Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn So 3/2013
KET QUA NGHIEN COU DAO TAO SAU DA! HOC
HIEN TRANG VA Dfi XUAT CAI TIEN KY THUAT, QUAN LY 6 DOI TtONG NGAO {MERETRIX SPP) NU6l THU'ONG PHAM TAI HAI PHONG
STATUS AND PROPOSAL IMPROVED TECHNIQUES AND MANAGEMENT FOR COMMERCIAL CLAM FARMING IN HAI PHONG
Nguyin Him Udng', D§ ThiHoi^
Ngaynhanbai 26/11/2012, Ngayphin bien thong qua 28/02/2013;Ngay duyet dang- 10/9/2013
TOM T A T
Nuoi trong thiiy sdn (NTTS) Id mpt nghe truyin thong cda nhan ddn Hdi Phong da vd dang phdt tnen mgnh acab^
vung nuoc ngot, la. man Dfnh hu&ng ciia ngdnh thiiy sdn Hdi Phong din nam 2020 Id xdc dinh nuoi trong thiiy san Id /M vuc CO nhieu lpi thi phdt tnin, trong do uu tien phdt trien nuoi hdi sdn nuac man khu vtec ven ddo Cdt 3d, Long Chdu, Bca^
Long Vy... Quan tdm phdt tnen nuoi dong vgt thdn mem ven biin (ngao, vem, tu hdi...), vai diin tich 1 500 - 2 OOOka, dk biit triin nghi nuoi ngao. Hi4n nay nghe nuoi ngao lai Hdi Phong vdn mang tinh tuphdt, co nhieu rui ro, khang it hg nuoi ngao da bj thdt thu do xudt hien binh, ldm chit hdng logt ngao nuoi. Xudt phdt tit thuc tiin tren, toi thuc hiin nghiin cmi
"Hien trgng vd de xudt cdi tiin ky thudt, qudn ly a doi tupng ngao nuoi thucmg phdm (Meretrix spp) nuoi tai Hdi Phong".
Di tdi su dung bp so lieu dieu tra qua thong ki 5 ndm (2005 - 2010) vd diiu tra ngdu nhien thong qua bp cdu hoi kel h^
vin thu mdu ngao nuoi, ddnh gid true tiep tgi hiin truang
Kit qud nghien citu cho thdy, hi$n trgng nghe nuoi ngao tgi Hdi Phong mat phdt trien mgt hai ndm gdn day. Bainuoi ngao nudi thucmg co dien tich nhd hon Sha/bai, nuoi & viing trung hoac ha trieu, co chdt ddy chit yeu Id cdt bun Kick ca ngao giong cdc ho thd nuoi chii yeu thuoc nhom tir 500 din dudi 800 con/kg (chiim ty le 40,62%), tiep theo Id ca lie SOB den 1.200 con/kg (chiem ty le 28,12%) vd ca tit 400 den dum 500 con/kg (chiim ty le 25%) Vai tong dien tich nuoi cua Hdi Phong CO xu thi gidm ddn tit 345 ha nuoi vdo ndm 2005, den nam 2010 dien tich ndy cht con 234 ha Tuy nhien, long sdn lupng thu dupc vdo ndm 2010 lgi tdng rdt cao, dat 1 950 tdn so ven 141 tdn ndm 2005, sdn luang dd tdng 13,8 lan.
Tir khoa: nuoi trong thuy sdn, cdi tien ky thudt, nuoi ngao, Hdi Phong ABSTRACT
Aquaculture was considered one of traditional job in Hai Phong city, now has been developing rapidly infiesk brackish and salt waters. Master plan in fishery approved by Hai Phong committee from now to 2020, aquaculture wiUbt priority field for development, especially in coastal areas around islands such as Cat Ba, Long Chau, Bach Long ty. Of which, bivalve culture (clams, mussel, otter clam...) is considered as the main commercial species. As the plan, the cultured area for is estimated about 1.500 - 2 OOOha with emphasis on clam culture. Clams Is currently culturing spontaneously.
Therefore it has been faced to high risks So many households lost their property due to mass death causing by enviroamenlsl and disease problems Base on above problem, I studied the project "Status and proposal for technique improvements and management for commercial clam culture in Hai Phong" The study using statistical data collected in 5 yeas and random survey method by questionnaire, random samples of cultured clams in the field also were collected.
