Adai Thi Hdng Hdi
PHAN VUNG VAN HQC DAN GIAN MlTdNG
MAI THj H 6 N G HAI
Rgudi Mudng. ehii nhdn ciia mgt nln vfin hda cd ljch sd Idu ddi vd hiOn lgi vdn gift dugc nhftng bdn sfic vfin h6a dOc ddo dd dugc cdc nhd nghifin ciru khoa hgc xfi hOi vd nhdn vdn trong nude vd ngodi nude chii y tir rat sdm. Neu khdng kl din ede sdch co ciia 6ng cha ta, trong dd cd cdc ghi chfip sdm nhdt vl ngudi Mudng nhu Du dfa chi, Dgi Nam thong nhdt chi, thi cdng trinh khoa hgc ddu lien nghien ciru vl ngudi Mudng Id lugn van "Tieng Mirong" dugc E. H. Parker cdng b l ndm 1891. Tir sau ndm 1945, ddc biel Id tu sau 1954 trd di, viOc nghien cuu ve dan tgc Mudng da dat dugc nhilu thdnh qud quan trgng, danh myc tdi liOu cdc cdng trinh nghifin cun tryc tiep hofic gian lifip ve ngudi Mudng vd vdn hda dan tdc Mudng chilm mgt s6 lugng ldn vdi gdn mgt nghin cdng trinh, bao gdm: sdch, lu^n dn, lugn vdn, bdi lap chf, bdo cao khoa hgc... Mdt sd cdng trinh dd trd thdnh mau myc cho viec nghien cdu dan tgc hgc doi vdi dan tgc Mudng. nhu Ngudi Mudng: Dia ly nhdn vdn vd xd hgi hoc ciia Jeanne Cuisiner (1995); Gop phdn nghiin ciru van hod vd tgc ngudi ciia Nguyen Tu Chi ciing mOt sd cdc cdng trinh vdi bill danh khac ciia ong nhu: Hoa vdn cgp vdy Mudng (Trdn Tir, 1978), Nguoi Mudng o Hod Binh (Trdn Td, 1996).
Cdc cdng trinh nghien cuu vl dan tgc Mudng lu trudc din nay dd bao qudt todn dien cac ITnh vuc khdc nhau nhu: Lich sd ngudn goc tgc ngudi Mudng; Mdi Irudng
cdnh quan cu tru ciia ngudi Mudng; Chi dg ruOng ddt c6 truyln Mudng; Ca cdu xd hgi Mudng vd chi dO nhd Lang; Ddj sing kinh tl, vfin hda v$t chdt vd vdn hda tinh thdn ciia ngudi Mudng; Ngdn ngft Mudng; Am nhgc dan gian Mudng; Hoa vdn Mudng; Trang phuc Mudng; Kiln tnic nhd ciia Mudng;
Vfin hgc ddn gian Mudng: Cdc sdc thdi dja phuang ciia ngudi Mudng Hod Binh, Mudng Thanh H6a...
Cd thl ndi, sau ngdn ng& Mudng thi vdn hgc dan gian Mudng dugc nhilu nha khoa hgc quan tdm nghifin cim, suu tdm. Do la cdc truyen co lich, than thoai, truyen tha (nhu Ndng Om - Chdng Bdng Huang, Ndng Nga - Hai Mdi, lit Lot - Hd Lieu), cdc the logi ddn ea (nhu Xudng, Rang, Bg m^ng - co nai ggi Id Thuang Dang nhu d Hod BinhJ.
Ddc biet Id he thong Mo d l sO, trong dd De ddt de nude cua ngudi Mudng d Hod Binh vd Thanh Hda Id ddi tugng dugc cdc nhd khoa hgc danh nhifiu thdi gian suu tdm vfin bdn vd nghifin ciiu Id nhilu gdc dO khde nhau. Nhin khdi qudt, viOc nghifin eiiu vdn hgc ddn gian Mudng dd dgt dugc nhifiu thdnh qud Idn, chfing hgn nhu: Di ddt de nirdc bdn sd thi ddu tiin cua nin vdn hgc Viet - Mudng cOa Phan Nggc (1986), Hon nhdn vd su phdt trien cua cgng ddng Mudng qua su thi Di ddt di nuac cda Dfing Thai Thuyen (1988); Su thi thdn thogi Muong ciia Truong Sy Hiing (1992); Di ddt de nude: Sit thi Mudng ciia Ddng Vfin Lung, Vuang Anh, Hodng Anh Nhdn (1988).
