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Phat huy gia trj kien true nha a dan gian truyen thong trong to chipc khong gian of sinh thai thich ipng vai bien doi khi hau 6*
^/iet Nam
fjgay nh$n bai: 12/9/2014 iMgay sCTa bai: 17/9/2014
Ngay chap nhan dang: 28/9/2014
Le Q u a n
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O M TAT:iien ddi khi hdu dang la mot trong nhQng van de dtidc ci the gidi luan tim. Vidt nam dang da(?c dil bdo Id m^t trong nhiing qudc
;ia tren thi gidi chiu nhieu anh hifdng. Trong cong cude Cong jghi^p hda va Hidn dai hda Dat Nu6c hidn nay, nhilu khu vUc lan cif dang cin du^fc di chuyin va tai dinh ci(, nhieu dilm ddn li noi^ thon dang can dit(;c tai cau trtic dl dim bao an toan co he thich ilng vdi nhflng biln ddi khi hgu toan clu. Nghidn ciiu he hdng gii tri kien tnic nha d dan gian truyin thong tai cac vung nien de khai thac, Ip dung trong to chiic khong gian d sinh thai it khd nang thich ling vdi nhiing hidn tUdng tiSu cuic ciia Bien doi
Jii hlu d Viet Nam. Day li mgt y kien ddng g6p tich cUc trong jiec hoan thi^n cic giai phap quy hogich va ki&i tnic, gop phan ififa Chien lilijc phdt trien Nhi d qu6c gia vao thtic tien mdt cich I !d hieu qui.
|S.KTSUQuaii
Ifnldng Dai hgc Kiln tnic Hi Npi
1 . B i ^ n A(f\ k h i h ^ u v o l v a n d l q u y h o a c h , k i l n true Hien tuang Bien ddi khi hdu (BBKH) toan cau t r d thanh mdt thach thiJc doi vdi t i t cd cac qudc gia trdn t h d gidi, Viet Nam Id mdt trong nhiing nUdc duac d y bao id se chju dnh hudng nghidm trong bdi hien tUdng BDKH. Nhiet d d chung ciia trai d i t da tang len 0,6 do C trong khodng mOt t h d kJ' qua vd se tang rat manh tif 2 ddn 5°C trong t h d k^ 21 cdnh bao con ngUdi can phdi c6 nhiing hanh ddng bao ve moi trUdng m d t each tfch cue va thich hdp hOn. BDKH vdi nhOng hien t u g n g n h u nUdc bien dang, mUa axit, . c6 dnh hudng rat Idn den cac d i l u kidn smh c d cOa moi ddn tgc (2).
Theo sd lieu thdng kd cua Trung nghidn ciJu sinh thdi vd moi t r u d n g riftig thude \fidn Khoa hgc Lam nghiep Viet Nam: d Viet Nam c6 khoang 2.000 con song Idn nhd, vdi t d n g luong ddng chdy hang nam khodng 880 t j ' m3.T6ng tru' lugng nUdc dudi dat todn lanh t h d [chua k l cdc dao) theo d y toan dat khodng 1.513mVgjay, xap xi 15% t o n g luong nUdc mat smh ra tren lanh tho. C l nUdc cd khoang 350 nguOn nUdc khoang vd nUdc ndng. The nhung do mat rtfng, ndng nghiep khong kem theo cdc bien phdp bdo ve mdi trUdng vd do cac hoat dgng khac, n g u o n nUdc ciia chiing ta da bi suy gidm, gdy nen nan thieu nude 0 nhidu viing. Hoat dgng cong nghiep 6 nU6c ta hang nam thdi ra khodng 290.000 t i n c h i t dgc hai vdo moi trudng (danh gid nam 1998). Nude sdng Hdng da nhiem ban bdi cac chat huU co va mgt so kim loai ndng n h u Z n , Cu, As, NH^, PO,'' . C h i t lucmg vd khdi luong nude d Ha Ngi vd mdt so thanh pho Idn dang gidm manh. Muc nUdc ngam 6 mgt so v i i n g Hd Ndi da t u t xuong 10 den 20 mdt, khong nhiing lam giam luu lugng nUdc ma con gay ra hien t u ^ g sut d i t . Phan Idn nude thdi 6 cac bdnh vien, cdc xudng sdn xuat che bidn, cdc nha may nhd b dia phuong ddu khdng duoc xir ly xa thdng vao ao, ho, sdng, bien. Mat khac, phd rtfng da Idm cho dat bi thoai hod nghiem trgng.qua trinh xdi m d n , rita trdi dat 6 vCing gd doi lam mat di ldp dat mat hdng nam chifng 200tan/ha vdi g i n 10 trieu hecta dat trong dfii ntii trge.