The results show that clam culture is recently developing in Hai Phong. Cultured area is usually smaller ihaii 5 ha/farm in the low or intertidal areas where having sand and sandy mud boUom. Clam sizes for rearing mainly fiom 500-800 individuals/kg (40,62%) following by 800-1.200 individuals/kg (28,12%) and 400-500 individuals/kg (25%) Tolid culture area has a tendency of decreasing from 345 ha in 2005 to 234 ha in 2010 However, total production m lOIOws 1 950 tons, 13.8 times higher in companson to the year 2005 (141 tons)
Keywords: aquaculture, improving techniques, clam culture, Hai Phong
^ Nguyen HO'u Uong: Cao hpe Nuoi trong thuy s5n 2009 - Triri^ng Dai hpe Nha Trang
^ PGS.TS. Do Thi Hoa Vi^n Nuoi tr6ng thuy san - Trifdng Dgi hgc Nha Trang
Tgp chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy s So 3/2013
I. DAT V A N BtO Vi$t Nam, nghi nudi ngao b i t d i u d tir nhung nam 90 ciia t h i ky XX. Cd nhilu ioai thupc giong ngao Meretrix da dugc nufli pho bien d Vigt Nam, bao gdm cac lodi ngao dau Meretrix meretrix.
I ngao Ben Tre Meretrix lyrata, ngao vdn Meretrix lusorla... Tgi Hai Phdng. nudi ddng vdt thdn mem da phdt triln tCr cuoi nam 2000 vol d i l tugng nudi ehinh id ngao. VCing nudi ehu yeu tap tmng tgi eae qudn.
huydn nhu Cdt Hai, Do Son. Tien Ldng, Duong Kinh vd Kiln Thyy vdi ting didn tich cd the nudi Id 'i2.185ha dd mang lai lgi nhugn cho nhilu ndng dan viing ven biln. Tuy nhien. day ta nghi sdn xult cd nhieu riii ro, khflng it hfl nudi ngao da bj thit thu do djch bdnh, idm ngao nudi ehet hang logt.
Xult phdt tir thuc tiln tren. vige nghidn ciru v l hidn trgng ky thudt nufli ngao a Hal Phdng Id hit sirc c i n thilt vd d p bach. Chiing tdi thye hidn nghidn ciru "Hi^n tr^ng va de xuit cai tien ky thu$t, qu^n /y a ddi tiftig ngao nuoi thwong pham (Meretrix spp) nuoi t^i Hiil Phong", nhdm tdm day du thdm cdc nghien ciru v l cai tiln ky thudt nufli, bdnh vd tac hgi cua benh dol vol dol tugng ngao nudi tdm CO sd eho eae nghien ciru tiep theo. B#n canh dd kit qua eua de tai se gdp phan nang cao hieu qua kinh te eua nghe nudi ngao tai Hai Phdng.
II. D6i T l f ^ N G VA PHU'aNG P H A P NGHIEN CLTU 1. Dot tip^ng nghien ciru
Nghien ciru ve hign trgng ky thudt d dol tugng ngao nufli thuang phim tgi Hal Phdng.
2. Phirong phap nghien ciru 2.1. Didu tra cac so li^u thLF cap
Dieu tra thu thap tdi lidu. so lieu thdng ke nhilu nam eiia Sd Ndng nghigp vd Phdt trien ndng thdn Hdi Phdng, Cyc Thing ke thanh p h i Hal Phdng, Trung tam khuyen ngu, vdt cae thdng tin: vdng nudi ngao, difln tich, nang suat, san lugng ngao tir nam 2005 den 2010, s6 hfl nudi va phan b l cOa eae hg nufli trdn dja ban thdnh pho Hal Phdng.
2.2. Dieu^ra cac so ti$u set cap 2.2 1 Xdy dyng bp cau hdi (lgp philu dieu tra)
Phdng v i n nhirng ngudi true tiep vd gidn tilp thu thdp thfing tin tdp trung vao van de ehinh: Dien tich bai trilu nudi, chit ddy va cdng tae ehuan bj cho mflt vu nufii; Mua vy. d l i tugng ngao nufli; Cd ngao giong v^ mdt dfl tha nufli, cdng tac quan t^'; Cac d i u hidu chfnh b i t thudng d ngao nudi tgi dja phuang, Miia vy, tdc hgi ciia bflnh gdy chet ngao nudi va san tugng nudi (nlu cd).