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd 2-2012
Tuy nhifin, qua nhfhig lu liOu nghifin cuu da cd vl vdn hgc ddn gian Mudng cdng vdi nhftng tu UOu diln da d ede vung mudng ldn nhu mudng Khd (thugc huyOn Bd Thudc), mudng Rdc (thugc huyOn Nggc Lfic), mudng Dgng (thuOc huyOn Kim Bdi), mudng Bi (thu6e huyOn Tan Lge), chiing I6i nh|in thdy: Dudi gdc do dja ly hgc tgc ngudi, nlu Idy khu vuc eu tni lam lieu chf thi sy phdn b l ciia ngudi Mudng d nude ta tgo thdnh ede viing Mudng it nhilu cd nhung nfit khdc bill.
NIU nhu sdc thdi Mudng khac nhau gi&a cdc dja phuang, chdng hgn nhu d Hod Binh vd Thanh Hod de nhgn bill nhdt d bg trang phyc nft, thi sac thdi dd d vdn hgc dan gian kh6ng dl gi nhdn ra ngay. Bdi vilt ndy dl cap din viec phan viing vdn hgc ddn gian Mudng - mgt van dfi ft dugc quan tdm trong nhieu cfing trinh nghien cdu trude day vl ngudi Mudng, nhdm gdp phdn nhan dien tfnh thfing nhdt cao vl logi hinh vd tinh da dgng dien hinh ciia mgt hien tugng van hda v6ng'.
L Casd [didn vui^ van hgc dan gian Mudi^
1.1. Thuyitphan viing van hda Viec tiln hanh phan viing van hgc ddn gian lien quan dfin vdn de phdn vung vdn hda, bdi van hgc dan gian dugc xem la mgt trong nhiing bilu hien quan trgng ciia ddc trung van hoa vung. Do do, trong van hda cdc vung, cdc dia phuang tren cd nude ta, ITnh vyc vdn hgc ddn gian dugc cdc nha suu tdm, nghifin cdu chu y sdm. Dieu ndy dugc thl hien trong viOc cdc nha nghien ciru da khoanh vung d l suu tdm van hgc ddn gian, td do nhan diOn phan viing vfin hgc dan gian.
ViOc khoanh vdng dk. suu tdm da dugc lifin hanh tu sau cdch mgng thdng Tam, nhdt Id td ' Nghien ciiu nay du^c tii ircr bai Quy Phat trien khoa hpc va cong ngh6 quoc gia (NAFOSTED) trong dl tii ma so: IVl.3-2010.09 (05-SH, KCH, DTH).
ndm 1960 din nay, hdng logt cdc cong trinh suu tdm, khdo cim vl vdn hgc dan gian d cdc dia phuang da dugc thyc hien. C6 thl kl mOt s6 c6ng trinh nhu: Tuc ngtt ddn ca Muong Thanh Hoa ciia Minh Hi^u (2004), Nhiing bdi ca ddm cudi Mudng Thanh Hoa cda Cao San Hdi (2003), Thudng Rang. Bg meng Hod Binh ciia Biii ThiOn (1973), Ddn ca Mudng Hod Binh ciia Qudeh Dao, Vfin Qujnh, Thanh Son, Biii ThiOn, Thuang Diem (1965); Tuc ngir ddn ca Mudng Thanh Hoa cua Minh HiOu (1999)...
Nghifin cdu vl vdn hda viing, can thilt phdi nhfic din Ngfi Due Thjnh vdi nh&ng nh|n dinh ciia dng vl vdn h6a vung vd phdn viing vdn hfia. Theo dng, van h6a lanh thfi hay vfin hoa vCing la mgt dgng thdc vfin hoa, md d dfi trong mgt khong gian dia ly xdc djnh, cdc cdng ding ngudi do ciing song trong mfit mdi trudng ty nhifin nhat djnh, trong nhftng dilu kiOn phdt triln xa hfii tuong ung, va nhat Id cdc mli quan hO giao luu vfin hoa sing dfing, nen trong qud trinh ljch su lau dai dfi hinh thdnh nh&ng dfic trung van hda chung (Ngd Ddc Thjnh, 2004, tr. 11). Nhiing bilu hiOn ciia vdn hoa viing mang tfnh da ve, bilu hifin trfin todn bg cac mat ciia ddi sdng vdn hda vdt chdt vd vfin hfia tinh thdn ciia cu dan, tuy nhien trong do dgc trung hon cd la Ifii sdng, nep sdng cua cu dan, nfip fin mac, di Igi, giao tilp, nip vui chai gidi tri, phong luc, 16 nghi, tfn ngudng, le hgi, cac hogt dgng van hda - nghe thuat, nhdt Id van hda nghe thuat dan gian nhu: vfin hgc ddn gian, am nhgc, ddn ca, kiln triic, trang trf dan gian... (Ngfi Due Thjnh, 2004, tr. 70). Nhiing quan niem vd nhgn djnh nay dugc sd dung ldm can cd ca ban dl chiing tfii nghifin cdu phdn vimg van hgc dan gian Mudng.
