Nghien cUu - t r a o doi
if'aTliJ ' ' i ' ; i !'V- (• •',}-
K t NIfiM 190 NAM N G A Y SINH CUA P a A N G G H E N (2«/ll/1820 - 28/11/2010
Tim hieu quan clieni
cua Ph.Angghen v^ dan chii trong nghien cuu Ichoa hpc
• PGS, TS. NGO DINH XAY
Vu Ly ludn Chinh tri. Ban Tuyen gido TW
T
rong qua trinh boat dpng va nghien ciiu eua minh, do nhieu ly do, trong dd CO ban va trudc bet la boat dpng va nghien eiiu eua Ph.Angghen va cua cac nha kinh dien mac-xit nham phue vu true tiep cho boat dpng da'u tranh each mang, boat dpng giai phdng con ngubi va nhan loai khdi aeh ap hue bdc lot, nen cae tac gia kinh dien chu ye'u tie'p can dan ehu dudi phuong dien ehinh tri-xd hpi. O cac 6ng kh6ng cd tac pham hay phan nghien cuu rieng ve dan ehu trong nghien ciiu khoa hpe. Song, neu dung phuong phap ngoai suy khoa hpc de tir nhiing quan diem ehung ve dan ehu cua Ph.Angghen, chiing t a cd the' lay ra, tach ra nhiing y rieng, nhiing quan niem rieng ve dan chu trong nghien ciiu khoa hpe cua 6ng n h u sau:
1. D a e d i e m c i i a n g h i e n c u u k h o a h o c d o i h o i p h a i co d a n c h i i t r o n g n g h i e n c u u k h o a h o c
Hoat dpng nghien ciiu khoa hpc.
theo Ph.Angghen cd mpt so' dae thil sau:
Thit nhd't, nghien ciiu khoa hpc la loai lao dpng tri dc mang tinh sang tao, di tim cai chua bie't.
Ph.Angghen viet: "Khoa hpc phai nghien eiiu chinh cai ma chiing ta khong bie't"(l). Day la die'm coban nhat phan biet nd vdi lao dpng san xuait binh thubng tiie la lao dpng san xuait mang tinh lap di lap lai.
N h u vay, theo Ph.Angghen, qua trinh nghien ciiu khoa hpc la qua trinh sang tao r a tri thiic mdi.
Sang tao la dae tinh cua nghien cuu khoa hpc.
Thu hai, can chap nhan tinh nii ro trong nghien ciru khoa hpe. Do nghien ciiu khoa hpc la lao dpng mang tinh sang tao, tim cai chua bie't, do dd ciing cd the' thanh eong va cd the that bai. Ph. Angghen da thira nhan ca 6ng va C. Mac da nhieu lan phai nghien eiiu di, nghien cuu lai mpt van de nao dd, nha't la khi vie't Tuyen ngon eua Ddng Cpng sdn va khi trinh bay Bo Tu bdn.
32 UYEN GIAO SO • 2 0 1 0
Nghien cuTu - trao doi
Thu ba, nghien ciiu khoa hpe la boat dpng mang tinh chan ly, do dd rat can nhung dieu kien dam bao eho nd. Ve die'm nay, Ph.Angghen viet:
"Khong nhiing ket qua cua viec nghien eiiu, ma t a t ca con dubng dan tdi viec nghien ciru, cung phai la chan ly. Ban than viee nghien ciin chan ly phai cd tinh chan ly, sir nghien cuu that su dd la chan ly md rpng ma nhiing khau bi tach ra rot cupc lai ket hpp lam m6t"(2).
Thii tu, nghien ciiu khoa hpc mang tinh ke' thira. Khi lam sang td quan he giiia khoa hpe hien dai vdi khoa hpc cd Hy Lap, Ph.Angghen cd ndi rang, bat ke sir phat trien khoa hpc hien dai nao ciing deu tim tha'y hinh anh cua nd thu nhd trong manh nha khoa hpc thbi c6' dai Hy Lap. Ndi each khae, hoat ddng nghien eiiu khoa hpc hien dai kh6ng tach khdi sir ke thira thanh qua lao dpng
khoa hpc cua ngubi di trudc.
Nghien ciiu khoa hpe chi thirc hien dupc su ke thira trong mpt moi trubng nhait dinh, dd chinh la mdi trubng dan chu.