Ngodi ra ,su suy thoai moi trUcmg sinh thai gdn lien vdi sU suy kiet n g u d n tai nguydn vJ gidm t i n h da dang sinh hoc hidn nay la moi quan tdm Idn cOa toan xa hOi va la van de hiic xtJc can dUgc gidi quydt...
Trade nhung thach thife khong nhd tir vide bidn doi khi h^u, mOi trudng song cOa nguili dan can duge dac biet quan tdm nham tifng budc phat trien kinh te , nang cao mile song dong t h d i bdo vd moi t r u d n g t y nhidn. Oa den IticnhCtng n g u t t lam quy hoach vd kidn tnic can phdi het siic quan tam den vide kien tao moi truOng smh c u gan bo chat che vdi vide phan vimg sinh thai nhdm tan dung nhUng Igi the s i n cd cua mOi tru&ng h^n chd vide phat tri^n kinh t l khOng t d n t r g n g quy luat tU
149
in ai phan viing uan hoa Viet Mam nhien, tan phd thl§n nhien lam eho moi trUdng suythodi, tainguySn can kiet, dUa ra nhifng he thong gidi phdp ddng bo de chii dong dOi mat vdi nhu'ng thdch thu'C bidn 66\ khi hau,
2. Dac diem va gid trj quy hoach, ki^n trOc n h i 6 dan gian truydn thSng theo viing sinh t h i i dac trUng
Nghidn ciiu da tong quan cac cong trinh nghien ctiu cd li&n quan va phan vijng smh thdi Idm nghiep duoc xSy dUng cho cac vifng sinh thSi va cOsddtf lieu chl tiet ve khi hau [3ac diem kh( hau, luong mUa, nhiet dp), dia hinh dia mao, t h o nhudng va tham thUc vSt rifng dae trUng.
He t h o n g phdn viing sinh thai tai Viet Nam duge cac nhd nghien cii'u de xuat (theo chuong trinh nghien ctili ciia Tong cue Lam nghiep co su ho t r g ky thuat cua to chile FAO va LJNOP) gom 3 cap: Mien, viing va tieu vijng. Ket qua phan vimg smh thai lam nghiep da phan chia lanh tho Viet Nam thanh 2 mien (mien Bac va mien Nam), 8 viing (Oong Bdc, TSy Bde, Dong bdng Bae bo, Bdc Trung bd, Nam Trung bo, l a y Nguyen, Oong Nam bo va Tay Nam bo) vd 47 tieu vtjng sinh thdi (trong do cd 4 tieu vting la ddo vd quan dao).