2.2.2 Phuong phap dieu tra khao sdt hidn trang Phirang phap lya chpn hd dilu tra ngiu nhidn thdng qua bo eau hdi k i t hgp vdi thu m i u ngao nudi. ddnh gia trye tiep tgi hien trudng (quan sdt.
ghi ehdp. do d i m thflng so ky thu^t) dgi dign cho toan vung dieu tra
2.3. XO-1^ s6 lieu
DDng phan mem Excel de xir ly s6 Hflu vd xdc djnh cac mdi quan hg gitra ed gilng tha, mdt dp tha vdi nang suit, san lugng ngao trdn mflt dan vj dien tich nudi. benh vdi mdi tnrdng. bgnh vd ky thuat nufli.
III. K £ T Q U A NGHIEN CLTU VA T H A O L U A N 1. Dien tJch, nang suat va san lugng ngao nuoi d'Hai Phong
Bang 1. Ket qud nuoi ngao if bat trieu Hai Phdng tir nam 2005 - 2009 Nam
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Dif n tich nudi ngao (lia)
345 160 277 297 235 234
San i i f ^ g ngao (tin) 141 160 1650 1705 1934 1.950
Ning suat trung binh (tan/ha)
0,41 1,00 5,96 5,74 8,23 8,33 (Itgudn. tir Cue ttiang k6 Hai Phdng)
Trong nam nam gan day (2005 - 2010), dien tieh nuoi ngao cd xu t h i giam din, tir 345ha nudi vao nam 2005, den nam 2010 dien tich ndy chi cdn 234ha. Tuy nhien, tong san lugng thu duge vao nam 2010 tgi tang r i t cao, dgt 1 950 tan so vdi 141 t i n nam 2005, san lugng da tdng 13,8 Iln, Nang suit trung binh nam 2010 dat 8,33 tIn/ha/nam.
2. Hien trang ky thuat nghe nuoi ngao thuo-ng pham tai Hai Phdng nam 2010
2.1. Ky thuat chon dia 6iem nudi ngao Kit qua tong hop tir phieu dieu tra cho thay, dja dilm nudi ngao thudng d khu vyc trung trieu hoae ha trilu nai cd ngao ty nhien phdn bo (do khai thae thay xuat hien ngao), kit hgp vdi mot trong so cae chi tieu chat day thudng la eat pha biin hoac biin pha cat de ehpn dia dilm qudy bai nufli ngao.
2.2. Di^n tich bai nuoi ngao
K i t qua tong hgp tir phieu dieu tra cho thay, cd tdi 50% (32/64 hp) so hd nudi ngao ed dign tich nudi nhd (dudi 1 ha), cd 40,62% (tuang dng vdi 26/64 hd) s l hp cd didn tieh nudi ngao (tir 1 - 3ha), ehi ed 9,38% s l hp ed dien tieh nuoi ngao ldn hon 3ha.
TRUONG OAI HOC NHA TRANG • 85
Tap chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn So3/20!i '
2.3. Ky thuat chuSn bj cho mgt vy nuoi Truac khi tha giong. 100% hp nudi ngao d Hai Phdng da &iyc hign d c bude ky thuat nhu sau:
diing phuong phdp thu cdng de dgn bai, logi bd rong. ggch da va cac dflng vdt thuy san khac nhu:
eua. ghe, I c huang... Sau dd cdy bira eho xop nen ddy va san lai bdi nuoi cho phang.
2.4. Thai gian tha gidng nuoi
Qua dilu tra da nhdn thay. ngudi nufii ngao d Hai Phdng tdp tmng tha ngao gilng vao 2 thai diem trong ndm la thang 4 den thang 5 va thang 10 den thang 11. Tuy nhien. tan so ggp so hfl tha giong vdo thang 10 -11 chiem tm 69,94% {39/64 hfl), trong khi dd chi cd 39,06% (25/64 hd) thd giong vdo thdng 4 - 5.