MaiThf Hdng Hdi Trong bii cdnh ngudi Mudng d Vi^t
Nam, ddn tgc ndy cu Irii trfin m^t dja bdn khd rgng thuOc cdc tinh: Thanh Hfia, Hfia Binh, PhO Thg, San I.a. Yfin Bdi... nhung l$p trung ddng nhdt Id d cdc tinh Hod Binh, Thanh Hda vd Phii Thg. Td trudc nfim 1945, tinh Hod Binh Id nai cy trii chii ylu ciia ngudi Mudng, ddn cu phdn b l theo bin thung lling Idn. dugc ggi Id bin mudng:
Mudng Bi, mudng Vang, mudng Thdng, mufing Dgng vdi cdc ddng hg quy lOc ldm Lang dgo thing trj Idu ddi nhu: Dinh.
Qudch, Bgch, Hd. Cdn cd vdo quy mfi ddn cu vd ljch sd phdt triln, thu ty ciia bin mudng trfin dugc xIp nhu sau: Nhdt Bi, nhi Vang, tam Thdng, td Dgng.
Ddn so ngudi Mudng ddng nhat Id d tinh Hod Binh (479.197 ngudi, chiem khodng 46% long so ngudi Mudng trong ed nude) [Khong Diln (Chii bifin), 2001], roi din Thanh Hda. Theo thdng kfi eiia Ban Dan tOc tinh Thanh Hoa, linh dfin ngdy 1/4/2004, ddn so Mudng d Thanh Hfia la 322.879 ngudi, cu tni chii yfiu d khu vyc miln mil thuOc dja phan cdc huyen: Cam Thuy, Bd Thudc, Nggc L|c, Thgch Thdnh, Lang Chdnh. Vl ca cdu hdnh chfnh, dfin trudc each mang Tdm ndm 1945, ngudi Mudng trfin dja bdn mien ndi Thanh Hda td chdc thdnh cdc dan vj hdnh chfnh truyen thing vdi khodng 40 mudng, do mgt so dong hg lang noi ddi thong trj nhu: hg Ha 4 mudng, hg Phgm Thiic vd Phgm Vfin 15 mudng, hg Le Xudn 4 muong, hg Truong Cdng 5 mudng, hg Nguyen Dinh 7 mudng, hg Qudch 2 muong, hg Cao 1 mudng. Nhftng mufing Idn cd uy the ed ve kinh tl vd chfnh trj Id Mudng De d Thgch Thdnh, Mufing Ldn Ru d Nhu Xuan, Mudng Khfi d Bd Thudc, Mudng Rdc d Nggc Idc, Mudng Chinh d Lang Chdnh (Ban Dan tgc miln niii
Thanh Hda xudt bdn, 1999). Dja vyc cu tni ciia ngudi Mudng Id vdng thung IQng chdn niii - vimg giao thoa vfin hda gifta ngudi Mudng vdi ngudi Thdi d phfa Tdy, vdi ngudi Kinh d phfa Ddng. Trong qud trinh phdt triln cua Ijch sd, ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda cd mli quan hO sdu sdc vdi ngudi Thdi bdi gifta hai ddn tOc ndy da cd mOt qud dinh gdn bfi Idu ddi vd sy giao luu hod nh^p vl vfin hfia. Ddn s6 ciia ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda ddng thd hai sau ngudi Mudng. Nhu v^y, bao quanh khdng gian vfin hda cua ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda Id ngudl Thdi, ngudi Kinh. Td dd, la cd thl nhdn thdy noi Ifin sfic thdi vfin hfia Mudng d cdc viing Id sfic thdi vfin hfia giao thoa Mudng - Thdi d viing Thanh Hod, sfic thdi vfin hda tucmg doi thudn Mudng d vimg Hod Binh.
1.2. TOr nhQ'ng cdm nhdn trong dan gian vi cdc vdng mudng
Ve tfin ggi "mudng": "Mudng" la mOt khai niem chi mOt viing cu tni cua ngudi Mudng. Chfing hgn, mudng Dgng gdm nhieu nghTa. Day Id mgt mudng Idn gdm nhifiu mudng nhd: Mudng Chiing, Mudng G6 Dam (Co Ddm), Mudng Ddnh (Deng), Mudng Chanh (Cheng), Mudng Song (Khgng), Mudng C6c, Muong Que Rii (Quel Ru). Trong khi dd, cdc mudng nhd Id nhiing dan vj hdnh chinh tuang ty nhu Idng hay thdn. Mudng DOng ldn ban dan vj ldng, thfin, cd mgt mufing trung tam vd nhifiu mudng lien kit xung quanh. Mudng trung tdm la Mudng Chiing^ cdn cdc mudng lien kit gom: Gd Ddm, Ddnh, Chanh, Song, Cdc, Que Ru. Mudng trung tam cung nhu ede mudng lien kit deu dugc coi Id Mudng
^ Chiing Ifk m^t khdi ni^m cua ngudi Thdi, dirpc coi Id mu6ng trung tditi. Ngufri Mudng dS tilp nh^n khai ni^m niy tit ngir6i Thfii.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd2 - 2012
Dgng, nhung Mufing Chiing Id dilm xdc djnh chfnh cho dja danh Mufing Dgng.