2. D a n chii t r o n g n g h i e n c i i u k h o a h o c t h e o q u a n n i e m ciia P h . A n g g h e n
Mpt Id, dan chii chinh la dieu kien, m6i trubng dam bao eho eac quyen t u do trong nghien ciiu khoa hpe.
Trong che dp xa hpi nao cd dan ehii thuc su, se tao dieu kien eho cac nha khoa hpe ed the tham gia vao e6ng tac nghien cuu khoa hpe. Neu kh6ng cd dan chii thue sir, chi la dan chu gia hieu, phue vu eho lpi ich eua s6 it ngubi thi mpi thii quyen e6ng dan se bi ban che, se ehi la hinh thuc. C.Mae va Ph.Angghen viet: "Cae vi kh6ng the sdng, khong the che't, kh6ng the ke't h6n, khong the' viet thu, khong the suy nghi, kh6ng the xua't ban, khong the'
bu6n ban, khong the day hpc... neu kh6ng dupc phep cua chinh quyen... Cbn ve tir do khoa hpe, t u do tin nguong... thi ta't ca nhiing eai dd chi la dieu nham nhi"(3).
Tai sao t u do lai la ye'u td' kh6ng the thieu trong nghien ciiu khoa hpe? Ph.
Angghen da ly giai van de nay n h u sau: Thit nhdt, t u do la dieu kien eho sir sang tao trong nghien cuu khoa hpc. Theo Ph. Angghen, t u do la de nam bat dupc cai ta't yeu ve mpt van de, mpt phan doan nao dd. Ong viet: "Ve mpt vain de nhait dinh, cang t u do bao nhieu thi npi dung cua sir phan doan dd se dupc quye't dinh vdi mdt tinh ta't ye'u cang ldn bay nhieu"(4).
Thit hai, theo Ph.Angghen, sir t u do giiip cho sir sang tao cua khoa hpc la khdng ngimg. Ong ndi: "Le di nhien la nen triet hpc t u nhien eii - dau cd chiia dung nhieu dieu tdt t h a t su va nhieu mam
TUYENGiAoSO 11-2010 33';
Nghien cuTu - trao ddi
m6ng cd siic dam chdi nay lpc nhu the nao chang niia - van kh6ng the thoa man dupc chiing ta"(5). Thit ha, t u do trong nghien ciiu khoa hpc theo Angghen, gan lien vdi viec t u phe va phe, do dd giiip cho nghien eiiu khoa hpc trd nen cd chat lupng hon va tien bp hon. Ph. Angghen cho rang boat dpng khoa hpe v6 eimg khd khan va nghiem tiie, do dd, trong qua trinh viet laeh kh6ng t r a n h khdi sir "vung ve" va viec "tu phe binh" minh la dieu can thiet cua nha khoa hpc. Ngubi ndi:
"T6i ciing mu6n thay doi phan ndi ve khoa hpc t u nhien ly thuyet. Phan nay da dupc trinh bay rat vung ve, nhieu diem bay gib ed the dien dat dudi mpt hinh thiic rd rang hon va chinh xae hon. Va neu nhu d day t6i t u coi minh kh6ng cd quyen sua ehiia, thi chinh vi the ma d day, t6i lai cang ed nhiem vu phai tu phe binh minh (T.G nhan manh)"(6). Dd la phdm chdt can cd d nha khoa hpc, 6ng tir phe binh minh khi viet phan "khoa hpc t u nhien ly thuye^t" trong eu6'n "Ch6'ng Duy-rinh". Hon the'nua, theo Ph.Angghen, cac nha khoa hpc chan chinh phai ed trach nhiem phe phan nhiing "ke gia danh khoa hpe", t u cho minh vi: "Nhirng Ibi r6ng tuech khoa truong va tien eu nhiing ke len mat huenh hoang ve mpt "khoa hpc" ma hp "thirc ra ehua hpc dupc cai gi ca"(7). Ddng thbi, Ph.Ang- ghen ciing khang dinh rang:
tir do ve nghien ciiu khoa hpc - dd khong phai la sir tuy
tien, kh6ng phai la quyen con ngubi inu6n lam gi eiing dupe. Ph. Angghen da nghiem khae phe phan each nghien eiiu tuy tien eua Du5rrinh va eiia "khoa hpc gia hieu trang trpn" d Diie giiia the' ky XIX, khi 6ng vie't: "Tu do ve mat khoa hpc dupc hieu la quyen ciia con ngubi dupc viet ve tdt ed nhung gi nd khong nghien cuu (TG nha'n manh), va coi dd la phuong phap khoa hpc duy nhait chat che"(8). Thii tu, t u do thiic day phat trien khoa hpe, khoa hpc cang phat trien thi con ngubi cang t u do. Vdi su- phat trien cua khoa hpc, eon ngubi nhan thiic eae quy luat khach quan cang sau sac thi hoat dpng cua nd cang trd nen tir giac va tir do, tiie la cang lam ehu dupe nhieu hon ve the gidi khach quan. Dd chinh la budc nhay tir vuong quoc cua tait ye^u sang vuong qu6c eua t u do.
