Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd'4 - 2017
TO CHlTC K H 6 N G GIAN SINH HOAT VA CAc MOI QUAN HE XA HQl TRONG N G 6 I N H A
NGirofi DAO Ao D A I T I N H H A G I A N G
TS. P h ^ m M i n h Phiic ViOn H a n lam K h o a h ^ c xa h^i Vift N a m
Tom tat: Do ngudi Dao Ao Ddi tinh Hd Giang sdng d nhd sdn vd nhd dat trinh tudng, nin cdch thuc td chiec mgt bdng sinh hogt trong nhd cua hp cd nhung tuong ddng vd khdc biet. Nhung diim chung la, gian giUa quan trong nhdt neu xet theo chieu ngang, xet theo chiiu dpc thi "phdn trin " tgi noi co bdn thd trong gian ndy Id quan trpng hon. Do vgy, trung tdm khong gian sinh hogt trong ngdi nhd la gian giUa, nhdt Id phdn "phia tren " noi cd bdn thd, tie do tinh quan trpng cda mat bang sinh hogt dy gidm ddn ra hai ben vd tic tren xuong dudi. Qua cdch td chiec mat bang sinh hogt trong nhd, cd thi thdy ro cdc mdi quan hp ciia mdi thdnh vien gia dinh cUng nhu quan hi giiea hp vdi cpng dong xa hpi rpng ldn hon, nhu: tdn ti theo thie bgc tren dudi giua cdc thi he, long men khdch, tu tudng trpng nam han nu,... Cdcyiu td ndy Id sy dnh hudng cua Dgo gido trong xd hpi ngiedi Dao Ao Ddi
Tie khda: Ngudi Dao Ao Ddi, nhd ddt trinh tudng, nhd sdn, khdng gian sinh hogt, quan he xd hpi, tinh Hd Giang
1. Dat van d l
Ngudi Dao Ao Ddi (edn gpi Id Dao Ldn Ten, Dao Bmh Ddu...) Id mOt ttong nhung nhdm dja phuang eiia tOc ngudi Dao d Vipt N a m \ smh sing chd y l u d cdc tmh vdng cao phia Bdc nhu Tuyen Quang, Ldo Cai, Lai Chdu... nhung tgp trung ddng nhdt d tinh Hd Giang. Nhd d cda hp da dupe de cOp ttong mdt sd cdng trinh nhu: Van hda truyen thong ngudi Dao d Hd Giang do Pham
' Tuy CO hang chtic tSn gpi, nhung theo nhiing kit qui nghien curu gin diy cho biet, ^ nguM Dao nude ta chi c6 7 nh6ni ihuOc 2 phuong ngB Mien v i Mim (Mdm), g6ni: Dao D6, Dao Tiln, Dao Quin Ch^t, Dao Thanh Phin thupc phuong ngii Mien; Dao Quln Tr5ng, Dao Thanh Y v i Dao Ao Dii thupc phuong ngii Miin.
Q u a n g H o a n vd H i i n g D i n h Q u ^ c h d b i l n (1999); Cdc ddn tpc dHd Giang do Le Duy Dgi vd TriOu Ddc Thanh chd biln (2003);
Nhd d cua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi tinh Hd Giang (Kit cdu ky thugt vd nhirng yeu td vgt chdt liin quan din vipe dyng nhd) cua Phgm Minh Phuc (2011),... Tuy nhiln, cdc cdng trinh tten chi tap trang vdo nhung y l u td Uen quan d i n "cdi tgo nin ngdi nhd", md h quan tdm tdi "edi thuOc v l ngdi nhd" nhu lli sdng, cdch thdc td chdc khong gian sinh hogt ttong nhd vd cdc m l i quan h i xa hOi, phong tye tgp qudn dupe chu thi van hda thye hdnh khi dyng nhd eung nhu sinh sdng ttong ngdi nhd dy. Cdng trinh Nhd d cua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi
Phgm Minh Phiic tinh Hd Giang cua TS. Phgm Minh Phdc
(2013) tuy cd d l cap tdi vdn de ndy, song van cdn bd ngd khdng it yeu t l ttong "edi thupc v l ngii nhd" cua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi.
Dya vdo cdch tilp egn dupe the hiOn ttong hai tOp sdch Nhd d co truyin cdc ddn tpc Vipt Nam cda Nguyin Khdc Tyng (1994, 1996), kit hpp phan tieh cdc tu lilu diln da, bdi vilt ndy tilp tue khang djnh vd ldm ro thIm mOt s l vdn d l to chdc khdng giai smh hogt, cdc m l i quan hp gia d b h vd xa hOi trong ngdi nhd d cua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi tinh Hd Giang hiOn nay.
2. To chue khdng gian sinh boat trong ngdi nhd
So vdi nhilu tOe ngudi thudng chi sinh sing trong mpt loai binh nhd d, tOc ngudi Dao ed tdi ba loai nhd: nha ddt, nhd sdn vd nhd nua sdn nua dat. Rieng tinh Hd Giang hiOn nay, neu ngudi Dao Ao Ddi cdc huyln vung cao ndi dd phia Bde^ thudng d loai nhd ddt trinh tudng mdi Ipp cd gianh hodc ngdi mdc, thi nhd d cua hp tai cdc huyen vung nui t h ^ vd vdng cao nui dat phia Tdy^ eua tinh Id nhd sdn mai Ipp Id ep, ngdi mdc hay tdm Ipp cdng nghiOp.