Mufing DOng cdn bao hdm cd mOt vdng ddt rgng Idn thugc thung lung sfing Boi, gIm nhieu mufing tuong duong vdi dan vi hanh chinh cdp huyfin (huyfin Kim Boi), dugc xdc djnh Id mOt trong nhftng cdi n6i van hda ciia ngudi Mudng. Ddy ciing Id mOt trong bon mudng Idn cua ngudi Mufing d Hod Binh (Bi, Vang, Thdng, DOng), do vdy, Mufing DOng cdn chi cd vimg ddt ciia huyOn Kim Bdi.
Nhu vay, trong quan niem eiia ngudi Mudng, theo quy m6 Id cd mufing Idn, mufing nhd. Cdn theo vj trf cu tni, ngudi Mudng lai phan thdnh Mudng Trong, Mudng Ngodi. Tuy nhifin, ngudi Mudng d cac vung khdc nhau lai cd cdch hieu phgm vi rgng, hep cu thfi vfi Mudng Trong vd Mufing Ngoai khde nhau.
CJ Hod Binh, nguoi Mudng Dfing coi Muong Trong Id vung ngudi Muong d cdch xa nai cu tni ciia cdc tdc ngudi khac, trong khi Mufing Ngodi Id viing ngudi Mudng d gdn nai cu trii cdc tgc ngudi khdc. Ngudi Muong Bi quan nifim Mudng Trong id cac muong ddng due ndm d trung tdm viing muong Id nai Lang dgo d, cdn Muong Ngodi Id cdc mudng d xa trung tam, nai chi cfi cac au cai quan. Ngudi Mufing d Ky San quan niem Mufing Trong Id vung rimg sdu, cdch xa "ke chg", edn Muong Ngodi Id vung gdn
"ke chg" (Kilu Trung San, 2012, tr. 74).
Q Thanh Hda, ngudi Muong ty ggi, hofic vIn coi minh Id ngudi Muong Trong vd chi ngudi Mufing cdc nai nhu Hod Binh la ngudi Muong Ngoai. Tu dd, cd y kiln cho rdng ngudi Muong xu Thanh dugc cau thdnh td ba dfing chfnh. Bg phdn thd nhat gIm
nhftng ngudi glc ngudi Mudng td linh Hod Binh di eu vdo, dugc coi Id ngudi Muong Ngodi, chii ylu Id ddn viing Mufing Bi (dugc ggi Id Mgi Bi). Bg phan thd hai Id qud trinh v£in dOng ciia ngudi Thdi bj Thdi hod thdnh ngudi Mufing hodc ngudi Kinh hod Mudng.
BO ph^n thd ba ddng chii y nhdt Id ngudi Mufing bdn dja; tfnh bdn dja ciia bO phdn nay khdng pha tgp, lan lOn vdi hai bO phdn kia rdt ro td tilng ndi din trang phyc (Vuang Anh. 1995, I.-. 208-209). Do vdy, Xudng Id mOt Ihl logi ddn ca eiia ngudi Mufing cung dugc ngudi Mufing d Thanh Hda phan thanh Xudng Mudng Trong (pho bien d viing mufing Thill 6ng - Thanh Hfia, trong ddn gian cdn ggi Id Xufing goc) dl khu biet vdi Xudng Mufing Ngoai (chi bg phdn Xufing cfi nfit khdc vdi Xufing Thilt Ong, pho biln d viing Thgch Thdnh do su dnh hufing ciia Hod Binh tu mgt bg phan ngudi Mudng d Muong Bi di cu mang vdo) (Minh Hieu, I999,tr. 75, 272).
Tong hgp cdc quan niem nhu tren ve mudng, Mudng Trong va Muong Ngodi, cd ede hudng nghTa chinh nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, Mufing Trong vd Mudng Ngoai dugc hilu trong mgt pham vi hep, cu the trong sy tuong quan vdi vj trf cu tni vdi cac tfic ngudi khac trfin cung mgt dia ban.
Ddy la each hilu khd phfi biln ciia ngudi Mufing d Hod Binh dl phan thanh viing ngudi Mufing d sau, cdch xa viing cfi ngudi khdc tOc cu tni hodc la viing trung tdm gdn lang.
Thu hai, Mufing Trong va Muong Ngodi dugc hieu trong phgm vi viing lanh thfi cu tni, chi sy luong quan so sdnh giua cdc mudng cCia ngudi Mufing vdi nhau nhu mudng cda ngudi Mudng d Hod Binh vd mudng ciia ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda.