Ket hgp vdi phan viing van hoa da Suoc ede nha nghien ciiuxa hoi dUara tren CO sd d o n VI ddn c u tren mot pham vi dia ly cua mdt hay nhieu tgc ngudi, sang tao ra mdt he thong cae dang thife van hoa mang dam s^c thai tam ly edng dong. thd hi^n trong moi trUdng xa hgi nhan van t h o n g qua cac hinh thu'C ifng xir cua con ngUcti vdi tU nhien, xa hgi va iJng xO vdi nhau tren m o t tien trinh lich sir phat then lau dai eho thay vdi 6 vung van hda dae trUng la : Vimg vdn hda Tay Bdc, Vimg van hda Viet Bae, Vting vdn hda Trung Bd, Viing van hoa Bac
Hinh 2b: NhaflcLiangiftii Thai
Hinh2c Nhadcuangi/c^HaNhl
Bg, Viing van hoa Nam Bo, Vting van hoa Tdy Nguyen. Ddi chiing vdi phan v i m g smh thai neu tren ehung ta thay I<h6ng co sU khac biet idn (Phan vung sinh that ehia Trung bd thanh Bac trung bo va Nam trung bo, Nam Bg thanh Dong Nam BgvaTayNam bdj.Ket h o p c a c y e u t o n e u tren cho thay sU t h o n g nhat giUa phan vting sinh thai va phan vimg van hoa lam tien Se cho nhirng de xuat giai phap Kidn trtic quy hoach dap ung Suae ca dieu ki^n sinh thai t y nhien va dieu kien van hoa xa hoi. (Hinh 1)
Viing Tay Bac la ndi eu tru ciia tren 20 ddn tgc anh em vOi nhUng dan toe dai dien la ngudi Thai, ngudi Mudng, ngUdi H'mong. NhOng eon ngUdi sinh cU nhieu ddi trong khu vUc rirng ntii Tay bae trai dai tren cac khu vUc nui non trimg diep ttr htiu ngan song Hong tdi khu vHc phia Bae Thanh Nghe co nhirng kinh nghiem lam nha 6 duoc kien tao m o t caeh kheo leo trdn nen dat dde tU nhien, it san gat, dao dap, khong nam trong khu vuc dnh hudng ciia nhirng d d n g chay dja hinh. Cdu true ngoi nha san truyen t h o n g
duac ke vdo dia hinh mOt edeh linh hoat phin ranh rdi nhe nhang bdng he t h d n g hang rao cSy xanh mem mai. Vat lieu duge sir dung ttr nhimg vat lieu t u nhidn d e dang tai che khdng p h d t M ^ khi dde He t h o n g tuOng vach dUOc n g a r t p r kha linh hoat. M g t sd dan toe eo kinh nghi?msil d u n g tUcJng t r i n h dat (tU nhien khong qua nung dot) rat sang tao, ngan duoe gio Icinh ve mfla dong, tao khong gian mat me ve miia hd. Mat bang nha d khdng qua rgng, sir dung linh ho?t vdi bep lira trung tam dem lai hOi am vSoifflft dem va miia Song Khdng gian kidn t r t i c n ^ ^ ede hucmg t a o ludng t h o n g gio tU nhieTi"'h(Jply theo eac mua. Hinh thiic kien true nhd san gi^n di khdng cau ky, eo tam thde vira phai h6a nh^p vao canh quan moi trUdng, Nha 6 ket hOpM vudn vd khu vUc chan nuoi xung quanh dem lai nguOn sinh lOi va gan bd vdi mOi trUdng ty nhien. Ngudn nUdc sU d u n g t y nhien tiet'Kffm, t y lau cae dan tde da biet sir dung nang lir^rg ciia d o n g chdy tU nhien dem nU6e ve sif diJi^
