tff vung ddng bdng len vung nui cao de tu cff, lap lang. Hay ndi each khde, trffdc khi ngffdi Kinh (Viet) dat ehan de'n, vung dat nay vdn trffdc day la nffi eff tru eiia ngffdi Cham va eff dan Mon-Khmer bdn dia.

Lich sd phdt trien han 700 nam vung dat Thuan Hda-Phu Xuan, ke tff cupc hon nhan lieh sd Cham-Viet, Chau O, Chau Ri da thudc ve chu quyen qude gia Dai Viet (1306) va cffng tff dd cho den nay lien tiep, ddn dap dien ra nhieu dgt di dan ldn nhd tren dat Thffa Thien Hue, trong dd dgt di dan thdi ky eac ehua Nguydn (the ky XVI) la ldn, d at vd dang quan tam nhat.

nhffng dang ke nhat vdn Id vung Thanh-Nghe-Tinh chuyen vao. Qua trinh di tru noi tren phdn nao dffge phdn anh qua eac dia danh. Chdng han, cac lang Khudng Phd, Duong Nd, My Xuyen vdn ed ten eff tff cae lang Phd Le,

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Nguyet Vien, Da Cdm di cff tff Thanh Hda vao. Dac biet, khi tim hieu eac dia danh gd'c dan tgc thieu sd' d phia tay Thffa Thien Hue', ehung tdi phat hien dffge nhieu "dau vet" ve qua trinh di tru eua eff dan sd^ng t r e n dia ban.

Cd nhffng dia danh dffge dem tff ben nffdc ban Lao sang theo con dffdng di dan cua dan tde Td Oi nhff thdn A Rum Cd Lung, thdn A Ddt...; ed nhffng dia danh dffgc hinh t h a n h theo eon dffdng di dan eua ngffdi Kinh sau 1975 len vung nui sinh sd^ng bdng each gid nguyen ten ggi vung dat ed' hffffng cua minh d ddng bdng nhd HUang Giang, Qudng Phd, Hong Thugng, Hdng Qudng, Hdng Thuy...

2.3.2. Dia danh la mdt pham tru lieh sff, mang nhffng dau vet cua thdi diem ma nd chao ddi. \^i the, nd dffgc xem la "dai ky niem" hay la "tam bia bdng ngdn ngff ddc dao ve thdi dai eua minh". Vi vay, dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue edn eho chung ta biet dffgc cdc bien cd • sii kien lich sd dd xdy ra tren vung dat " 0 chau de dia" nay. Chdng han, tim ve ngudn gde dia danh "cda Tu Dung", ehung ta bie't them nhffng thdng tin thu vi ve cupc hon nhan lieh sii giffa Huyen Tran cong ehua vdi vua Che Man (1306).

Trffdc khi vffgt nui Hdi Van vao dia phan nffde Chiem T h a n h , doan thuyen dffa dau dffng lai nghi ehan tren cda bien O Long. Dem xudng d cuoi trdi nffdc Viet, noi budn nhd thffffng que nhd da diet hien t r e n khudn mat kieu diem eua edng ehua. Va chi mgt dem nay thoi, ngay mai qua ben kia nui than phan cua nang se khde, eugc ddi se khde, ma chdc ehdng ed ngay trd lai que hffffng ed thd. Nang da thffc trdng dem t r e n cda bien O Long sffffng khdi md do. Cdnh vat thdn thffe chffng nghiem budi chia ly ay, va de ghi lai giay phut bui ngui xdt thffgng ciia em gai, qua nam sau, vua Trdn Anh Tong da sai ddi ten eiia bien 6 Long t h a n h Tu Dung (nghia la ve dep nhu thuan, doan ehinh cua ngffdi con gai nffdc Viet), chinh la eiia bien Td Hien thudc huyen Phu Loc ngay nay.

Ngay nay, nhde de'n dia danh "ndi Bdn" (cdn cd eac ten ggi: Bdn San, Ddng Tdng, Tam Tdng, Ba Tdng, Ba Vdnh, ndi Sam, Bdn San), ehung ta nhd lai sff kien lieh sff vua Quang Trung lam le dang quang ngay 22/12/1788, trffdc khi xudt quan ra Bde tieu diet 29 van quan T h a n h xam Iffge.

2.3.3. Ngodi ra, dia danh a ThUa Thien Hue cdn cho chung ta biet them nhdng thay ddi ve dia gidi vd cdc dam vi hdnh chinh cua vung ddt Thudn Hda-Phu Xudn vdi lich sd tren 700 nam hinh thdnh vd phdt tried.

Theo 6 chdu can luc (1555) eua Dffang Van An,'^' Thffa Thien Hue thdi diem do CO 170 xa, 21 thon, 89 sdch; trong Phu bien tgp luc (1776),'^' Le Quy Ddn thdng ke dffge 23 tdng, 234 xa, 23 thdn, 84 phffdng, 9 giap, a'p, saeh, trang.