2.1. Mat bang sinh hoat nhd sdn Nhd sdn eo tmyln eua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi thudng cd 3 gian 2 chdi hoge 5 gian 2 chdi. Mdi ngdi nhd dy, nlu nhm theo chieu thdng ddng dupe chia ra: g^n sdn Id noi nudi, nhdt gia sde, gia edm vd de cdc loai cdng cy;
phdn tiren mat sdn d l cu trd vd Id khdng gian sinh boat chd ylu cda con ngudi; gdc liing dat
^ G l m cic huyen: D6ng Van, Meo V?LC, Yen Mmh va Q u i n B ? .
^ Gom cic huy^n: Bic Mfi, Vi Xuyfin, BSc Quang, Quang Binh, Hoang Su Phi va Xin Min.
ttln qud giMig d l cdt trd, bdo quai cdc gilng ngu cic, luong thye, thye phdm...
Ve edeh thdc td chdc mat bang sinh hoat, giiia san nhd cd mOt tiianh gd ddi chay dpe sdn nhd gpi Id "piing sang". Thanh gd ndy khdng cd gid trj ve kit cdu ky thugt, bdi nd khdng lien ket bat ed mOt cdu kipn ndo thuOc phdn sdn vdi nhau, nhung c6 y nghia bieu tupng Id chia mat sdn thdnh 2 phdn ma ngudi Dao Ao Ddi gpi la " p h ^ ttln" vd
"phdn dudi". "Phdn trin" khd rOng, Id noi cd ban thd (giing hom) d gian giiia, sdt dd noi 2 cdt q u ^ hoge sdt vdi vdch hdu cda ngdi nhd.
Bdn thd trade kia Id mOt phin tte hay vdn gd mdng, nay nhilu gia dmh thay bang chile tii thd hoge mgt td ly. Phia tmde bdn thd co mOt cdi haa nhd {ddm mdy) de bdy bipn le vdt vd thdp huong moi khi cung le. Sdt vdch hdu td hai ben bdn thd tda ra tdi hai gdc nhd Id nai ngd vd d l hdm chiia y phyc, trang sdc, tien bgc... eua cdc thdnh vien ttong nhd, cd thi ngan hoge khdng ngan edeh vdi nhau bdi nhiing tdm phin lilp. So vdi "phdn ti-en",
"phdn dudi" hpp hem. Id phdn mat bdng cd bIp, chgn bdt, cdi gia ggo, sdng sdy vd do dac linh tinh ciia gia dinh.
Khdc vdi ngudi Thai d Tdy Bdc vd mOt sd ddn tOc, ttong nhd cda ngudi Dao Ao Ddi khdng quy djnh ro rdng ve tt^t ty eho ngd cho cdc thdnh viin. Thdng thudng, buing eon trai, con ddu hay chdu trai, ehdu ddu mdi cudi b l tri d ngodi cimg, tdc d gde ngdi nhd; cdn nhiing noi cdng tiln vdo gdn bdn thd Id cho ngu cua cdc con gdi chua chong, con trai chua vp; noi sdt ban thd ddnh cho dng bd hoge b l mp. Theo ngudi Dao Ao Ddi d xa Nam Scm (huyOn Hodng Su Phi), ngdi nhd - khong gian che chd cho eon ngudi ehinh Id khoang byng con rong. Hmh dnh con rong dupe hp ve trin "chanh gidng"*
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd4 - 2017 67 - thanh go dpt chu nhdt bin dudi cay ddn
ndc, trdng nhu thupng luong ttong nhd cda ngudi Vilt. Hp quan niOm, chanh gidng Id duong - biiu tupng eho ngudi cha ttong gia dinh, cdn piing sdng la dm - biiu tupng eho ngudi me. Hinh con rdng tten chanh gidng dau hudng vl bin trdi, dudi hudng sang ben phdi eiia ngdi nha. Vi vdy, nlu gia dinh nhilu thi he, chi tiie hO cao nhat mdi dupe ngu d gian bin trdi Uln ke vdi bdn thd.
Ngodi ra, ciing d "phdn ttln", nhung thuOc phdn chdi vay cda mdi ngdi nhd cd mOt thdng gd to dyng thdc, dupe Idm td sdt ddt vupt len khdi mat sdn khodng 40cm.
Trong cdc bua an cda gia fflnh, ngudi Dao Ao Ddi thudng ddt mam d gian giua nhung d phia ngodi cda "phan tten" vd hp vdn giu tap qudn khi an cam: dng chu nhd ngii d chinh giiia phia ttln vd quay lung Igi bdn thd, cac thdnh viin khdc ngdi xung quanh, con ddu i^di ngodi cdng de xdi com eho mpi ngudi. Tradng hpp con ddu khdng ngii d vj tri dd thi ngdi d cho khdc nhung khdng dupe kl sat vdi nai ngdi ciia bo vd anh chdng dl td long kinh ttpng.