2.5. Nguon, ca va chat lui^g giong ngao tha Kit qua nghien euu thye t l 64/85 hp nudi ngao, ehilm 75.3% ting so hg nuoi da duge phong v i n v l nguIn gilng vd eo' giong ngao tha eho biet, Bdng 2. Mgt dg thd gidng trong
gidng ngao dugc mua chu yeu tir ngudi tam (fich vy giong (ehiem 82.8% s l hfl dugc dieu tra). ngufin giong tir djch vy gi6ng chu yeu Id nhap ve tir c^
ca sd san xuat giong tai Kien Giang. Tien Gia^
Ca Mau hogc Tmng Qudc. S l hfl mua gilng tir cdc ca sd san xult giong tgi Nam Djnh. Thai Binh dii ehilm 6,3%. edn lai td thu vdt gilng ty nhidn (chiim 10.9%) Hai Phdng hign ehua d nhieu trgi sdn xujt ngao gilng do nghe nudi ngao tgi Hai Phong rn6i phat trien mdt hai nam gan day, dign tich nuoi chtra nhieu. Kich cd ngao gilng ti> cdc hg tha chC yeu thupe nhdm tir 500 den nhd han 800 con/kg (chiem 40,62%), tiep theo la nhdm tir 800 d i n 1.200 conAig (ehilm 28.12%), nhdm Kr 400 d i n nhdhon 500 conftg (chilm 25%) va kit^ ca tren 1.200eon/kg chi c6 6,3% so hp dieu tra. Trong dd, 100% hp nuoi thj con giong diu khdng qua kiem djch.
2.6. M$t do ngao va ky thu$t thS nuoi t9i Hai Phdng nudi ngao thirvng pham a Hat Phdng
1.09i CV giong icon/kg)
C&tCf 4 0 0 - < 5 0 0 (n=16)
C a t l >
5 0 0 - < 8 0 0 (n=26) Ca tLF 8 0 0 - 1.200 ( n = i e j
c a > 1 . 2 0 0 f n = 4 ) N = 6 4
M^t d$ thd ngao gidng (kg giong/ 1JK0m^
<!(»
T l n s A
0
1 0
7
2 1 9
%
0
3 8 , 4 6
3 8 . 8 9
5 0
Tip1O0-<14O TSn . 6
2
6
9
0 1 7
%
1 2 , 5 0
2 3 , 0 8
5 0 . 0 0
0
TiFl«)-<200 T i n s S
8
5
2
2 1 7
%
5 0 , 0 0
1 9 , 2 3
11,11
5 0 , 0 0
£2D0 T i n s 6
6
5
0
0 11
%
37,50
19,23
0
0
Tgi Hdi Phdng, xu the ngudi nudi da tha vdi edc mdt dfl khdc nhau, trong dd, so ngudi thd ngao nuoi nt)6m cd gilng tir 500 den nhd han 800 con/kg la cao nhit 26/64 hfl (chiem ty le 40,625%).
2.7. Ph§n tich anh hu^g cua ca giong va m$t dd fhd nudi td/i nSng suat ngao khi thu ho$ch
HlDh 1. Ning su^l ngao trung binh (bg/l.OOOm') cua cic hf thi nuoi ciing c& giong (tu 400 - < 500 con/l^
nhung vdi cic nh6ni in|t dg khic nhau
Hinh 2. Niing suit tning blnb blnb (kg/l.OOOra^ UW^
nuoi Cff ngao ^ong (t£r 500 - < 800 con/k^
nhvng vdi cic m^t d^ khic nhao Cltillikh ii-rdnsSg^(li&
Tg^dnKhoa hoc - COHR nghe Thuy sdn
i L IILJ
N U m ii4I At (kg/l 000012) Hinh 3. N a n g su4t t r u n g blnb binh (kg/l-OOOm^) khi t h annSi Cff ngao giong (tir 800 - 1.300 con/kg) n h i m g v ^ c i c m^t d$ k b i c n h a u
Hinh 4. Nang s u i t t m n g binb binh (kg/l.OOOm') khi tha nuoi Cff ngao giong ( >1.2D0 con/kg)
n h u n g vdi c i c m^t do k h i c nhau
Tdm lai: Anh hudng ciia co' giong vd mit dfi tha nudi tdi nang suit ngao khi thu hogch
- Ngao giong ed 400 - <500 eon/kg, nuoi vdi mat dfl tir 140 den dudi 200kg/1.000m= cho nang suit cao han.
- Ngao giong efi' 500 - <800 con/kg, nudi vdi mat dp tir 140 den 200 kg/1.000m' eho nang suit cao han.
- Ngao giong ea tir 800 -1200 eon/kg, nuoi vdi mat dp 100 - < 140 kg/1.000m^ cho nang suit cao han.
- Tha ngao giong cd hon 1.200eon/kg nang suit thu duoc thip.
Qua ket qua trdn. cd giong lya ehpn nuoi tdt 500 - <800 eon/kg va tha vdi mdt dp 140 den 200kg/1 .OOOm^
ed gilng 800 -1,200 con/kg tha vdi mat dg tir 100 den 140kg/1 .OOOm^ se eho nang suit tren 1 tln/1.000m'.