Nhffng nam 1810-1818, Gia Long eho lap dia ba dinh Qudng Dffc, thd'ng ke dffge 20 tdng, cd khoang 354 xa t h d n . ' ' Sff thay ddi, hinh thdnh eac dan vi hanh chinh mdi eho thay sff phat trien ldn m a n h eua eff dan Thuan Hda- Phu Xuan theo ddng lieh sff. Dieu dd phan anh ro net qua ede dia danh. Tff chdu 0, chdu Ri de'n chdu Thudn, chdu Hda (1307), rdi de'n Ld Thudn Hda, Dgo thUa tuyen Thudn Hda (1466), Xd thda tuyen Thudn Hda, Trdn Thudn Hda (1510), Tdng trdn Thudn Qudng (1570) la nhffng thay ddi lieh sff quan

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Tap chi Nghien cffu vh Phat trien, sd 1 (78). 2010 101

trpng. Dac biet, ke tff khi ehua Tien Nguydn Hoang (1558) quyet dinh vao tran thu xff Thuan-Qudng, Thffa Thien Hue trd thanh vung dat thu phu cua

"chin chua, mffdi ba vua" vdi bao thang trdm trong lich sff. Sff thay ddi ten gpi va dia gidi hdnh chinh dffgc ghi nhan qua eac dia danh: phu Phudc Yen (1626), phu Kim Long (1636), phu Phu Xudn (1687), phu Bdc Vong (1712), dinh Qudng Ddc (1778), phu ThUa Thien (1822), tinh Binh Tri Thien (1975), va tinh Thda Thien Hue {1989) deu mang trong minh nhffng "tram tich van hda" ghi lai dau vet eon dffdng hinh thanh va phat trien vffng dat Thdn Kinh. Rat nhieu dia danh chi eae dan vi hanh chinh cu xuat hien each day hang tram nam van cdn dffgc lffu giff eho den ngay nay. Chdng ban, cac lang cd The Vinli, Vdng Tri, Tien Ndn, Triem An, Lgi An, Cd Lao, Dia Linh, La Khe, Bao Vinh, Ke Chung... (hinh thanh tff 1307 de'n giffa the ky 15);

Dd Le, Lang Xd, Phd Ld, Thgch Cdn, Mdc Linh, Lo Xd, Duang Nd... (hinh thanh vao giai doan 1471 den 1558).'^'

2.4. Sii phdn dnh ddc diem chu the vdn hoa cua dia danh d Thda Thien Hue

Mdi dia danh ra ddi deu gdn lien vdi dac diem van' hda eua ehu the tao nen ehung. Do vay, dia danh cd the cung cap cho chffng ta nhffng thong tin ve tam ly van hda eua mdt tde ngffdi, eung nhff ngudn gde dan cff vdi tff each la nhffng chu the eiia mdt vung van hda, ehu the tao nen eac dia danh.

2.4.1. Dia danh phdn dnh ten ngudi

Dia danh la sdn pham do eon ngffdi tao ra. Giffa dia danh va nhan danh lai cd mgt md^i quan he chat ehe vdi nhau. Cd hai deu co the bieu thi tam tff, nguyen vgng, tinh edm eiia eon ngffdi, nhffTig dia danh phdn ldn

"sdng thg" ban nhan danh. Vi vay, tff xa xffa, ngffdi Viet da rat thich lay ten ngffdi, ten ddng hg dat eho ten lang, ten sdng, sudi nffi minh cff trff de ghi nhd nhffng ngffdi da ed nhieu ddng gdp eho ddng bao, que hffffng, td qude.

Qua khdo sat, chffng tdi nhan thay cac dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue phdn anh ten ngffdi the hien tren may khia canh van hda sau.

- Dia danh phdn dnh ten cdc ddng hg cd cdng khai canh khai khdn lap ldng. Sff ed mat ten eac ddng hg qua dia danh da de lai nhffng "dau tich"

ve thdi diem lieh sd hinh thanh lang xa cua eff dan tren dia ban eff tru:

Vdn Xd, Le Xd, Cao Xd, Vd Xd, Le Xd Ddng, Le Xd Tdy, Cao Xd Hg, Cao Xd Thugng... Theo eac nha nghien cffu, loai dia danh "X -i- Xa"''^' cd the hinh thanh tff mdt trong hai ly do sau: mdt ddng hg chiem dia vi ddc ton hoac da sd trong mgt khu dan cff; hoac mdt ddng hg vdn ndi tieng nhat trong khu vffc ay. Ddi vdi cac dia danh dan tde thieu sd d tay Thffa Thien Hue, nhd cac dia danh ma ten mdt sd ddng hg da ddi theo hg ngffdi Kinh nhffng van cdn dffgc bao lffu eho den tan ngay nay. Chdng ban, eac dia danh dffgc dat theo ten cac ddng hg cua ngffdi Pa Cd-Ta Oi thffdng gap la: sudi Ven {Vean:

ten ddng hg kieng an thit chd), song Pa Rin {Paring: ten ddng hp kieng an thit con soc), thon A Hd {Ahooq: ten ddng hp kieng lam cdi xay), thon Ke {Ke: ten ddng hp kieng eon bim bip), sud'i Pi Ay (Pi-di: ten ddng hp kieng