Rieng "phdn dudi" gian giiia tinh td pung sdng trd ra, noi sdt mlp pdng sdng a
hai gian lien ke vdi gian giua cd 2 bIp kilng vdi quan nilm dd Id 2 qud thdn eua con rdng, dupe ludn philn sd dyng dl nau an vd ciing cd thi ddng cung mOt ldc khi nhd cd edng viOc ldn. Ddy edn Id noi mpi ngudi ttong nhd sum hpp vdo budi tdi vd de tiep khdch. Phia ngodi cdng cda "phdn dudi" cd cdu de dyng cy ndu an, chgn bdt, cdt giu do ehe biln cdm ggo,... d chdi bin phdi cd 1 hoge 2 bIp Id dl ndu cdm Ipn, nau mpu hay ndu thdc an mdi khi nhd cd viec dai sy (eudi xin, tang ma, edp sde...) vd cd Idi ra chudng Ipn d phia dudi cgnh gdm san.
Dudi gaai sdn nhd nlu khdng cd nhilu dd tdng 10 thiln thi dupe san nen bang phdng dl sd dyng vdo nhilu vile nhu: cdy bda, ldm chudng ttdu, chuing gd, vjt,... Ngodi ra, phia tten sdn nha, ben dudi gde ldng edn cd gidn bIp dl cdt tru cdc logi thye phdm, dl dan lat do dupe hong khdi thudng xuyln.
Dudi day chiing tdi gidi thipu mat bdng sinh hogt cda mdt gia £iih ngudi Dao Ao Dai d thdn Tham Ve (xa Cao Bd, huyOn Vj Xuyln, dd la mat bdng sinh hogt nhd dng Dang Van Chdu, smh nam 1970). Ddy Id gia dhih "td dgi ddng dudng" vdi 9 nhdn khdu thupc 4 thi hp ciing ehung sdng vdi nhau:
Bdn ve 1: Mgt bang sinh hogt nhd dng Ddng Van Chdu, thdn Tham VI, xa Cao BI, huyen Vj Xuyln
Phgm Minh Phuc
Chu tiiich:
1. Chl d l rapu, do lat vgt 4. Thanh "pung sang"
7. Noi ngd cda mp gia ehu 10. Mdy xdt ggo 13. Cda chinh ra vdo nhd Id.Cda phy ra ldy nude, chan Ipn 19. Thdng g l dyng thdc 22. cdu tiiang lln nhd 25. San phoi
2. Bdn flid 5. Cdasd
8. BIp tilp khdch vd ndu an 11. Noi d l cdc hdm gd 14. Buong ngd vp chdng con ttai dt vd chdu ndi 17. Cli gja, gidn, sdng, cho...
20. Cda ra sdn phai 23. San lung dk dd nhd bIp...
3. Bdn gd d l 11 v | t khi cdng 6. Bep dun
9. Noi ngd vp chong con trai ed vd chdu nOi 12. Td go dyng do 15. Bip Id ddi dung ndu cdm Ipn, ndu mpu...
18. Nai ngd vp ehdng ehu nhd 21.Chilunghi
24. Sdn d l nude, noi vdi ta-Iuy duang d l tiln lln rung
2.2. Mgt bang sinh hopt nhd ddt Nhd ddt trinh tudng cua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi thudng c6 3 gian, 2 mdi bit die, khdng cd chdi phy nhu nhd san. Tuy Id nhd ddt tudng trinh, nhung tudng Igi it ed tde dung chju lyc, vi cdc ngii nhd dy deu ed bp khung cdt vd sdn gde. N I U nhu cho sinh hogt vd nghi ngoi cda bp phgn Dao Ao Ddi d nhd sdn ehi dien ra tten sdn tiii sd Dao Ao Ddi d nhd ddt trinh tudng khdng chi d dudi ddt md cdn d cd tten sdn nlu gia dinh ddng ngudi.
v l CO bdn, mgt bang sinh hogt ttln nin ddt dupe bd tri gan gidng nhau gida cdc dja phuang tinh Hd Giang: gian giua cd bdn thd, trade bdn thd cd mOt bdn de bdy le vdt moi khi cdng. Song, cd noi nlu bdn thd dgt sdt vdch tudng hgu thi noi khdc lai d l bdn thd sdt d l n i i td hai cOt qudn, danh phdn khdng gian phia sau do Idm mdt budng nhd cho ddi vp chdng mdi cudi. Ddy Id dilm khdc biOt so vdi budng ngu cho ddi vp ehdng mdi cudi d nhd sdn. Xin Idy vi dy nhd dng L^- Dgi Ngdn (smh nam 1941), thdn True Son (xa Qudn Bg, huy On Qudn Bg): nhd c6 3 gian, dyng nam 1960, nam 1995 ldm them mpt gian n i i d dau h i i phdi d l bIp Id ndu rapu, ndu cdm, chda dd Imh tinh. Gian giiia cd bdn thd gidp dt
n i i giiia hai cOt qudn, phia tmde cd bdn dl bdy le, bdn ghi ulng nude, giudng khdch;
phia sau Id budng ngd cho vp chdng con ddu vd eon trai. Gian b i n trdi, phia ngodi ed eau thang lln gdc chda luong tiiyc vd cho ngii cda vp chdng chd nhd, phia ttong ed budng cda ddi vp ehing ngudi con khdc cda chd nhd. Gian bin phdi, phia ngodi cd bIp, phia ttong cd chan vd cdu de dyng ey ldm bep.