Quan niem nay hudng tdi sfic thai van hoa
Mai Thf Hdng Hdi dja phuang ciia m6i viing Mudng, mang y
nghTa cua vdn hfia viing.
Thu ba, quan niOm vl Mudng Trong vd Mufing Ngodi trong cd hai cdch hilu trfin dii d phgm vi cy thl rOng. h?p khdc nhau nhung dlu xudt phdt lu trong lfim thdc ddn gian Vilt Nam nfii chung Id ludn cd "nhftng cdm nh§n vl tinh trOi trong tfnh cdch con ngudi, trong cdc sdn vdt thien nhifin. trong nip sing vfin hfia gida Idng ndy vdi Idng kia, viing kia"
(Ngd Due Thinh, 2004. tr. 46). Nh&ng cdm nh$n trong ddn gian ndy tuy chua mang y niOm vl viing vfin hfia. nhung diing nhu nh^n xfil cua Ngd Due Thjnh: "Ddy chua phdi Id lu duy phan viing, md chi mdi Id sy so sdnh gi&a
"ta" vdi "hg", gifta vung ndy vdi viing khdc nay sinh trong qud trinh giao tilp. Tuy nhien, ddy Id vfin kinh nghiOm quy dl chiing la tham khdo khi xem xfit viing vdn hda" (Ngo Ddc Thinh, 2004, tr. 48) vd cdc nhd khoa hgc dfi nhan ra trong quan niOm ddn gian nhftng dy cam dung ddn. Tdt cd nhung cdn cu trfin Id ca sd khoa hgc de chiing la phan viing vdn hgc dan gian Mudng.
2. Phan chia cdc vung van hgc dan gian MuroDg
Ve CO bdn, 1^^ thuylt phdn viing vdn hfia ciia Ngd Ddc Thjnh vd quan niem trong dan gian cua ngudi Mufing vl cdc viing mudng (Mudng Trong, Mudng Ngodi) cd nhiing dilm tuong ddng. Trong dfi, ylu to quan trgng nhat Id mdi quan hO giao luu vdn hda trong lich sd ddi Idu gifta cdc tOc ngudi trong mOt khdng gian dja ly xdc dinh da ndy sinh vd hinh thdnh nhthig sdc thdi vdn hgc dan gian cua moi viing vua co sy thdng nhdt vua CO sy khdc biet. Bdi vl, vdn hgc dan gian Id cOi ngufin bao gid cung phdt sinh d phgm vi mOt vimg hay gifta cdc dan tgc dan xen qudn tu sfi tao dung, tich hgp thdnh di sdn
vfin hgc ddn gian ciia mgt dja phuang, mOt viing vfin hod. Dya vdo dd, cung vdi viOc xem xfit nhOng thl logi vfin hgc ddn gian cua ngydi Mudng, chiing tdi phdn thdnh hai vimg vdn hgc dfin gian Mudng: Vimg vdn hgc dfin gian Mudng d Hod Binh, viing vdn hgc dfin gian Mudng d Thanh Hda. Tuy nhifin, vi^c phdn viing vfin hgc ddn gian Mudng d ddy Id mang tfnh tucmg dii, bdi vfin hgc ddn gian Id mOt logi hlnh cd tfnh phi biln cao, Igi Iu6n lufin dugc luu chuyin gifta ddng ddi; vi v|y, chiing tfii khdng di vdo xem xfit cdc tdc phdm cy the md chi nhin nh^n d gdc dO thl logi d l thdy dugc sy hinh thdnh vd phdt triln cdc thl logi vfin hgc dan gian Mudng Id mOt hiOn tugng vfin hod mang tfnh viing.
2.1. Viing vdn hpc ddn gian Mudng d Thanh Hda
Day Id vimg dan xen gida ngudi Mufing vd ngudi Thai. Vfin hgc ddn gian Mudng d viing ndy mang tinh thdng nhdt tgc ngudi vfi hO thing the logi, do Id sy hien diOn ddy dii ede thl logi trong bdng phan logi vdn hgc dan gian Mudng, bao gdm: Mo, Su thi, Thdn thoai, TniyOn kfi, Xufing Rang, BO meng, Truyfin tha... Nhung nfit khdc biet mang linh viing Id d sy phdt triln ciia cdc thfi loai, quy mo dg ddi ngdn cua tdc pham, cdc hinh thdc diln xudng, kit cdu cua tdc phdm vd tren mgt so phuang dign cd sy giao thoa vdi vfin hgc ddn gian ciia ngudi Thai d Thanh Hda. Cd thl n h ^ thdy dilu ndy qua sy phdt trifin ciia mgt vdi thl logi nhu sau:
Xudng Id mOt the logi ddn ca lieu bifiu ciia ngudi Mudng, dugc phdt trifin mgnh d Thanh Hod vdi chdc ndng sinh hogt chu yfiu Id hdt giao duyfin. Xudng giao duyen ciia ngufiri Mufing d Thanh Hod da dang vl phong cdch thl hifin (Xudng Thiit 6ng,
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc s62 - 2012
Xudng leo la, Xudng Mudng Ngodi) vd cd quy trinh khd ch§t chg diln hinh vl cdu tnic i^uang Thiit 6ng). Xudng Thiit dng (theo cdch ggi eda ngudi Mudng Thanh Hod) Id logi Xuong ddc hftu eCia vung Mufing xd Thanh. Trong qud trinh giao luu lilp nhdn vdn hod vdi cdc tOc ngudi ciing cOng cu, vdi cdc nhdnh Muong khdc (td Hod Binh vdo), Xufing d Thanh Hoa cd them nh&ng phong cdch the hien mdi nhu Xudng leo Id, Xudng Mudng Ngodi. Xudng leo Id cd thl xem nhu Id mOt dgng biln thl ciia Xudng Thiet dng.