cho sdn xuat va sinh hoat. (Hinh 2a,b.c) Khu viie Oong Bac la noi sinh song cilia nhieu dan tde anh em trai dai trdn khuVUcniil non hiing v l ta ngan sdng Hong den Quing Ninh. Nha 6 ciia ngUdiTay, Nung cd the xem la nhdng t h i du tieu bieu vcii e l u tnic nha&co ca nha san va nha tret dat.TUOng tU nhi/dc khu vuc Tdy Bae nha san 6 ddy eung Suae lUa ehon d u n g d n h i i n g vi t r i phu hgp it san gat inh hudng t o i m o i t r u d n g tU nhidn, khdng gian mS thoang , sir d u n g linh hoat. Qua trinh giao ILJU va tiep bien van hoa nhieu ddi giya eaedant6c anh e m da chia se kinh nghiem dyng nhavj von song hoa nhap v6i mot trU6ng tU nhien,ti^
kiem nang lugng, tranh dUde nhflng hiem hoa t y moi t r u d n g t y nhidn n h u khi doe, Iii quel vi 10 ong. (Hinh 3)
Hinh 3: Nha if tiia ngiTcd Niing
Khu vuc O o n g bang Bac bO vdi kidn tnic dac t r u n g eiia nha 6 ngUdi Vidt trong ede c^ng d o n g dan cu lang xa. Nha 6 khu vUe nay chi yeu la nhd trdt co cau true t d n g thd kha d(Jn gidn vdi nha chinh, nha p h u gan vdivydn,ao vd chudng trai vira dap img nhu e l u d vd san x u l t n o n g nghidp. i3 m o t sd noi, nhd 6 con Ite' hop vdi nhCrng khong gian sdn xuat ngh^ thfi cong truyen t h o n g . Ngoi nhd t f l nhO den Wn, d o n so hay p h y c t a p cd t h e t h I y dUde sd pMt trien va bien t h e eua he t h o n g vi keo. Bieu Sit
SOS^smaam 10.2014
eau true khac nhau song chyng ta thay rat rd nhflng dae diem smh thai eiia nd n h d : Vj t r i xay dung hOa nhdp vdi mOi trUdng t u nhien trdnh dao dap Idm thay doi dia hinh dja mao, e l u true cd khd nang chong ndng va lanh tot vdi mat bang sy dung dUOC ndng len khdi mat dat, ed bd cue Imh hoat phu hop vdi nhCrng hoat dOng sinh hoat hdng ngay. Khong gian s i i d u n g thodng ve nhidu huOng eo k h i nang t h o n g gio vd ehieu sang tU nhien rat tdt. (Hinh 6)
Hinh 4: Nha d dan gian dong bing BIc Go bidt cdn khai thde kinh nghiem t d ehye khdng gian 6 smh thdi Id eau trfle: Ngoi nhd + sdn + vUdn + ao + ehuong trai la nhtrng thanh phan hOu eo trong m d t t o h c ^ sinh thai thong nhat.
NgOi nha duoc kien tao vdi mdt bSng ehia gian Id cO e l u trfle nhieu ldp - tir hien trudc- khong gian 6 - mai vdy phia sau tao sy chuyen tiep eho edc luong khong khi chuyen tiep t u nhien tao khong gian mat md. dac bidt phu h e ^ vOi khf hdu ndng Im.VuOn xung quanh nha vdi vide lua ehon cay trdng hdp ly vira ddn gio mdt 6 phia trUdc thucmg la 6 hudng Nam hoac Odng Nam va tranh gio lanh ve mua ddng d hUcing D d n g hoae Odng Bdc. Ddy chinh la khong gian dieu tidt t y nhien eho khu vUe vi khi hdu bdn ngoai cong trinh ket h g p vdi mat nUde la ao nha phia trUdc hoac ben canh nha. Chuong trai chan nuOi duoe s i p dat d e u d i hudng gid chinh tranh gdy 0 nhiem khdng k h i eho khOng gian 6, ede c h i t t h i i t i f sinh ho^t va ehan nuoi deu duoe tan dung d e tdi tao phuc vu s i n x u l t nong nghidp.