Vi dy khdc Id nhd cda dng Ly Td Qudy (smh nam 1940), thdn Ldng Mudi (xa Quylt Tiln, huyOn Qudn Bg); nhd 3 gjan, mOt chdi h i i bin ttdi vd hai gian bIp bin hii phdi. Gian giiia cd hai do ndi tu cot cdi sang cOt qudn ngan each hai gian ben, ehinh giua gian nay tuc noi sdt vdch ban ed bdn tiid Id vdn gd (ddi 1,2m vd rOng 0,3m), ben dudi cd tu ly. Phia ngodi td Iy ke ban ulng nude va tiep khdch; gidp cOt cdi bin trdi phia trade cd 1 td hai budng vd mOt ednh guong de dyng qudn do vd ngan cdch vdi phdn ngodi cda gian k l ben. Tai gian k l bin trdi gian gida, ttong cdng c6 giudng cua 2 con ttai, giua gian cd cdu thang lln sdn gdc, ngodi cdng dgt 1 giudng khdch. Cdn gian k l ben phdi gian giiia, ttong cung Id buong ngu cda vp ehIng chu nhd, gidp cOt cdi phia tmde dat
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc so 4 - 2017 69 chile tivi. Gian chdi ben hdi trdi Id phdn ndi gidp hdi phdi ngdi nhd, cd bIp Id ndu cdm thIm, ed cda di riing ra ngodi. Id nai de Ipn, ndu rapu, bIp ndu an, chan bdt vd la noi ndng cy, mdy xdt, cli xay ngd. Hai gian bep an com thudng ngay cua gia dhih.
Bdn ve 2: Mat bang sinh hogt tang ttOt nhd dng Ly Dgi Ngdn, thdn True Son, xa Qudn Bg, huyOn Qudn Bg
Chu tiiich:
1. Bdn thd dgt ttln ndptu ly 4. Budng ngu vp chdng con trai cd 7. Budng ngd vp chdng con trai thd 10. Chgn bdt
13. Cda s l 16. Chd ndu rapu 19. C d a n h a b l p
2. BO ban ghi tiep khdch 5. Cira chinh 8. Cdu tli£mg len sdn gdc 11. C d u d i d d Idm bep 14. Cda thdng vdi nhd bIp 17. BIp ndu an hdng ngdy 20. Hiln nha
3. Giudng khdch 6. Mdy khdu 9. cdu de do Idm bIp 12. BIp ndu cu, chi dimg vdo mua ddng
15. Thdng dyng gao 18. Bip Id 21. Sdn phoi Bdn ve 3: Mat bdng sinh hogt tdng trOt nha dng Ly Td Quay,
thdn Lung Mudi, xa Quylt Tien, huyOn Qudn Bg
Phgm Minh Phuc
Chu tiiich:
1. Bdn thd tren mat td Iy 4. Giudng ngu vp chdng con gdi 7. Giudng khdch
10. Giudng ngd vp chdng ehd nhd 13. Bdn an
16. Chan bat 19. Ghe ngdi
2. Bd bdn ghi tiep khdch 5. Ri-dd
8. Td ddng l l . T i - v i
14. Cau de dyng ndu an 17. Bip Id 20. Cda nhd bep
3. Cda ehinh 6. Cau tiiang len san gdc 9. Cda s l
12. Cda sd 15. Noi d l gui 18. Bip ndu an hdng ngdy 2 1 . C d a s l
3. Moi quan h | xa hgi t h i hien qua khdng gian sinh hogt trong nha
3.1. Quan hp giiia cdc thdnh viin trong gia dinh
Gia dinh phy hO da tdn tai td Idu d ngudi Dao Ao Ddi vd hiOn nay, sinh sdng p h i bien ttong ede ngdi nhd cd 2 dang cau true. Dang thd nhdt Id gia dinh hat nhan, bao gom mOt cap vp chdng vd con cdi chua ket hdn eua hp. Dgng thd hai Id cde gia dmh hgt nhdn md rdng 3 thi hp, gdm mOt cap vp ching Cling con cai chua kit hdn song chung vdi dng, bd vd ed thi cd cd nhiing ngudi anh em trai chira ldy vp, chj em gdi ldy chdng.
Trong mdt s l it tradng hpp, ngdi nhd Id noi cu tni ciia ban 3 egp vp chdng, ma egp vp chdng thd nhdt fliuOc thi hp ddu tiln, 2 cap vp chdng edn lai thuOc the hp tiiu hai, ciing cdc chdu nhd vd ddi khi cd cd nhiing ngudi con trai, con gdi chua ldy vp, ldy chdng ciia hp.