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102 Tap chi Nghien cffu \'a Phat trie'n, sd 1 (78). 2010

an thit chd), sdng Y Reo {Ireau: ten ddng hp kieng an bim bip), thdn To {Ta: ten ddng hg kieng lam tam van), thdn Pi Re {Pireq: ten ddng hg kieng lam coi xay), thon Tu Vdy {Tuvdi: ten ddng hg kieng chat may nffde). Mdi ddng hg deu thd nhffng vat td eiia minh va dd eung la nhffng vat kieng ddi vdi cd cgng ddng thon bdn.

- Dia danh phdn dnh ten danh nhdn. Loai dia danh nay d Thffa Thien Hue phan ldn la ten dffdng pho'. Trong sd' khoang 197 ten dffdng phd^ hien nay, hdu he't dffgc dat theo ten cac danh n h a n van hda-lieh suf eua dia phffang va toan dan tde: An Duang Vuong, Hung Vuang, Bd Trieu, Chu Van An, Cao Bd Qudt, Bui Thi Xudn, Huynh Thdc Khdng, Le Hong Phong, Le Quy Ddn, Nguyen Trdi, Nguyen Sinh Cung, Nguyen Khoa Chiem, Nguyhi Tri Phdang, Duy Tdn, Hdi Trieu, Ho Ddc Di, Td Hdu, Nguyhi Chi Thanh...

- Dia danh ddn tgc thieu sd ddge dgt theo ten ngudi cung gop phan phan anh dac diem van hda cua ehu the van hda Mon-Khmer sdng tren mdnh dat Thffa Thien Hue. Phdn ldn cac dia danh dan toe dat theo ten nhffng vi anh hung eua edng ddng, la nhan vat trong eae truyen thuye't, sii thi hay nhffng ngffdi^ ed cong khai pha ldng ban thon xdm. Chdng han, eac dia danh Pa Co-Ta Oi: ddi Pa Rok {Prdk: ten mdt n h a n vat tieu bieu trong lang d xa A Ddt), nui Quynh Tren {Koonh Tren: ten n h a each mang, nha lanh dao huyen A Lffdi), thon A Ludi [Alaaiq: n h a n vat anh hung cua edng ddng trong sff thi), thac A Nd {Andr: n h a n vat lieh sff trong sd thi)...

2.4.2. Dia danh phdn dnh ddc diem tdm ly van hda tgc ngudi

Dia danh Id nhffng eff lieu rat quan trgng phan a n h nhffng dae trffng tam ly van hda ciia eac chu the sang tao trong qua t r i n h eau t h a n h dia danh.

- Dia danh the hien Udc vgng sU gidu cd, thinh vUgng. Dd la nhffng ffdc vpng "phu" (44 dia danh): Phu Xudn, Dgi Phd, Phd An, Phd Dien, Phu Luang, Qudng Phd...; "Ipe" (23 dia danh): Binh Ldc, Phu Ldc, An Ldc, My Ldc, Dien Ldc, Phddc Ldc...; "lgi" (6 dia danh): Qudng Lgi, Binh Lgi, Dien Lgi, My Lgi...; "hffng" (3 dia danh): Vinh Hung, Hung Long, Hung Thdi. Ben canh sff giau ed, eac dia danh cdn the hien ffdc vong ve sff ddi mdi, tre trung qua cac yeu td tao dia danh "tan": Tdn 'My, Tdn Hdi, Tdn Duong...; "xuan":

Luang Xudn, Huang Xudn, Xudn Thien...; "dffang": Cdnh Duang, Thuy Duang, Vdn Duang...

- Dia danh the hien khdt vgng ve mdt que hUang dep de, non nUdc hdu tinh. Do la ffdc vgng tffai dep va hoan my trong cude so'ng vdi "my", "tien",

"tu", "van". Chdng han.- My Xd, My Thgnh, My An, My Khdnh, M§ Phd.; la nhffng ffdc vgng eho ve dep trong tdm hdn nhff "Id", "nghia", "nhan", "ehdnh",

"dffc", "hien", "lffffng", "trgng" dffgc the hien qua eac dia danh hanh ehinh:

Hien Luang, Ddc Trgng, Phu Li, An Nhan, Tn L~e, Xudn Chdnh, Thanh Luang. Thanh Cdn...

- Dia danh the hien mong Udc ve mat vdng ddt hda binh, yen on, cudc sdng trudng tdn, vinh cdu the hien qua eae ye'u td "an", "yen", "hoa", "binh",

"vinh", "dien". "trffdng", "tho", "cffdng". Chdng ban, ten cac ldng xaAn Bdng,

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Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 1 (78) .2010 103

An Thudn, Phudc Yen, Hien Hda, Binh An, Vinh Tri, Vinh An. Long Thg, Phddc Thg, Phd Cddng...