3. Hi#n tuging chet cua ngao nudi tgi Hdi Phong nam 2010
Bang 3. Hign tirgng ngao chet trong cdc bai nudi thuo-ng pham tai Hat Phong nam 2010
tti$n tir9ng ngao nu6i thira-ng phSm bi chet
Ngao khong chit trong vu nuoi Ngao chet gay hao hgt ^ 20 % Ngao chet gay hao hut 20- < 50%
Ngao chet gay hao hyt ^ 50%
Tong
Ket q u i dieu tra (n = 64) TSn so g I p (h$)
11 17 8 28 64
T y l # % 17,19 26,56 12,50 43,75 100 Qua bang 3, d tdi 53/46 hd nudi ngao cho rang da phai dol mat vdi hign tugng ngao chit gidm san tugng nufli ngao. anh hudng tdi higu qua kinh te (chilm ty le 82.81%). Dac biet. thang 5 nam 2010 tgi viing nudi thude xa Hiln Hdo - Cat Hai, ngao da nudi dugc tir 1 d i n 8 thdng tuoi da ed 21 trong tong so 26 hg nuoi ngao d huygn ndy thong bdo ring, ngao nufli eiia hg da chet hang logt va gay that thu.
Hinh 5. Hi^n triro^g bai ngao chet \M''/i. va diiu hi^u bfnh t:
t i r n g a y 17-20/5/2010
TRUONG OAI HOC NHA TRANG • 87
T(ip chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn Sd3/20U
Tom 1^1: Hien trang bdnh gay chet hogc gidm san lugng nudi ngao dd va dang xdy ra tgi cac vdng nudi cda Hdi Phdng.
Khi ngao chit, ngudi nufli ngao khdng phdt hifln dugc dau hiflu bit thudng eua ngao chit tgi dgt bgnh xay ra vao thang 5/2010 Ket qua nghidn ciru. Chung tdi nghi nhgn duge hidn trang khi xay ra bgnh ngao la thdi dilm giao miia (tir miia xuan chuyin sang mua hg), d bien dgng ldn ve khi hdu va ede yeu to mfil trudng nude. Cdc nha benh hpe v i n chua tim ra duac tac nhan chinh gay ra hign tugng ngao chet tai vung nufli trdn.
4. De xuat giai phap trong cat tien ky thuat vd quan ly sirc khde ngao nudi tgi Hdi Phong 4.1. V4 chit luang con giong
Cdc nflng hfl nuoi ngao tgi Hdi Phdng ndn lya chpn ngudn giong duge eung cip tir cae eo sd ed uy tin vd dugc kiem tra chit tugng, dam bao ngao giong khfle mgnh va khdng mang mam bgnh nguy hilm tnrdc khi tha giong.
4.2. Ca gidng vii m$td0 thi
Cd vd mat do tha giong td 2 chr tieu ed quan hg mdt thiet vdi nhau, do vdy tiiy theo eo giong md ehpn mdt dfl tha cho phii hgp-
- Cd giong tir 400 den dudi 800 con/kg, tha nudi vdi mgt dfl tir 140 d i n 200 kg/1 OOOm^.
- Nlu cd ngao giong tir 800 d i n 1.200 con/kg thi ndn thd vdi mgt dfl 100 din 140kg /1.000m'.
4.3. QuSn I'y SCFC khoe ngao nudi
- Ngudi nufii ngao tgi d n thye hidn thudng xuyen kilm tra ludi ehan de trdnh thit thoat ngao ra khdi bai nudi va bat bd cdc sinh vdt id djch hai nhu edc iodi I c diing ngao nhd lam thirc an nhu: 6c md tran (Polynices didyma Bottom), 6c md hoa (Natica maculosa Lamarch) hoge cae lodi tao dpe.
- Thudng xuyen theo ddi sinh trudng va sirc khde ngao nudi, djnh ky glal phiu mflt the d l kiem tra dfl no, dfl bdo va cae diu higu higu bit thudng vi khi ngao khde hay bdnh deu r i t khd phat hien bang cac bilu hign d ben ngodi.
IV. K^T LUAN VA KI^N NGH!
1. Ket ludn
1.1. Ky thuat nu6i ngao t^i Hai Phong - Gilng ngao dugc nufli chinh td Meretnx, gim cac loai ngao d i u Meretnx meretrix. ngao Bin Tre Meretrix lyrata, ngao van Meretrix lusona, trong aj ngao ben tre duge nufli nhilu nhat.