Song, ddy chi Id kieu gia dinh tgm thdi, bdi xu thi hiOn nay Id khi ttong nha cd them don vj vp chong thd hai ttd di thuOc thi hp thd hai, thi se phdi tinh den vipe dyng them nhd mdi vd tdeh ddi vp chdng ndy ra d riing cung con nhd cda hp thdnh mOt tiiu gia dinh mdi. Thdng thudng, mOt ttong hai ngudi eua cap vp chong thi hO thu nhdt (vp hoae ehdng) Igi tdeh ra theo d cung gia dinh
con d l cham nom nhiing dda chau vd trp gidp viOc nhd cho ddi vp ehdng mdi ra d riing. Ngodi ra, cung ed the ggp kilu gia dmh 3 thi h i , gom b l me, cap vp chIng con gdi vd nhdng dda ehdu. Ddy Id ttudng hpp bd mp da gid ma khdng cd con trai, ngudi con r l d hdn b i n nhd vp vd dupe thira kl tdi sdn cda gia dhih vp.
Cd dieu ly thd d ngudi Dao Ao Ddi so vdi dan tpc khdc Id trong nhieu ngSi nhd, ngodi nhiing thdnh vien cd quan hp huylt thdng vd kit hdn edn cd cdc thanh vien khdng cd hai mdi quan h i ndy, dd Id nhiing ngudi con nudi. Tye nhdn con nudi hay
"mua con nudi" theo each ndi eua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi, khd phd bien khdng chi d nhdm Dao ndy md cd tOc ngudi Dao ndi ehung. Theo mpt thing k l td nam 2006 cda dng Dgng Van Dong, luc do Id Tmdng thdn Tham Ve (xa Cao Bo, huyOn Vj Xuyln), d thdn ndy co 105 hd, tdc 105 ngdi nha thi c6 24 hO nhdn con nudi (chilm ti Ip 22,85%). Ngudi Dao nudi con nudi bdi ly do: vp chong ldy nhau da Idu md khdng cd con, sinh tu 2 con ttd lln ma vdn Id con mOt b l . Ke td khi cd cupc van dOng thye hiOn sinh d l cd k l hogeh, ngay sau sinh con thu nhat, mdt sd cap vp chong da mua con nudi khdc gidi tinh vdi dua con mdi de. Vgy cd mpt edu hdi dgt ra Id tai sao Igi ed gia diah bdn con? L^ do thd nhdt Id vi
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd'4 - 2017 71 sinh con mOt bl, nen bdn do di dl mua con
bl Ida; ly do thd hai Id smh nhilu eon ma kinh tl cda gia dinh Igi khd khan, nin bdn bdt di; ly do niia quan trpng hem, do Id bdn con di thi khdng sp con minh khd vi phong tye ngudi Dao khdng cd su phdn biOt ddi xd cda bd mp giua eon de vdi con nudi. Con nudi sau khi mua vl, dupe gia dinh khdn bdo vd ldm cdc thd tye vdi ma td tiln dl nhdp hp ciia bd nudi vd tu dd trd di coi bd mp nudi nhu bd mp de cua minh, nhung ddng thdi van dupe phep qua lai tham nom bo me dl.
Theo tgp qudn, bd me nudi rdt thuong ylu vd ed trdeh nhiOm vdi con nudi nhu con de, con nudi eung thuong yeu vd cd nghia vy vdi bd mp nudi nhu bd me de cda minh, con de du ttd thanh con nudi ngudi ta nhung van ludn gid quan hO tinh cdm vdi bd me. O ddy xin ldy mpt vi dy Id gia dinh dng Bdn Van Thgch d thdn Tham Ve (xa Cao Bo, huyln Vj Xuyln) md tae gid tiing luu trd d ddy gdn 2 thdng dl nghiin cdu diln da, dl minh hog cho viec tdeh hp vd cdc mdi quan he giua cdc thdnh viin trong mOt gia dinh nhdn con nudi sdng chung dudi mpt mdi nhd cua ngudi Dao Ao Ddi.