Qua mdi ten da't, ten lang, ngffdi Viet deu gffi gdm nhffng dieu to't lanh tff sau thdm trong tam hdn. Dieu nay the hien mpt each sinh dpng dac diem tam ly van hda tpc ngffdi cua cff dan song tren mdnh dat "0 chau ac dia", chien tranh lien mien, thien tai ddn dap theo sudt dam dai lieh sff.

2.4.3. Mdt phffffng dien khac gdn lien vdi chff the van hoa ma dia danh phan dnh la nhffng tac ddng ve mat chinh tri xa hpi trong each dat dia danh.

Sd ky hay eua che dd phong kien Viet Nam lam thay ddi cac dia danh la mdt trong nhffng dau an ro net ve sff "can thiep" cua che dp chinh tri, chu the van hda va la chu the sang tao ede dia danh. Tue kieng huy co tff cac trieu dai Ly-Tran, song ddi vdi cac dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue, nhffng kieng buy dffdi thdi cac ehua Nguyen va trieu dai nha Nguyen mdi la bdng chffng lich sd quan trpng eho thay ro nhffng quy dinh he't sffc nghiem ngat trong xa hpi. (]hdng han, dffdi thdi vua Gia Long, eae chff "Chung", "Anh", "Noan"

deu la trpng huy, nen cac dia danh chffa cac chff tren deu phdi thay doi:

lang Kim Long ddi t h a n h Kim Ludng, effa Hdi Nodn ddi thanh effa Thudn An, lang Ke Chung ddi thanh Ke ThUc (Ke Sung)... Cung do hffy ky ma dffdi thdi Minh Mang, Thieu Tri, Tff Dffc, Kien Phffc, Thanh Thai. Ddng Khanh, cae dia danh chffa cae chff "Hoa", "Toan", "Mien", "Hdng", "Dang", "Dffdng",

"Thien".. buoc phdi thay ddi theo quy dinh. Chang ban, lang Hoa Lang ddi thanh Hien Luang; lang Dudng Hoa ddi thanh Dudng Anh, rdi Ngge Anh;

chg Ddng Hoa ddi thknh Ddng Ba; lang Thanh Todn ddi thanh Thanli Thuy;

lang My Todn ddi thanh My Lgi; lang Hdng Phdc ddi thanh Thanh Phudc;

lang Dudng Long ddi t h a n h Chi Long; ehua Thien Mu ddi thdnh Linh Mu, lang Thien Ldc ddi t h a n h Thg Ldc; nui Thdy Hoa ddi t h a n h nui Thdy Vdn...

Ro rang, t a t cd nhffng sff thay ddi dia danh ndi tren deu do tieu chuan tham my eiia che dp ehinh tri tac ddng. Tff sau nam 1955. hdu het dia danh dffdng phd mang ten ngffdi Phap d thanh pho' Hue deu dffge thay ddi bang ten ngffdi Viet. Chang han, dffdng Verdun ddi thanh dffdng Ben Nghe; dffdng Pere de Rhodes (Giam muc Ddc Lg) ddi thanh dffdng Doan Hffu Trffng, dffdng Chaigneau ddi thanh dffdng Ly Thffdng Kiet.. Mdi sff thay ddi trong dia danh deu ghi dau an van hda chinh tri ciia thdi dai, cua chinh cdc chu the van hda tao nen cac dia danh.

2.5. Sii phdn dnh phiictng dien vdn hoa - ngon ngU hgc cua dia danh d Thda Thien Hue

Dia danh la sdn phdm cua tff duy con ngffdi thong qua ngdn ngff cua mpt hay nhieu dan tgc. Trong qua trinh hinh t h a n h va chuyen bie'n, dia danh chiu sff tae ddng manh me cua quy luat ngon ngff. Do dia danh mang tinh bao lffu tffang do'i cao nen ehung dffge xem la "nhffng tam bia bdng ngon ngff ddc dao ve thdi dai cua minh". Mdi dia danh ky thae nhffng thong tin ngon ngff hge khac nhau. Ngon ngff tao dia danh cd the mat di, thay ddi nhffng dia danh van dffgc bdo tdn nguyen ven nhffng gia tri

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104 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so' 1 (78). 2010

ngdn ngff hgc nhff thua ban ddu mdi dat ten. Vi vay, dia danh la ngudn ngff lieu r a t quy gid cho viec nghien cffu ngdn ngff-van hda hge t r e n eac phffang dien khac nhau.