Chinh vi t u do trong nghien eiiu khoa hpc quan trpng nhu vay, nen C.Mac va Ph.Angghen ciing eho rang, cac nha khoa hpc can "lu6n diing cam va kh6ng met mdi dung tren cuong vi chien da'u, khi dbi hdi bito ve sir t u do eua khoa hpc"(9).
Hai Id, dan chu trong nghien eiiu khoa hpc dupc the hien la mpi nha khoa hpc cd quyen t u do trinh bay quan diem cua minh. Khi phe phan che dp dan chu t u san, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da nhan dinh rang den mpt liie nao dd, khi nhu cau dan chu len cao, dan ehu v6 san thang the^ thi "chiing ta deu cd kha
nang bay td quan diem eua minh tren mpt tb bao Luan D6n nao dd"(10). Lenin khi ndi den td chuc dang va van hpc cd tinh dang, da nhan dinh rang: "Mdi ca nhan deu cd quyen viet va ndi tat ca nhiing dieu hp mu6n, kh6ng ed mdt chiit han che nao"(ll).
Tur do ng6n luan, t u do xuat ban ed mpt y nghia rat to ldn. San pham eiia nghien Clin khoa hpe thubng la tri thiie mdi liie dau la cua mpt ea nhan hay mpt nhdm cae nha khoa hpe, tiic la ed the' coi dd la cai don nhait. Nhung vdi tir do ngdn luan, t u do xuait ban cho nghien ciiu khoa hpc, thi san pham dd dupe pho' bie'n rpng rai trong quan ehiing nhan dan, tiie la trd thanh cai ehung - khi dd nd tac dpng manh me va sau rpng trong xa hpi, tao da eho nhiing budc tien trong xa hpi.
Ba la, dan ehu tao dieu kien eho sir binh dang trong nghien ciru khoa hpe. Theo C.Mac va Ph.Angghen sir binh dang trong hoat dpng khoa hpc la m6i ngubi lam khoa hpe hinh dang "canh t r a n h vdi nhau trong viec tim kiem nhiing each iing dung thue tien eua nganh khoa hpe ay... "(12). iNhu vay, theo cac tae gia kinh dien thi de ed canh tranh trong nghien eiiu va iing dung khoa hpe vao cupc song, thi trudc bet phai dam bao sir binh dang eho mpi ngubi lao dong tri de, dd la eimg binh dang trong viec nghien eiiu khoa hpc. Va theo Ph. Ang- ghen, chi den mpt xa hpi khi xuat hien Lien hiep nhung
34 YEN GlAO s o 11-2010
ngudi tu do, thi liie dd nhiing nha boat dpng khoa hpc "ed sii mang dae biet eua minh la nghien ciiu cac van de chinh tri va triet hpe tren co sd nguyen tac vi dai la su hinh ddng phd hien vd that su (T.G nhain manh) giiia tat ea mpi ngubi tren trai dat"(13), - ehi den liie dd mdi cd binh dang thuc su, nghia la cd dan chu thuc su trong nghien eiiu khoa hpc.