- Bai nudi ngao thudng ed dign tich nhd hon 5ha, d vung trung hogc ha trieu, cd chit fldy ctiij yeu la eat bim.
- Ngao giong thd nufli thuang pham phy thuOc hodn todn vdo d c ca sd sdn xuit thuflc ttnh khk (Nam Djnh, Thai Binh hoae Ben Tre) thflng qua thuang ldi.
- Mat dfl thd gilng ed su thay d l i ldn phy thu^c vao cd giong thd, trong dd dugc lya ehpn nhifeu ft CO giong tir 500 den dudi 800 con/kg vd ttr 800 den 1.200 con/kg.
- Quan ty: ngudi nufli ngao thye hidn quan ty bai ngao nudi nhu: tardc khi tha giong, 100% h}
nudi ngao thye hign dgn bai. logi bd rong. g^ch Sa va eae ddng vgt thiiy sdn khac nhu: eua, gh^, 6c huang.. Sau do cdy bira cho xop nen ddy vi vf sinh ludi bao bge bai nudi,..
1.2. Hien trang b$nh & ngao nuoi t^l HSi Phdng Bgnh d ngao nufii da gay chet hogc gidm s^
lugng ngao thuang pham d nhilu viing nufli khac nhau, gay thigt hai ve kinh t l cho cde nflng hO nuAi dot tugng nay.
2. Kien nghj
- Cae ca quan chirc nang: d n quy hogch viing nufii ngao d l trdnh bj dnh hudng bdi d c hogt ilOng kinh te khdc; phat triln qui trinh ky thudt nufli vl t^P huan cho ngu ddn ndng eao trinh dfl v l cflng nghj nudi dat nang suit cao; phat trien quy trinh ky thu^t d l kilm djch dflng vdt than mem.
- Cac nhd khoa hpe d n nghien eiiu dl phS' hien nguydn nhan ehinh gdy chit ngao d Hdi Phdfig tir do tim ra bign phdp phdng benh hidu qud.
^9P chi Khoa hoc - Cong nghe Thuy sdn
TAI LIEU THAIW KHAO Tiing Hft
I. Nguyin Chinh, 1996. M^t s6 loai dpng vat flian ni6m (Mollusca) co gia tri kinh tg a bifin Vi?t Nam NXB Khoa hpe ky thuat, H^ Ngi, 96tr.
I Cyc Thfing ke Hai phong, 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008 va 2009. Bao cao chinh thiic thuy san nien giam nam.
J. FAO, 2005. Huong dan chin doan b?nh ciia dpng bat thuy san Oiau A NXB Nong Nghiep, 131-135.
1 Ha Quang Hign, 1980. Ky thuait nuoi HSi san. NXB Nong thon. Ha Npi.
S. Hii Le Thj Lgc va Tnrong Si Ky, 2003. Tinh hinh nuoi ngao Meretnx meretrix Linne, 1758 va Meretrix lusona Roding, 1798 tijt vilng bien Thita Thien Hue den Binh Thuan. Tuyen f|p bao cao Khoa hoc cong nghe vk nuoi trdng thuy san NXB Nong Nghi?p, Ha Npi, 347-355.
n. Sd Nong Nghi?p vk Phai trien Nong th6n Hai Phong, 2008. Bdo cap ket qua nuoi trfing thiiy san gjai do^in 2002 - 2007, dinh hudng d€n nim 2010 - 2020.
Tiing Anh
7 CahnA,R, 1951. ClamCultiireinJapan Natural Resources Section Report, no 146,24-30
S. C. Paillard, P. Maes. 1994. Brown nng disease in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinanim: establishment of a classification svstem Diseases of aquatic organisms, vol 19, 1994.
9. FAO, 1999 The Iivmg marine resources ofthe western central pacific, vol I, 320-35
10. Kyung-ll Park, Kwang-Sik Choi, 2004. Application of enzyme-linked immimosorijent assay for studying of reproduction in the Manila clam Ruditapes phiUppinarum (Mollusca: Bivatvia). Aquaculture, Vol 241 (2004), 667-687.
II. Jintana Nugranad, 1999. Breeding of the oriental hard Clam Meretrix, Meretrix (Linens, 1758) Proceedings of the lOth Congress and Workshop Tropical Marine Mollusc Programe, Phuket Marine Biological Center Special pubhcation 21(1),
TRUONG OAI HOC NHA TRANS •