2.5.1. Trffdc het, dia danh eung cap eho ehung ta eae ngd lieu ve tff vffng phffang ngff Thffa Thien Hue. trong dd, mdt sd ye'u td cd hdu nhff ngay nay da khong cdn dffge suf dung. Chdng han, lang Chudn, lang Sinh, lang iVp, lang Trdi, Ke Lieu, lang Cda, lang Cda Rdo, Ke Ld, lang Nong, lang Sam, Ke Ne, lang Ke, lang Eo. ldng Chen, Ke Dddc, xdm Trd, khe Mg, thon Me, khe Mu Cd, dong Nhut, nui Dd Kep, edn Trui... Cae dia danh thffdng bdo lffu nhffng tff ngff ed trong vdn tff dia phffffng d Thffa Thien Hue, khdng nhffng cung cdp tff lieu cho viee nghien cffu phffffng ngff hge ma edn tao nen net van hda dae trffng trong eau tao dia danh. Chang han, md hinh eau tao dia danh "Ke -i- X" ehi tdn tai trong loi dinh danh eua ede dia danh lang xa tff Thffa Thien Hue trd ra eae tinh phia Bde.

2.5.2. Gia tri ngdn ngff hgc eiia dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue edn the hien d qua trinh bien ddi ngff am eua tff trong lieh sii. Day la nhffng dan lieu het sffc quan trgng gdp phdn soi chieu dia danh hge tff gde nhin ngff am hgc lieh sff. Chdng han, am gde eua dia danh Vi Dg la Vf Dd, nghia la

"cdnh ddng lau say", dffgc dat tff thdi nha Le (1428-1788), thugc huyen Kim Tra. Qua trinh bie'n ddi ngff am tff Vi Dd thdnh Vl Dg phan anh sff ddng hda ngff am trong tie'ng Viet. Tff "Vi" mang t h a n h ngang la t h a n h cao, tff

"Da" mang thanh nga la t h a n h thap nen kho phat am; do vay, thanh nga eua "Da" ddng hda t h a n h ngang eiia "Vi" de trd t h a n h "Vi" trong Vi Dg.

Sff bien ddi cua dia danh gdp them chffng eff eho qua trinh bien ddi ngff am thffdng gap trong tieng Viet: mdnh (luo-mgnh, lanh (cung), Idnh (nhgtj-lgnh.

Nhffng bien ddi trong eae dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue kieu Dd Le thanh Dg Le, Ddng Ldm bie'n ddi t h a n h Ddng Ldm... deu tuan theo quy luat ngff am noi tren.

Tffang tff, sff bien ddi dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue" theo kieu Ldng Cd do Ldng Cd ma cd. Hue do Hda ma ra, deu ed the ly giai dffge tff gde do ngff am. Chdng han, theo y kie'n eua nhieu nha ngon ngff, lieh sd, van hda, dia danh Hue xuat hien dffdi dang Quo'c ngff ldn dau tien trong TU dien Viet- Bd - La (1651) cua A. de Rhodes. Vi trong muc tff Hda, dng ghi la: Hod, Ke Hod, Thddn Hod, Ke Hde. Cdn d mue tff Hue, tac gid lai vie't: Hde. xem Hod.

Cach ghi Hoe chi la do in sdt dau mu tren chff "e". Do vay. Hue do Hda ma thanh la each gidi thich dffgc nhieu ngffdi chap n h a n nha't.

2.5.3. Ngodi ra, qua t r i n h vay mffgn va tie'p xue ngdn ngff giffa eac edng ddng dan eff cung dffge phan anh kha ro net qua ede dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue. Chdng han. eac dia danh Trudi, Sia deu cd ngudn gdc tff ngdn ngff Mdn-Khmer nhff Pa Co-Ta Oi va Bru-Van Kieu (ntrudi, atrudi, seaq); hay Thdnh Ldi, song O Ldu deu cd ngudn goc tieng Cham cd nhff da phan tich d phan tren. Qua eae dan lieu tren, chung ta cd the di de'n gid thuye't rdng da ed mpt sff tiep xuc ngon ngff giffa dan tpc Kinh va cac dan tpc thieu sd d nhffng vffng ed cac dia danh nay xuat hien.

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Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 1 (78). 2010 lOE

Khi nghien cffu dia danh cd ngudn gdc tie'ng dan tpc thieu sd d Thffa Thien Hue, chung toi n h a n thay da sd cae dia danh dan tpc da dffpc Han Viet hda hoac Viet hda theo nhffng each vay mffgn khac nhau. Qua trinh ma hda nay da dan de'n nhffng bie'n ddi lam sai lech y nghia ban ddu ciia cac dia danh. Chdng ban, A Ludi, A So, A Sdu, A Ddt, A Tdy Lugt, A Rum Cd Lung... deu cd ngudn goc tff dia danh tie'ng Pa Co-Ta Oi d A Lffdi

la: A So, A Sau {aso: dd hdng), A Ddt {adaos: mpt loai khi), A Tay Luat {atilugt: vffgt qua), A Rum Cd Lung (arum karrrUm: nui phia dffdi mat trang), A Ludi {Alaaiq-ten vi anh hung ndi tie'ng trong sff thi effa ngffdi Ta Oi). Nhffng dia danh dffgc ghi theo kieu nffi Atine, nui Talou, dpng Hagier, ddng Diuon, nui MaiBar, ddi A Shau... deu la dau tich cffa sff tiep xuc ngon ngff Viet-Phap trong qua khff. Rat nhieu dan chffng eho thay each ngffdi Phap ghi dia danh tren bdn dd da lam sai lech va bien ddi y nghia ban ddu cua cac dia danh. Chdng ban, Ldng Cd t h a n h Ldng Cd, A So thanh A Shau, rdi A Sdu...