Bdn la, dan ehu chinh la the' hien tinh than bae ai, tinh nhan van trong nghien ciiu khoa hpc vi mue tieu con ngubi. Khai niem dan ehu xet d gde dp tinh ngubi ehinh la sir bae ai mang dam tinh nhan van; bac ai la nac thang d cung bac cao nhat cua dan chii xet d gde dp nhan tinh, bdi vi mpi cupc dau tranh cho dan chu ehinh la thuc hien sir bac ai cua con ngubi. Nha khoa hpc the' hien tinh than bae ai cua minh d nhirng t u tubng nhdn vdn eao cd. Bae ai trong nghien eiiu khoa hpc ciing the hien d tinh t h a n tuong trp giiip do nhau trong boat dpng nghien ciru ciing n h u trong eupe s6'ng dbi thubng.
Bat cii nha nghien ciin khoa hpc nao ciing vay, kh6ng phai liic nao eiing thuan lpi, su6n se. Chinh vi the'ma can cd sir giiip db, h6 trp tir mpi phia, dae biet la ddng nghiep. Chiing ta da bie^t rang neu kh6ng ed Ph.Ang- ghen, thi Mae ed le khd cd the t h a n h c6ng n h u the' trong boat dpng nghien ciiu khoa hpc cua minh. Kh6ng cd Ph.Angghen thi nhiing
c6ng trinh dd so cua Mac khd cd the dupe hoan chinh va phd bien rdng rai n h u hien nay. Tinh ban giiia Mac va Ph.Angghen la mpt tinh ban vi dai trong ddi thubng ciing n h u trong nghien cuu khoa hpc. Dd la bang chiing himg hdn ve tam guong ngbi sang nhat, minh chirng eho tinh cam thieng lieng tinh bae ai eua cac nha sang lap ra ly luan khoa hpc ve giai phdng eon ngubi.
Nam Id, dan chu la co so cho quyen t u quyet (tu chu) trong nghien ciiu khoa hpe.
Dan chu vdi t u each la t u do, binh dang la dieu kien can trong nghien ciiu khoa hpc.
Va, dan ehii vdi t u each la bac ai la mue dieh, con dubng di eua ngubi lao dpng tri de.
Thi, dan chu vdi t u each la quyen t u chu la dieu kien dii trong viec sang tao cua nha khoa hpc.
Quyen t u ehu trong nghien ciiu khoa hpe la pham chat tuyet d6i can thiet cua ngudi lam khoa hpe, nd the hien tinh sdng tgo dpc lap cita nha khoa hpc; nd kh6ng gidng nhu quyen t u do, hay quyen bd phieu..., vi nhiing cai quyen dd gan rat chat vdi phap quyen chinh tri. Ang- ghen da danh gia cao quyen tir chu trong sir khang dinh t u tubng khoa hpe cua thbi ky phue hung nhu sau: "Hanh vi each mang ma khoa hpc t u nhien dimg de tuyen bo' su dpc lap cua minh... chinh la viee xua't ban cac tac pham bait hu trong dd Copecnic,...
da thach thiic quyen uy cua giao hpi trong cae van de cua
t u nhien. Tir dd trd di khoa hpe t u nhien mdi bat dau dupc giai phdng khdi than hpe"(14).
N h u vay, quyen tu chd eua ngubi nghien ciiu khoa hpc theo Ph.Angghen phai cd pham chat nhu "hanh vi each mang", "tuyen bd sir dpc lap cua minh" va "thach thiie quyen uy" trong viec di tim ehan ly. Ph.Becon - ngubi sang lap ra triet hpc duy vat Anh, nha khoa hpe t u nhien vi dai da ndi rd muc dich khoa hpc cua minh: "Muc dieh cua t6i la h ch6, - Ph.Becon viet - ehi ra uy the thuc sir eua khoa hpc ma kh6ng can phai t6 ve va cubng dieu, va... lam rd y nghia va gia tri ehan chinh cua nd"(15).
Trong quan niem ve quyen t u ehu trong nghien eiiu khoa hpe cua cac nha kinh dien mac-xit, cbn bao h a m ea quyen dupc khang dinh va quyen dupe bao ve san pham khoa hpc cua minh (quyen tac gia). Quyen tae gia (ma ngay nay gpi la quyen sd hiiu tri tue), quyen tac pham la thupc quyen cua ngubi sd hiiu chait xam dd: "Doi vdi ngubi dich - Ph.Angghen viet - quyen tac gia van ed hieu lire trong ba nam sau khi nguyen ban da dupe xuat ban"(16). Hon the niia, quyen tac gia cbn cd hieu lire qu6c te. "Theo luat qu6c te, mu6n duy tri quyen d6i xu d6i vdi ban dich thi trong vbng mpt nam ke tir khi xuait ban ban goc, phai xuait ban du chi phan dau cua bim dich tuong iing, khi
TUYEN GlAO SO 11-2010 3 5 ' i
Nghien cuTu - trao doi do quyen ciia tac gia doi vdi ban dich d nudc tuong iing se dupe duy tri trong ba nam"(17).