Nhiing ngudi Mufing d Hod Binh di cu vdo mang theo Xufing (chu ylu Id Xudng chiic mimg) vd ngufin Bg meng phong phu, kit hgp vdi Xufing giao duyfin ciia ngudi Mufing vfin cfi mdt lau ddi d Thanh Hod da sdng tao nfin logi Xudng Mudng Ngodi vdi phong cdch thl hlOn vda mang ddng dap ciia Xuong chiic Hod Binh vua dam sdc thdi giao duyfin cua Xuong Thiit Ong xd Thanh.
d Hod Binh, hat Xufing chii ylu la ca nggi, nen cd cac logi nhu Xudng dng, Xudng Igc bdng, Xudng ddn... Bg meng lgi la thl loai chd yeu phdt triln d eae vdng Mufing Hod Binh. Nfi cd chdc nfing sinh hogt dung dfi hat giao duyfin nam nd tuong tu nhu Xufing cua ngufii Mudng d Thanh Hfia. Ndi Id hdt, nhung thyc chdt dm diOu, tiet tdu cua Bg meng thien vfi ndi mifing, nfii chdm rdi thu thi nhu bgc bgch tdm tinh. Do vfiy, trong cugc hat BO meng doi bfin nam nd ngfii dii dien vfii nhau (khdng ngdi cdch nhau: Nam ngdi gian ngodi, nft ngdi gian trong nhu hdt Xufing d vung Mudng Thanh Hoa).
Xufing cua ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hfia ed edu tnic Idi md ddu Id "Xirong xiet xuong nodngi" (co nghTa la: Thuong ldm thuong nhilu) cfi cung cau tnic md dau vfii khap ciia ngudi Thai d Thanh Hda la "Yiu du ldm ne"
(cung cfi nghTa Id thucmg ldm thuang nhilu).
Khi ngudi Thdi cdt Ifin Idi khdp cfi cdu md ddu "Yeu du ndm ne" thi ngudi Thdi d cdc dja phuang khdc dlu nh$n ra dfi Id khdp cua ngydi Thdi d Thanh Hfia.
So sdnh cdc vdn bdn Mo - Sd thi De ddt di nude ciia ngudi Mufing d Thanh Hda vd Hod Binh, tdc gid Bui Vdn Thdnh cung nh^n thdy, hai bdn Mo nay d hai viing Mudng ciing logi hinh the logi, ciing chuc ndng thyc hdnh nghi le, nhung hai bdn Mo Thanh Hfia vd Hod Binh cd nhilu difim khac nhau vl Idi, ve quy md kit cdu vd mgt s6 mfi tip trong xay dyng cot truyfin (Biii Vdn Thdnh, 2004, tr. 113-126). Trong khi dfi, Mo ciia ngudi Mufing d Thanh Hfia lai ed nhifiu dilm gidng vdi Mo ciia ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hfia, ddc biet la gifing nhau d mgt sd md tip.
O mOl ITnh vyc khdc gan vdi van hgc ddn gian la fim nhac ddn gian. Khi nghien cdu vfi cdng chifing Mufing, Ide gid Kifiu Trung San cung nhan thay cfing chieng Mudng Thanh Hfia cfi nhifiu dilm khdc vdi cdng chifing Mufing Hoa Binh. Hifin tugng trdng ddm Id mgt bilu hien giao thoa van hda Thai - Mudng khd thu vi cfi thfi coi nhu mOt net tifiu bilu cho mdi Hen he vdn hfia tgc ngudi trong vung Mufing Thanh Hfia (Kilu Trung San, 2012, d. 208).