Tff cae dan lieu dffge phan tich d tren cho thay dia danh cd nhffng dong gdp thiet thffc vao viee nghien cffu ngon ngff hge tren ede phffffng dien: ngff am hoc lieh sff, phffffng ngff hge, tff nguyen hge, tie'p xffe ngon ngff, xa hpi- ngdn ngff hgc vd tam ly-ngon ngff hge.

3. Ket l u a n

3.1. Cd the nghien cffu dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue tren nhieu khia canh khac nhau de tim ra nhffng dac diem ve eau tao, y nghia va nguon gdc cac dia danh. Viee nghien cffu cae phffffng dien van hoa cua dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue tff each tiep can ngon ngff-van hoa hge la hffdng nghien cffu lien nganh ve dia danh, gop phdn dao sau nhffng tang van hoa an chffa ddng sau eac dia danh qua eae thdi ky khac nhau trong lich sff cffa mpt vung dat.

3.2. Qua viec nghien cffu eae dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue', chffng toi nhan thdy cd sff hpi nhap, dan xen van boa cua nhffng ldp cff dan co nguon gdc ngon ngff khac nhau sinh song tren dia ban: van hoa Viet, van hda Cham, van hda Mdn-Khmer. Nhffng sff giao thoa va tiep xue, vay mffgn ngon ngff-van hda giffa dan toe Kinh (Viet) vdi cac dan tgc thieu sd Cham, Ta Oi, Bru-Van Kieu, Ca Tu eung dffge the hien qua dia danh. Chffng trd thanh nhufng vat dan van hda, ky thae nhieu gid tri lich sd quan trgng va ede dae diem tam ly tgc ngffdi cua cdc chii the van hda dat Than Kinh.

3.3. Dia danh khong chi la mgt hien tffgng ngon ngff ma edn la mgt hien tffgng van hda, mdt pham tru lieh sii. Nghien cffu eac phffang dien van boa cua dia danh d Thffa Thien Hue, ehung ta ed the biet dffgc dae diem dia ly tff nhien, lich suf hinh thanh va phdt trien eua vffng dat chffa dia danh, ghi dau nhffng sff kien quan trgng da xdy ra eiia cff dan Thuan Hda-Phff Xuan vai ban 700 nam hinh thanh vd phdt trien.

18/9/2009 T V S

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CHU THICH

(1) Ddn theo: Le Trung Hoa (2006), Dia danh hoc Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, tr. 52.

(2) Cac cong trinh nghien cffu dia danh phai ke de'n ci Viet Nam la cac chuyen luan: Le Trung Hoa vdi hai eong trinh Dia danh d Thinh phd Ho Chi Minh, Nxb KHXH an hanh nam 1991 va Dia danh hoc Viet Nam do Nxb KHXH an hanh nam 2006; N g u y i n Tri Doi vdi eong trinh Ngon ngO vi sUphit trien van hoa xa hoi. Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin an hanh nam 2 0 0 1 . Cac luan an tien sTda bao ve: "Nhffng dae diem ehinh cua dja danh Hai Phong (sd bp so sanh vdi mpt s d viing khac)"(1996) ciia N g u y i n Kien Trffdng; "Nghien cffu dia danh Quang Tri" (2003) eua Tff Thu Mai; "Nhffng dae diem ehinh eua dia danh Dak Lak" (2005) eua Tran Van Dung; "Khao sat cac dia danh 6 Nghe An"(2006) eua Phan Xuan Dam...

(3) D i n theo: Tran Ngpc Them (1997), 77m ve bin sac van hda Viet Nam, Nxb Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, tr. 1.

(4) Xem them: Hoang Thj Chau (1966), "Mdi lien he ve nguon gdc ed dai d Dong Nam A qua mot vai ten song", Thong bao khoa hoc, Dai hpc Tong hpp Ha Npi, s d 2, Nxb Giao due; Tran Tri Doi (2001), Ngon ngu va su phit trien van hda xa hdi, Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin. Ha Npi; N g u y i n Tai Can (2001), Giao trinh lich sd ngd am tieng Viet (sd thao), tai ban, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi.

(5) Dffdng Van An (2001), 6 chau can luc, (Tran Dai Vinh, Hoang Van Phuc hieu dinh va dieh chu), Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.

(6) Le Quy Don (1977), Phu bien tap luc, Nxb Dai hpc va Trung hpc chuyen nghiep, Ha Npi.

(7) N g u y i n Dinh Dau (2005), "Tim hieu Thffa Thien Hue qua sffu tap dia ba", in trong Co do Hue, xUa va nay, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue, tr. 645-658.