6ng Thaeh smh nam 1963, nam 1977 dupe bd me tun vp vd ldm le eudi vdi bd Ban Thj Sodng sinh nam 1957 d cung thdn, nam 1980 vp chdng dng Thgch smh dupe mOt be gdi Id Bdn Thi Pd, nam 1982 vp chdng dng vd dda con nhd dupe gia dinh Idm nhd eho ra d rieng vi em ttai cda dng Thgch ldc dd da ldy vp va ed con. Tdi nam 1988, do Ididng sinh them dupe ngudi eon ndo, dng Thgch mua mot con nudi Id Bdn Van Kilm smh nam 1977, Id con cda mpt gia dinh ngheo d thdn Thdc Hiing cung xd, vdi gid 50 ddng bgc ttang. Nam 1989, dng
Thgch Idm 11 cdp sac'* {ay man chdy sdy) cho Bdn Van Kiem vd nam 1992 thi Idy vp ddu cho anh nay. Tdi nam 1995, vp ehdng anh Kilm vdn chua cd eon, dng Thgch cho
"con ttai" 30 ddng bae ttdng dl mua con nudi Id Bdn Van Ddm sinh nam 1990 d eung thdn. Nam 1998, vp chdng anh Kilm sinh dupe mpt con ttai, nhung sau khi sinh con vdi thdng, tten dudng di riing vl qua sudi tten cdy cdu tte dan sinh, con ddu cua dng Thaeh da xdy ehdn vd chit dudi. Nam 1999, dng Thaeh ldy vp thd hai cho anh Kilm la Ban Thj Lan sinh nam 1980 (da cd mOt ddi chong, chua cd con. Id em hp - con chu mOt cda vp dng Thgch), ndm 2001 vp chong Kiem - Lan sinh mOt bl ttai. Nam 2002, con gdi cda dng Thgch Id Bdn Thi Pd di ldy chdng d cung thdn. Ndm 2003, vp chIng Kiem - Lan bdn con ttai cho anh ehdng cda bd Po de ldm con nudi. Nam 2004, vp chdng Kilm - Lan sinh thIm mot be gdi. Culi nam 2008, sy khdng may da xdy ra, dng Thgch bj benh ndng phai xudng Hd Ndi chda tri ddi ngdy, rli qua ddi. Sudt thdi gian ndy, anh Kilm da cham sde, lo ddm ma tuoi rdi hda thieu, mai tdng, vd khoang 2 nam sau tilp tye ldm ll ciing chay cho bd nudi theo phong tuc ngudi Dao Ao Ddi diing vdi bin phan cda mOt ngudi con ttai d tdt ed cac gia dinh khdc vdi bd me de thye tiiy cda hp (Phgm Minh Phdc, 2013, tt. 137-140).
Trong ngdi nhd ngudi Dao Ao Ddi, ehu nhd Id ddn dng. Mae du, hdu nhu cac cdng vile ttong gia fflnh dlu cd sy tham gia y kiln cda ngudi phu nu vd nhiing dda con.
•* Mpt dgng ll thinh dinh. Co trii qua nghi le niy moi dupe coi la nguoi lc5ii, dupe lim thdy ciing va khi ch6t m6i d u ^ t6 tign nh^n la con ehiu.
Pham Minh Phtic song ngudi chong, ngudi cha ed vai ttd quan
ttpng ddi vdi cdc cdng vipe Uln quan din ldp ke hoach ldm an, dung nhd cda, edng bdi, gido due con trai, mua bdn gia sue vd nhdng do ddng cd gid trj ttong nhd, giao tl vdi ben ngodi. Phy nu Id ngudi ddng vai ttd chinh trong vile nOi ttp vd gido due con gdi.
Hon niia, ttong ngdi nha ngudi Dao Ao Ddi, khdng chi cd tinh phy he md quan hO thu bgc rdt ro. Trong cdng vile hang ngdy, ngudi vp thudng phdi nghe theo ldi chong, eon cdi nghe ldi bo mp, em n ^ e Idi anh chi. Trong quaa hO dng xu gifta bd chdng vdi con ddu, giua me vp vd eon re cung cd nhftng khdc biOt. Con ddu tmde ddy khdng dupe ngdi an chung mam vdi bd ehdng, con rl khdng ngdi ciing mam vdi mp vp. Nay, eon dau cd the ngdi an chung m ^ com vdi bo chdng nhung vaa ky ngoi eanh vd phai ngdi d vj tri thdp hon. Song, edn luu y rdng, chd nhd tuy Id ngudi ddn dng, nhung khdng nhdt thilt ngudi dd Idn tudi nhdt ttong nhd vd khdng budc phdi ddng ten ehu hO ttong sl hO khdu gia dinh. Cd nhilu tmdng hpp, do kinh tl gia dinh sa sdt, ggp nhilu hogn ngn, tai uong, ngudi bo hay ngudi ddn dng ldn tudi nhat ttong gia dinh chuyin quyen ddng ten chu nhd cho con ttai dd ldy vp. Dl chuyen quyln ddng tin chd nhd nhu thi, ngudi ta chi cdn mdi thay eung vl ldm le khan bdo vd xin phep ma tl tien, ma qudn ly dat dai, ttdng coi gia sue, gia edm... cda gia dinh.
Tinh chdt phy he ttong gia dinh ngudi Dao Ao Ddi edn thi hipn d viOc phdn chia tdi sdn. Trd tmdng hop gia dinh khdng cd con ttai md ldy rl ddi eho con gdi dupe hudng todn bd nhd cda vd tdi sdn, cdc budng hpp khdc thi chi eon ttai mdi dupe chia edng
bang nhu nhau vl nhd eua do bl mp Idm cho vd cdc phan tdi sdn khdc, cdn con gdi hdu nhu chi dupe chia cda hdi mdn la qudn do vd trang sue khi di ldy chdng. Theo tap qudn ngudi Dao Ao Dai, bo m? thudng d vdi eon trai ut, do dd riing ngudi eon trai dt dupe hudng phdn tdi sdn nhilu ban, diing vdi cdu thdnh ngu "gidu ut nhd, khd dt chju".