2.2. Vdng vdn hgc ddn gian Mudng d Hod Binh
Day la vung van hgc ddn gian ma d dd sfic thdi vfin hda Muong Id ndi bat vd chQ dao, kh6ng ldn lOn vdi sfic thdi van hod cQa cac tOc ngudi khdc. Do dd, ty ban than nd da ndi Ifin nhung nfit khdc biOt vdi viing vdn hgc dan gian Mufing Thanh Hda Id mOt vdng cd sfic thdi nfii bat bdi sy giao thoa Thai - Mufing. 6 day, cdc thfi loai vfin hgc dfin gian
Mai Thj Hdng Hdi Mufing cung ddy dii nhu d vimg Mudng
Thanh Hda, nhung sy phdt trien cua mOt so thl logi, quy md vd cdch thdc diln xudng cd sy khdc bill so vdi viing Mudng Thanh Hfia.
Vf dy: Xudng, mOt hinh thdc sinh hogt ca hdt dii ddp nam n& d§c biOt phdt triln mgnh d vimg Mudng Thanh Hda nhung Igi khfing phdt triln trong nhthig viing gdn trung tdm mudng d Hod Binh. MOl trong nhftng nguyfin nhfin Id chi dO lang dgo dfit 1$ m5i khi nhd lang cfi lang Ihi bai cd hlnh thdc vui chai sinh hogt vfin hod ndo trong vfing ba ndm dlu bj cdm. Hit ddm tang ndy lgi din ddm tang khdc trong dfing hg nhd lang dSn din logi hinh sinh hogl vdn hod vdn nghO dfi dan dan bi thui chOl.
Ngugc lgi, BO meng d Hod Binh lai phdt uiln. Day Id mOt hinh thue ddn ca cfi hinh thuc dien xudng thifin vfi kfi chuyOn ty bOc bgch tam tinh, bgc 10 tinh cam Ida dfii vd dl cap dfin s l phdn va nhiing cdnh trdi ngang cua cdc d6i trai gdi yeu nhau md khdng Idy dugc nhau. Sy hd khfic ciia ehl dg lang dgo vLing Muong Bi dd tdc dfing din nfii dung phdn anh ciia cac thl logi dan ca truyln thdng cua ngudi Mufing d viing nay khiln nd hudng vdo nhiing vdn dl mang tfnh nli bdt la thfin phdn dau kho cua con ngudi lao dOng. Nd chi phoi din cd hinh thdc diln xudng vd dm diOu. Dl phdn finh bOc bgch nhiing tam trang dau kho, budn sau ay, log!
ddn ca Bg meng cfi thl mgnh rifing ciia nd, do vfiy nfi phdt triln manh d vung Mudng Bi. Nhu vdy, thyc t l cho thdy trong qud trinh phdt triln, cac sinh hoat vdn hod dan gian d viing Mudng Bi chju sy tdc dOng cua chi dg chinh trj - xa hOi, dfi Igi ddu an rd net qua sy phdt trifin ciia cdc thl logi.
MOt s6 nhan xti
Ngudi Mufing d ddu thi vfin hda Mudng tfia ra din ddy. Qud khd vd hiOn lai, vfin hgc ddn gian Mufing cd mOt vi tri quan trgng trong ting thl nln vfin hda ViOt Nam khfing phdi chi vl ddn tOc Mudng dd cd mgt thdi ky chung ggi Id liln ViOl - Mufing, md ly thfin nln vdn hgc ddn gian Mudng dd cd mOl bl ddy Ijch sd, da dang phong phO vl thl logi, dh sO vl s6 lugng, du sdc hOi tu lfing kit thdnh bdn sfic Mudng trong bdn sdc chung ciia vfin hfia ViOt Nam.
Vdn hgc ddn gian Mudng d m3i viing Mudng mang tfnh thing nhdt cao vl hO thing the logi, ding thdi cung the hifin tfnh da dgng dien hlnh cua mgt hiOn tugng vdn hda ddn gian. Moi vung cd nhiing nfit ddc trung rifing trong sy phdt triln cdc thl logi va kit cau tdc phdm. Nh&ng sy khdc biet khdi qudt budc ddu qua vfin hgc ddn gian d moi viing Mufing cho thdy y nghTa to ldn eiia mdi trufing ty nhifin, mdi trudng vdn hda - xd hgi, sy giao luu vdn hod giOB cdc tgc ngudi dd ldm nen sy khdc biet giua cdc viing. Sy phdt triln cdc the logi vfin hgc dan gian d moi viing mang mgt ddc tnmg rifing cfin cho thay, vfin hgc dfin gian Mufing cfi sdc hdp din vd lan tod mgnh mfi tfii vfin hfia ciia tOc ngudi khdc cu tru cgnh ngudi Mudng, nhdt Id dii vdi ngudi Thai d vung Mudng Thanh Hda.