(8) Xem them:Tran Dai Vinh (2004), "Sff thay ddi ten lang 6 cac tinh tff Quang Binh den Quang Nam xUa nay", in trong Tiep can van hoa nghe thuat mien Trung, tap 1, Phan vien Nghien cuu Van hoa-Thong tin tai Hue; Le N g u y i n LUu (2006), Van hda Hue xua:

ddi sdng van hoa ling xa,Hxb Thuan Y^oa, Hue.

(9) Mo hinh dia danh "X + Xa" la mpt kieu dat dia danh mang dac trUng eho qua trinh tu eu lap lang eiia ngUoi Viet tu Thua Thien Hue tro ra. Xem t h e m : Le Trung Hoa (2006), Dia danh hoc Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi.

T A I L I E U THAM KHAO

A. T i e n g Viet

1. DUPng Van An (2001), O chiu can luc, (Tran Dai Vinh, Hoang Van Phuc hieu dinh va dich ehu), Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.

2. Dao Duy Anh (1994), Dat nUdc Viet Nam qua cic ddi, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.

3. N g u y i n Quang An (1997), Viet Nam - nhdng thay ddi dia danh va dia gidi cic ddn vi hanh chinh 1945-1997, Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin. Ha Npi.

4. Nguyen Van Au (2002), Mot sd van de ve dia danh Viet Nam, in lan thff hai, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi.

5. Nguyen Tai Can (2001), Giio trinh lich sd ngd am tie'ng Viet (sd thao). tai ban, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi.

6. Hoang Thi Chau (1966), "Mdi lien he ve ngudn gde cd dai d Dong Nam A qua mot vai ten song". Thong bao l<hoa hoc, Dai hpc Tong hpp Ha Npi, sd 2, Nxb Giao due.

7. Hoang Thj Chau (1989), Tieng Viet tren moi mien da't nUdc, Nxb Dai hoe va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha Npi.

8. Tran Trf Doi (1999), Nghien cdu ngon ngu cic dan tde thieu sd Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Npi.

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9. Tran Tri Doi (2001), Ngdn ngO va sU phit trien van hoa xa hoi, Nxb Van hoa-Thong tin, Ha Npi.

10. Tran Tri Doi (2005), Giio trinh lich sd tieng Wet, Nxb Dai hpc Qude gia Ha Noi.

11. N g u y i n Dffpc, Trung Hai (2001), So tay dia danh Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi.

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13. Tran Van DQng (2005), NhOng dac diem chinh cua dia danh Dak Lak, luan an tie'n si ngQ van, Dai hpc Vinh.

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16. N g u y i n Dinh Dau (2005), "Tim hieu Thua Thien Hue qua suu tap dia ba", in trong Cd do Hue, xUa va nay, Nxb Thuan Hda, Hue.

17. Le Quy Don (1977), PhCi bien tap luc, Nxb Dai hpc va Trung hoe chuyen nghiep. Ha Npi.

18. N g u y i n Quang Ha, Tran Hoang, Mai Khde Ong, Pham Hong Viet, N g u y i n DQc Vu (2002), Sd tay dia danh du lich cic tinh Trung Trung Bd, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi.

19. Le Trung Hoa (2002), 71m hieu nguon goc dia danh Nam Bo va tieng Viet van hoc, Nxb Khoa hoe xa hpi. Ha Npi.

20. Le Trung Hoa (2006), Dia danh hoc Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpe xa hpi. Ha Noi.

21. N g u y i n Van Hieu (2007), "Van de qude ngu hoa he tho'ng phu am dau trong eac dia danh gde Han quan thoai Tay Nam 6 Viet Nam", Tap ehi Han Nom, sd 2, tr.17-22.

22. N g u y i n Van Hieu (2005), "NhQng dia danh goe Han 6 mpt s d vung dan tpc Mong-Dao 6 Viet Nam (tren cff lieu dia danh hanh ehinh tinh Lao Cai)", Tap ehi Ngon ngd, so 11.

23. TQ Thu Mai (2004), Nghien cdu dia danh Quing Trj, luan an tien sT ngon ngQ hpe.

Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Npi.

24. Phan Khoang (1969), Ljch sd xd Ding Trong 1555-1777, Nxb Khai tri, Sai Gon.

25. Le Nguyin LUu (2006), Van hoa Hue xua: ddi sdng van hoa lang xa. Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.

26. Le N g u y i n LUu (2006), Van hda Hue xUa: ddi sdng van hoa cung dinh, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.

27. Qude SQ Quan trieu N g u y i n (1997), Dai Nam nhat thdng chi, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.

28. Tran Van Sang (2008), "BQde dau tim hieu dae diem eau tao va y nghTa eae dia danh eo ngudn goc ngon ngQ dan tpc thieu sd d huyen A Lffdi, Thffa Thien Hue", Bao eao Hpi thao NgQ hpc toan qude lan thQ nha't, Hpi Ngon ngff hpe Viet Nam, Can Thd, ngay 18/4.