Qua dd cho tha'y quyen t u chu trong nghien eiiu khoa hpc vo cimg quan trpng. iNha khoa hpe ma kh6ng t u ehu trong nghien ciiu eua minh thi khd cd the' ed dupc nhiing phat minh, nhiing ddng gdp ed gia tri cho xa hpi, cho loai ngubi. Ket qua nghien eiiu khoa hpc la cua ea nhan nha khoa hpc, mang dau an ea nhan, do dd rait khd khan eho nha khoa hpc khi kh6ng cd quyen t u chii. Chinh vi vay, nha nudc can cd eo che tao dieu kien phat huy quyen t u chu trong boat dpng nghien ciiu khoa hpc.
Sdu Id, dan chu gdp phan tao nen sir e6ng khai va tranh dupe sai lam kh6ng dang cd trong dien dat khoa hpc. C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da timg khang dinh: thue tien la tieu ehuan chan ly.
Va theo cae 6ng, cong khai se thiic day dan ehu trong nghien eiiu khoa hpc vi nghien ciin khoa hoe ed e6ng khai thi mdi tao dieu kien cho cac nha khoa hpc tranh luan de cudi cimg tim ra chan ly. Theo C.Mae va Ph.Angghen, tinh c6ng khai cua dan ehu trong nghien ciiu khoa hpc se giiip t r a n h dupe each lam khoa hpe tiiy tien. "Caeh lam lay hinh thiic thay cho npi dung, lay Ibi le thay cho t u tudng dd, san sinh ra d nude Diie mpt loat cha co hay ndi hoa my, nhiing cha ed nay, ta't nhien phai tim noi an nau cuoi
cung eiia minh trong nen dan chu. Neu nhu trong than hpe d6i liic van ddi hdi nhiing kien thuc du la ndng can, thi trong nen dan chii, ngupc lai, nhiing Ibi le trdng r6ng da dupe ap dung mpt each day du - d day Ibi ndi hoa my cd ve keu nhung kh6ng ed ndi dung, nullite sonore (keu nhung trdng r6ng) hoan toan thay the y nghia va su nhan thiie vain de"(18). Ph.Ang- ghen nhan manh them:
"Dang le trudc het hp phai di sau hpc tap khoa hpc mdi thi mdi ngubi trong bpn hp lai ra siie ghep cai khoa hpc a'y bang each nay hay each khae vao nhiing quan diem ma minh dem tir ben ngoai vao, nap ngay cho minh khoa hpc rieng, va lap tiic len mat mu6n day khoa hpe aiy cho ngubi khac"(19). Cai 16i nghien ciiu khoa hpc dd, theo Ph. Angghen, khdng the' lam cho khoa hpc tie^n bp dupc. Tren co sd tiep thu quan diem nay cua C.Mae va Ph.Angghen, V.I.Lenin da nha'n manh rat nhieu den tinh e6ng khai cua dan chu trong nghien eiiu khoa hpe.
Le-nin cho rang, ne'u thie'u tinh cong khai thi rait de dan den t6n giao. "Loai trir eac quy luat cua khoa hpc, thuc te chi len liit dua cae quy luat cua t6n giao"(20).
V.I.Lenin edn khang dinh, thong qua c6ng khai, cac nha khoa hpc va cac dang vien cua Dang mdi nhan thiie dupc chan ly va nhanh ehdng dua ly luan vao thue tien:
"Chiing tdi khuyen edng nhan doe di dpc lai cuong
linh dd, thao luan va di sau vao nhiing dieu kien thuc hien cuong linh. Ta't ea van de la d trong nhung dieu kien thuc hien, la d chd bat tay ngay tiic khae vao viec thue hien"(21).