Nhin chung, vdn d l phan vung^vfin hgc ddn gian Mudng ddi hdi phdi lilp tyc dugc nghifin edu. Nhftng suy nghT budc ddu tren ddy mdi chf phdc thdo phfin chia vfin hgc ddn gian Mudng thdnh hai viing: Vung vfin hgc ddn gian Mufing Thanh Hda vd vdng vdn hgc dan gian Mufing Hod Binh. Hai viing vdn hgc ddn gian ndy cung tucmg dng vfii hai vdng vfin hda Mudng d ViOt Nam. Ngdy
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc s62 - 2012 19 nay, cdc nhd nghifin cdu khoa xa hOi vd nhan
vfin da vd dang tap trung nghien cihi viing vdn hod. Vdn hgc ddn gian, cdc hifin tugng vdn hda ddn gian Id mgt trong nh&ng bifiu hien ciia viing vdn hda. ViOc phdn viing vdn hgc ddn gian Mufing khong chi gfip phdn ldm sang rd thfim sdc thdi vdn hfia Mudng d hai vimg, hai dia phuong, md cdn tgo dilu kien de cdc nha nghifin cdu xem xfit cdc tdc phdm vfin hgc dan gian trong ldng dja bdn hinh thanh, tdn tai, luu truyfin vd phdt triln ciia nd. Ddng thdi se giiip fch cho cfing viec suu tdm, gidi thieu cdc tdc phdm vdn hgc dan gian, cdc hien tugng vfin hda dfin gian phdt triln nhanh, mgnh vd hiOu qud.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Vuang Anh (Chu bifin) (1997), Mo - Su thi ddn tgc Mudng, Nxb Vdn hfia dan tgc, Hd NOi.
2. Vuang Anh (1995), "Dac trung vfin hda Mudng Thanh Hfia va viOc xdy dyng ddi song van hda d vung tgc ngudi Muong", Vdn hoa ddn tgc Mudng - Ky yiu Hpi thdo vdn hda ddn tgc Mudng tgi Hod Binh, thang 9/1993, Sd Van hda Thl thao, Hgi Vfin hgc eae dan tfic tinh Hoa Binh xudt ban, d. 208-209.
3. Ban Ddn tOc miln niii Thanh Hda xudt bdn (1999), Cdng tdc ddn tpc.
4. Nguyfin Td Chi (1996, Gdp phdn nghien cihi vdn hod vd tpc ngudi, Nxb Vdn hfia Thdng tin, Tgp chi Vdn hda nghe thudt.
Ha NOi.
5. Cuisinier, Jeanne (1995), Les Muong (Nguoi Mudng: Dia ly nhdn vdn vd xd hpi hgc), Nxb Lao dgng, Sd Vdn hda Thfi thao tinh Hod Binh dich td nguyen bdn tifing Phdp, Ha Ngi.
6. Qudch Dao, Vfin Qu^nh, Thanh San, Biii Thien, Thuang Diem (1965), Ddn ca Muong Hod Binh, Nxb Vdn hgc, Hd nOi.
7. Khong Dien (Chii bifin) (2001), Ddn sd - Ke hogch hod gia dinh cdc ddn tgc oHod Binh, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hOi, Ha NOi.
8. Minh HiOu (1999), Tuc nga ddn ca Mxcdng Thanh Hoa, Nxb Vfin hda ddn lOc, Hd NOi.
9. Tmang Sy Himg (1992), Sit thi thdn thogi Mudng, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hfii, Hd Ngi.
10. D^ng Vfin Lung, Vuang Anh, Hodng Anh Nhdn (1988), Di ddt de nude: Su thi Mudng, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hd Ngi.
11. Phan Nggc (1986), "De ddt de nude bdn sd thi dfiu tifin cua nen vfin hgc Viet - Mufing", Tgp chi Vdn hoa ddn gian, 50 4, tr. 24-37.
12. Biii Vfin Thanh (2004), "Vl vdn dl tdc phdm vd dj ban cd sd thi thdn thogi Mo Mudng", Tgp chi Vdn hgc, S6 11, tr. 113-126.
13. Ngfi Due Thinh (2004), Vdn hoa vimg vd phdn viing vdn hda d Viet Nam, Nxb Tre, HdNgi.
14. Dang Thdi Thuyfin (1988), "Hdn nhdn va sy phdt triln eiia cgng ddng Mufing qua sd thi De ddt de nude", Tgp chi Vdn hgc, 51 6, tr. 66-73.
15. Kieu Trung Son (2012), Cong Chieng Mudng, Nxb Lao dgng.
16. Trdn Td (1978), Hoa vdn cgp vay Mudng, Nxb Van hda dfin tgc. Ha Ngi.
17. Trfin Td (1996), Ngicdi Mudng d Hod Binh, Hgi Khoa hgc Lich sd Vifit Nam xuat ban. Ha NOi.
18. UBND huyfin Tan Lac - Sd Van hda Thl thao Hd Son Binh (1988), Nguoi Mudng vdi vdn hda cd truyen Mudng Bi.