3.2. Quan hp giiea thdnh vien trong nhd vdi cpng dong
Quan hO gifta cdc thdnh vien ttong nhd vdi cOng ding d ddy dupe hieu la mdi quan hO gida nhftng ngudi sing cung mOt ngdi nhd vdi mpi ngudi sing ttong ede ngdi nhd khdc cung ldng, ke cd nhftng ngudi ngoai cOng ddng ldng. Ddi vdi cdc thanh viin ttong ldng, quan hO trade tien d nhftng ngudi Cling huylt thing, hp hang, thdng gia, thdy trd trong le cdp sac,... Ddy Id nhung mli quan hi dge biet, tin tudng ldn nhau, cdng chia sl nilm vui, hgnh phuc gia £nh, trp gidp khi khd khan hoge Im dau, hogn nan.
Quan hO ldng gilng vdi nhung thdnh vien sing d cdc ngdi nha kl cOn cung rat quan ttpng, thi hiOn "tdi Ida tdt din" ed nhau ttong cuOc sdng hdng ngdy, ddi cdng lao dOng khi edy Ida,... Tilp din, quan hO vdi ede thdnh viin khdc ttong ldng ttong cdc hogt ddng chung cda ldng, nhdt Id khi cd cdc nghi 11 Cling milu Idng, cdng cdu miia... vdn thudng xuyln diln ra. Nlu mOt gia dhih ttong lang to chdc dung nha, eudi xin, cdp sac... deu ed sy chung tay gidp sue ngudi, sue eua du h hay nhilu cda cdc gia ffinh khdc ttong ldng: dyng nhd, mua vu thi giup sdc theo kilu ddi cdng; Idc cd tang ma lai gidp nhau Ing gao, bd huong, di ehgt cdi de hda thilu ngudi chit,... Vdi nhihig ngudi ngodi ldng, ke cd cd quan he hp hdng, thong
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc sd4-2017 73 gia hay khdng, ngudi Dao Ao Ddi ciing dlu
trdn ttpng, qu;^ min, dgc biOt Id khdch d xa din tham gia dinh.
Trong moi ngdi nhd ngudi Dao Ao Ddi tmde ddy dlu cd 2 hip d "ph&i dudi" thanh pung sdng. Khi cd khdch den, ngudi ta cd thi dung cd 2 b i p hoge chi 1 bip. N l u dung ed 2 thi bep b i n ttdi ngdi nhd de dun nude pha trd vd Id nai tilp khdch. Khdch nam do chu nhd hodc nhihig ngudi ddn dng ttong nhd tilp; bd ehu nhd tiep khdch nft. Khi tiep khdch, chu nhd ngdi d phia tren - noi chinh giira ciia bip, khaeh ngdi d phia ddi dien vd hai bin cgnh bip. Khaeh ddng ngudi thi hai bin eanh b i p ddnh cho khdch nam, khdch nu ngdi bin dudi; nlu quanh bep khdng du chd, khdch nu ngdi d khoang khdng gian gifta cdt edi vd cdt qudn. Khaeh quy nhu hp hdng than thilt, thdng gia, ban be d xa thudng dupe chu nhd mdi lln ngdi d "phia tten"
thanh pung sdng cdng vdi ehu nhd. Khdch mdi den nhd, dupe gia chd dun nude, pha ttd mdi uong, mdi hut thudc ldo vd tiep chuyOn.
Khdch quy Id nam thudng duoc chd nhd ve thulc bd vdo no dilu r l i mdi dua dieu mdi hut. Tradng hpp ldm cam mdi khdch, chd trang ttpng nhdt d l dgt mdm Id phdn khdng gian "phia ttln" gian gifta, gan vdi bdn thd.
Theo do, gja chd se ngdi chinh giua phia tidn ngay chd gidp vdi bdn thd, khdch ngdi CEmh hai b i n gia chd. Nlu ddng khdch thi dpn thIm mdm d cdc gian ben, nhung phdi theo nguyin tdc: khdch quy, ngudi ldn tudi ngoi d mdm ttln hay d "phia ttln". Cung cd Idii khdch dupe bo tri ngdi d chd ttang trpng nhdt, nlu do Id b l cda chd nhd dang sing d nhd khdc, thdy cdp sac, thay cdng den cung le, bo quan ldng cua gia chd.
Cd thi ndi, ngudi Dao Ao Ddi rdt min khdch, khdng chi nhiing khdch quy d xa, ma cd nhiing khdch Id hdng xdm, ngudi Idng din nhd choi... nlu gap biia com thi chd nhd dlu sai vp con lay bdt diia, rdt rupu vd mdi khdch dung du nhieu hay it. Quan sdt tham dy cda chung tdi d nhilu noi dlu cho thdy, ddi vdi nhftng khdch ndy hp cung hdu nhu khdng td chdi ldi mdi cua chd nhd.