Dae biet, theo C.Mae va Ph. Angghen, phirong phap dien dat tdt la mpt yeu to lam eho tinh dan chu trong nghien cuu khoa hpc dupc the hien rd hon, sinh dpng hon. Chat lupng bai vie't, tac pham thanh cong hay kh6ng, ngubi nghe cd hie'u dupc khdng, cd ddng cam va chap n h a n hay khdng, tinh dan chu cd the hien rd va cam nhan dupe hay kh6ng chinh la nhb vao mpt phan ldn phuong phap dien dat.
Ph.Angghen khuyen nhiing ngubi lam khoa hpc: "Sir t h a n trpng dae biet trong each dien dat khdng bao gib cd hai, neu ta khdng mudn ngubi ta tdm ed' ta d each dien dat khdng thanh e6ng hoac khong chinh xae"(22).
Bdy la, dan ehu ebn la dpng lire eua nghien eiiu khoa hpc, boat dpng sang tao eua con ngubi. Dan chu eho phep mpi ngubi tham gia nghien eiiu khoa hpe, dupc tu- do t n n h bay quan die'm cua minh va th6ng qua tranh luan cd the gpi md nhirng vain de can nghien cuu. Dieu nay da dupc Ph.Angghen xae nhan: "Viee phe phan nhiing cupe tranh cai trong hpi ddng tinh Ranh da bupc Mac phai nghien eiiu nhiing van de cd lien quan de'n eac lpi ich vat chat va d day ong da dat de'n nhiing quan diem mdi ma ea
|i 3 6 • TUYEN GlAO SO 11 - 2010
Nghien curu - trao ddi
l u a t hpc, trie't hpc ciing ehua d u a r a dupe tdi"(23). Ph.Ang- g h e n dae biet d a n h gia cao vai trb cua phe p h a n xa hpi d6i vdi viec n g h i e n eiiu ly l u a n . Chi cd t r o n g mdi trubng d a n ehu thi mpi ngubi mdi ed dieu kien de thue hien s u phe p h a n dd, de t u do t r i n h b a y q u a n die'm e u a minh, t u do t r a n h l u a n , de tim r a e h a n ly. D a y la m6i trubng he^t siie can thie^t d6i vdi nghien ciiu ly l u a n . C.Mac eiing k h a n g dinh:
"Nhiing cupe t r a n h l u a n v l t u do bu6n b a n va t h u e q u a n bao hp l a n d a u tien thiic d a y t6i nghien eiiu nhirng v a n de k i n h te'"(24). Ciing c h i n h trong m6i t r u b n g nay, C.Mae va Ph.Angghen da c6' g a n g t r i n h bay mpt each t o a n dien q u a n diem eua cac 6ng ve triet hpc, k i n h te c h i n h t r i hpc, khoa hpc t u n h i e n v a lieh s u v.v... Trong b a i b i n h l u a n ve T a p 1, Bp "Tu b a n "
cua C.Mae, vie't cho bao "El- berfelder Zeitung", P h . A n g - ghen da t a n ddng va nhain m a n h each d a t v a n de n h u sau eua bao ehi: "Tren bao ehi ngubi t a da n h i e u l a n ndi r a n g Mae cd y dinh tdng k e t cac k e t q u a n g h i e n ciiu l a u n a m cua m i n h dudi h i n h thiic phe p h a n t o a n bp khoa k i n h te chinh tri t d n t a i tir t r u d c den nay va b a n g each dd xay d u n g eho niem udc m o n g x a hpi ehu nghia cai co sd khoa hpc m a cho tdi n a y ea P h u - ri-e, P r u d 6 n g , ca L a t - x a n niia deu e h u a t h e d e m lai dupe"(25). Cd t h e ndi r a n g , t u do, d a n ehu la dpng lire de d u a n h a n g h i e n ciiu di d e n
nhiing p h a t trie'n k h o a hpc.
Tdm Id, d a n c h u t r o n g nghien ciiu k h o a hpc p h a i di lien vdi viec ch6ng sir b a n che v a sir t h a i q u a t r o n g nghien eiiu khoa hpc. Khi ndi d e n s u t a c dpng eua d a n chu d e n n g h i e n c u u k h o a hpe, eiing c a n de cap d e n gde dp t h i i h a i c u a nd, tiie l a d a n chu bi b a n che hoac d a n chu t h a i q u a se k i m h a m b o a t d p n g n g h i e n ciiru k h o a hpc.