29. Tran Van Sang (2009), "Cach phien chuyen dia danh tQ tieng Pa-c6 Ta-6i 6 ThQa Thien Hue sang tieng Viet", Bao eao Hpi thao Ngon ngQ hpe toan qude, Vien Ngon ngQ hpc Viet Nam, thang 1 1 , Ha Npi.

30. N g u y i n Thi Sffu (2009), Ci'u tao tu tie'ng Ta Oi (trong sU so sanh vdi tieng Viet), luan an tien sTngon ngQ hpc. Ha Npi.

31. Tran Thanh Tam, Huynh Dinh Ket (2001), Dia danh thanh phd Hue, Nxb Van hoa dan toe. Ha Npi.

32. Ngo DQe Thp (1997), Nghien cdu chd hiiy Viet Nam qua cac trieu dai, Nxb Van hoa.

Ha Npi.

33. Tran Ngpc Them (1997), 77m ve ban sac van hoa Viet Nam, Nxb Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh.

34. DUPng PhQPc Thu (2002), Huy ky va quoc huy thdi Nguyen, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.

35. Vo Xuan Trang, 1997, PhUdng ngd Binh Tri Thien, Nxb Khoa hpe xa hoi, Ha Noi.

36. N g u y i n Kien TrUPng (1996), Nhung dac diem chinh cua dia danh Hii Phong (so bo so sanh vdi dia danh mot sd vung khac), luan an PTS NgQ van, Dai hoc Qude gia Ha Npi

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37. Mai Khde L/ng (2005), "NghT ve xu Hue xa xffa", in trong Co dd Hue, xUa va nay, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue. tr. 15-18.

38. Dinh Xuan Vinh (1996), So tay dia danh Viet Nam, Nxb Lao dong. Ha Npi.

39. Tran Dai Vinh (2004), "Sff thay ddi ten lang 6 cac tinh tu Quang Binh de'n Quang Nam xUa nay", in trong Tiep can van hda nghe thuat mien Trung. tap 1, Phan vien Nghien cuu Van hoa-Thong tin tai Hue. Hue.

40. Tran Qude Vupng (2003), Van hoa Viet Nam tim tdi va suy ngam, Nxb Van hpe, Ha Noi.

B. Tieng Anh

1. Trask.R.L, 1999, Key concepts in language and linguistics, Routledge, London and New York.

2. Mark J. Alves, 2006, A grammar of Pacoh: a Mon-Khmer language of the central high- lands of Vietnam, Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.

3. Paul Sidwell, 2006, A Mon-Khmer comparative dictionary. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.

4. RichartL. Watson, (1969), "Pacoh names", Mon-Khmer Studies III, The Linguistic Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic, 77-88.

5. Watson K., (1964), "Pacoh phonemics", Mon-Khmer Studies I, The Linguistic Circle of Saigon & The Summer Institute of Linguistic. 135-148.

TOM TAT

Dia danh phan anh nhieu khia canh dja ly, Ijch su, van hoa, dan tpc, kinh te... ndi ma no dupe hinh^thanh. Dja danh eon dupe xem la bp bien nien sff sdng dpng, khde hpa qua trinh phat trien ciia mpt vung dat. Vi vay, nghien cuu dia danh 6 Thffa Thien Hue la mpt hudng tiep can lien nganh ngon ngQ-ljeh su-dan tpc-van hoa hpc ve mpt vung dja ly hpi tu nhieu Idp, nhieu tang van hoa co sff giao thoa, tiep bien giffa cae dan tpc cung chung sdng tren dia ban cQ tru (Kinh, C h a m , Mon-Khmer...). Trong qua trinh hinh thanh va chuyen bien, dia danh khong ehi chiu tae dpng b6i eae yeu td ngon ngff ma eon ea cac yeu td ngoai ngon ngQ. Cae ye'u to nay lam cho dja danh khong chi trd thanh tam bia bdng ngon ngQ dpc dao ve thdi dai ciia minh ma eon la nhffng "tram tich sdng" b l n g ngon ngff. ky thac nhieu thong tin tu lieu quy gia ddi vdi eae nganh khoa hpe: ngon ngu hpe, van hda hpe, su hpc...

ABSTRACT

CULTURAL DENOTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES OF THL/A THIEN HUE Geographical names may reflect vanous aspects of the place they refer to: geography, history, culture, ethnology, economy... They are also regarded as a colorful book of annals that depicts the development process of the land. Therefore, a study on the geographical names of Thua Thien Hue can be an approach to a multi-field investigation in linguistics, history, ethnology, cultural study, regarding a land influenced by many piling-up layers of culture with the aceulturations between different peoples shanng the same land (Kinh, Cham, Mon-Khmer...). In the process of formation and variation, geographical names are subject to the impact of not only the language, but also of elements outside the language as well. The latter elements make the geographical names both a stelae with a distinctive script about the relevant ages as well as, say, the "sediments of life" in words that preserve valuable data for different scientific subjects: linguistics, cultural study, history...