Mdi khi nhd cd cdng viec nhu cudi xin, cdp sdc, ma chay, len nhd mdi... do cd ddng khdch mdi din an ulng, nin vj tri
"phia ttln" vdn Id cua khdch nam, nhiing m&n com rapu dat d phia ndy thudng de mdi nhung khdch quan ttpng, dac bipt mdm com d gian giiia, gdn bdn thd ddnh cho nhiing ngudi nhu tiiay cung, quan iMig, ngudi ldn tudi,... Trong ddm ma, vp con vd cac chdu cua ngudi chet cdn phdi kilng ky bude len tten thanh pung sdng, vi do Id noi ddt quan tdi, nhdm thi hiOn sy kinh ttpng vdi ngudi chit vd cdc thdy cdng din cling ma eho ngudi chit, do hp d vj tii "phia tren", trade bdn thd vd sau quan tdj ngudi chet.
4. K i t luan
Van d l logi hinh nhd d ndo Id trayin thdng cda ngudi Dao Ao Ddi tinh Hd Giang xua Ida khdng dgt ra vdi bdi vilt ndy. Chi bilt rdng, ddng bdo cu trii d cdc viing cdnh quan khdc nhau nin hipn nay sinh sdng tix)ng hai logi nhd Id nhd sdn vd nhi ddt tiinh tudng, Ddy Id ly do ddn tdi cdch t l ehiic mat bdng smh hogt trong ngdi nhd cda hp cd nhiing tuang ding vd khac bipt, song cd dilm chung Id: neu xet theo ehilu ngang thi gian giiia quan trpng nhdt, nhung xet theo ehilu dpc, "phdn trin" tgi noi cd bdn thd lai quan ttpng ban.
Nhu vdy, tiimg tdm khdng gian trong ngdi nhd Id gian gifta, nhdt Id phan "phia
74 Pham Minh Phiic ttln", nai tdn Idnh, thd phyng t l tien vd cde
logi ma nhd. Gian ndy cung Id noi b l tri cho ngoi eho cdc vi khdch qu^, khdch quan trpng moi khi gia dinh cd viOc. Tmh quan ttpng ttong khdng gian sinh hogt gidm ddn ra hai bin vd tu tten xudng dudi, ke td chd cd bdn thd. Tu cdch td chdc mat bdng sinh hogt cdn cho thdy ro, mdi quan hp cua cdc thdnh viin ttong gia dinh ciing nhu quan hO giiia hp vdi cpng ddng xa hpi rpng Idn ban: tdn ti theo flid bdc tren dudi gifta cdc thi hp, dac biOt Id quan he ttpng nam, min khdch,... Dilu ndy phdn dnh xa hpi ciia ngudi Dao Ao Ddi dnh hudng rdt sdu dgm tu tudng cda Dgo Khing.
Qua. cac ylu td phi vdt chat trong ngdi nhd ngudi Dao Ai Ddi cho thdy, nhd d khdng chi Id mOt cdng trinh kiln true, nai ehe mua, che n ^ g . . . md cdn la noi tiiye hdnh, phdn dnh cac ehilu cgnh van hda, xa hOi- Do vdy, khi nghien euu ve van hda d cdn tim hiiu todn dipn cdc Idiia canh phi vdt ehdt. Cd nhu v4y, khi p h ^ logi toe ngudi vd cdc nhdm dja phuang mdi khdch quan, chd khdng thi chi dya vao mOt vdi dgc dilm bieu hiOn d ben ngodi md di din nhgn djnh, kit lugn.
Tdi liOu tham khdo
l . L I Duy Dgi - Tripu Ddc Thanh (chd biln, 2003), Cdc ddn tpc d Hd Giang, Nxb. Thi gidi, Hd NOi.
2. B l Vilt Ddng, Nguyin Klmc Tyng, Ndng Trung, Nguyen Nam Tiln (1971), Ngudi Dao d Vipt Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc im hdi, HdNdi.
3. Phgm Quang Hoan Hung Dinh Quy (Chd biln, 1999), Vdn hoa truyin thong ngudi Dao d Hd Giang, Nxb. Vdn hda D&i tOe, Hd NOi.
4. Phgm Mmh Phdc (2011), ''Nhd d eua ngudi Dao Ao ddi thih Hd Gimg (Kit cdu ky tiiudt vd nhung ylu td vdt chdt Uln quan den viOc dyng nhd)". Tap chi Ddn tpc hoc. So 3, tr.l3-23.
5. Phgm Mmh Phuc (2013), Nhd d eua ngiedi Dao Ao Ddi tinh Hd Giang, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xa hOi, Hd NOi.
6. Nguyin Khdc Tyng (1994), Nha d cd truyen cdc ddn tpc Viet Nam (tap I), HOi Khoa hpc Ljch sd Viet Nam, Hd NOi-
7. Nguyin Khdc Tyng (1996), Nhd d cd truyen cdc ddn tpc Vipt Nam (tgp II), Nxb. Xdy dyng, Hd NOi.
8. Nguyin Khdc Tyng (1996), "Nhd d eua ngudi Dao - xua vd nay", Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc, S l 2, tt.34-40.