Theo C.Mae va Ph. Angghen, t r o n g m6i t r u b n g d a n chii hi b a n che, b o a t dpng n g h i e n ciiu k h o a hpc se t h i e u c6ng k h a i , n g u b i n g h i e n c u u k h b n g dupe cung cap day d u n h i i n g t a i lieu v a t h 6 n g t i n c a n t h i e t , k h i e n cho n h i i n g k e t l u a n n i t r a thieii c h i n h xae. C h i n h vi vay, C.Mae ciing n h u P h . A n g g h e n d a t i m g t a n t h a n h q u a n die'm cho r a n g , edng viec n g h i e n eiiu k h o a hpe dupc quyen cd moi t r u b n g b o a t dpng r p n g r a i n h a t , k h o n g bi b a n che n h a t ( 2 6 ) . Dd c h i n h la mdi t r u b n g d a n ehu.
Mpt k h i a c a n h k h a e t r o n g sir t a c dpng cua d a n chu d e n n g h i e n ciiu k h o a hpc, dd la t r u b n g hpp d a n ehu t h a i qua.
T r u b n g hpp n a y de d a n d e n t i n h t r a n g l a n lon t r a n g den, khd p h a n biet dupc c h a n gia tri, eai khoa hpc h a y cai c h u a t h u e k h o a hpc, cai diing n h u n g khdng, hoac c h u a t h i c h hpp. iNha k h o a hpc cd quyen tur do viet va ndi t a t ea n h i i n g dieu hp m u d n , n h u n g n e u q u a l a m d u n g quyen dd de d i m g n h i i n g ngdn tir k h d n g chinh xae h a y dura r a nhiing k e t l u a n ehua rd r a n g .
thie'u l u a n cii khoa hpe la b e t sure n g u y h a i va p h a n khoa hpe. Dieu n a y la h e t sue dae t h u ddi vdi edng t a e nghien ciiu ly l u a n . Ph.Angghen cho r a n g , k h i n h i i n g q u a n diem ly l u a n cbn e h u a rb r a n g , thi k h d n g n e n t u y e n t r u y e n n h i i n g q u a n die'm aiy. Ong vie't: "Dang h o a n t o a n khdng c a n n h a k h a i s a n g m a n g u y e n t a c co b a n ciia hp la d a y cho n g u b i k h a e nhiing d i e u m a b a n t h a n hp ehua n g h i e n eiiu ra"(27)./.
(1) C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen:
Todn tap, t.20, Nxb CTQG, H, 1994, tr.704
(2) Sdd, t.l, Nxb CTQG, H, 1995, tr.l8
(3) Sdd, t.l2, Nxb CTQG, H, 1995, tr.759.
(4) Sdd, t.46, phdn II Nxb CTQG, H, 2000, tr.l020.
(5), (6), (7), (8) Sdd, t.20, 2002, tr. 24-25, 22, 17-18, 17
(9) Sdd, t.41, 1999, tr.377.
(10) Sdd, t.29, 1996, tr.554.
(11) V.I.Lenin, t.l2, Nxb TB, M, 1976, tr. 125
(12) Sdd, t.47, 2001, tr. 886.
(13) Sdd, t.44, 1995, tr.560.
(14) Sdd, 1994, t.20, tr.461.
(15) Ph.Becon: cdc tdc phdm.
Matxcava, 1977, t.l, tr. 122-123, (tieng Nga).
(16), (17) Sdd, t.39, 1999, tr. 187, 216
(18) Sdd, t..8, 1993, tr.335 (19) Sdd, t.l9, 1993, tr.25 (20) V.I.Lenin: Todn tap, t.25, Nxb TB, M, 1980, tr.57.
(21) V.I.Lenin: Todn tap, t.32, Nxb TB, M, 1981, tr.l36.
(22) Sdd, t..36, 1999, tr.316.
(23), (25) Sdd, t.16, 1994, tr.491, 291.
(24) Sdd, 1.13, 1993, tr.14.
(26) Sdd, t.l, 1995, tr. 145 (27) Sdd, t.34, 1998, tr.563.
TUVeNGlAOSO'll-2010 3 7 -