(Hinh 4)
Khu vyc Trung b d bao gOm Ble Trung bg vd Nam Trung b d . Nha is khu vyc Thanh Hoa va Nghe an, Hd Tinh thUcrng quay hUdng Nam vd ed nha p h u is h u d n g Tay hoac Tay nam de trdnh gid ndng. He t h o n g khong gian sir dung Cling cd cdc hdng hidn vdi n h y n g t i m liep ehe rat c d d d n g nhU m d t yeu t 6 r I t dac trUng de t r i n h i n h h u d n g cua g i d khd n d n g . C l u true nhd is cd cac kidu nha RUdng , nhd figi hoac ed khi ket h d p c i hai kieu tao ra kieu nha vl t h u g n g rudng ha rdi r I t c h i c chdn giup eho vide chong b i o v i chong lut deu rat tot. Nha vuOn is Hue cung Id m g t m d hinh nha d sinh
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•:»^!Am Klnh5:NhavircinHueNha is cua ede dong bao ddn tde tai Tay nguydn cd nhCrng net doe dao khdng the pha trOn vdi nhflng dai dien dien hinh efla nha ROng cua ngUdi Bana vd nha Dai eiia ngudi t- de, mac dti dUOi goc do sir d u n g thi nha Rong duerc xem nhu mgt cdng trinh edng cdng cua cong ddng buon l i n g . Cdc loai nhd nay dii eo dae diem va thai rat dac trUng gan bo khong gian d v d i moi trUdng t u nhidn xung quanh. Khu vUe nam Trung b d cd mgt loai kien true nha d rat dac t h u : Nha mdi Xong hay nha La mai vdi mai nha CO hai ldp g d m : mot mdi dau tidn bang dat nen de kho va mot mai t h y hai lop tranh, d d bang nhflng phen dan bdng tre tho so dudc bd dat can than, k h o i n g each giUa hai ldp mai dat mile toi da 6 tren n6c40em giup eho vide each nhiet r I t t d t b i n g nhtTng vat lieu dia phUdng vd trdnh duge nhflng dnh h u d n g t h d i tidt b i t t h u d n g cUc doan n h U g i d n g , s e t . . . t h u d n g x i y ra tai khu vuc gan nui. (Hinh 5)
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Hinh 6: Nha Rong Tay Nguyen
Nha 6 truyen thong ctia ddng bao Nam bg ndi bat vdi cau true sinh thai efla nhd is v i i n g ngdp man sU dung eau true nha 6 hoa nhap mdt each t y nhien vd^ he thong kdnh rach dac trUng eua khu vuc. Vdi nhflng vat lieu dja phuong t y gd tram , go dude eo khd nang sinh t d n cao trong dieu kidn ngap man, ngOi nha truyen t h o n g dugc kien tao Id nha san noi hoac niia trdt nua san flUa ra mat nUOC m d t edeh eo dong , Khflng gian sy dung m d , thoang vd cae hudng, cac tam bao ehe c6 t h i ed dong tflng phdn de thich Ung vdi nhflng didu kidn t h d i tidt khde nhau. (Hinh 7)
3. Nhan xdt
Nhiing bai hoc ve Cmg xis vdi mOi t r u d n g t u nhidn duge the hien rd trong kien tao khdng gian e u t r u cua ngUcri Viet vdi kinh nghidm d m h eU lau ddi eho thdy quan didm nhat qudn t r o n g t d e h f l e k h d n g gian sdng luOn hda nhap vdi moi t r u d n g t y nhidn, can bang hdi hoa dm dUang va linh hoat thay doi theo bdi c i n h de tan d u n g duac tdi da cdc didu kidn sdn cd, bien ngdi nhd - noi eU tru thdnh mgt bO phan hflu c d vdi moi trudng xung quanh. Ddy la mgt t n d t ly eo t i n h p h d quat t r o n g to chyc khong gian sdng. Cho den nay, triet ly nay van con nguyen gid t n va
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Kmh 7: Nha ddan gian Nam Bo
p h i i dugc coi la di sdn tri tud trong van hoa dmh cU cCia ngUdi \ndt, nhat Id trong ducmg dai khi con ngudi p h i i doi mat vdi nhflng thach thfle cua BOKH toan cau m i nguydn nhan ciia nd p h i n nhidu dUdc tieh tu t f l viee Ung xis sai lam cua chinh con ngUdi vdi moi trUdng tU nhien.
He thdng g i i i phap tO ehUc khong gian 0 truydn thdng tU viee chgn d i t xdy d u n g nhd, sii dung vdt lidu xdy dUng, g i i i phdp to chUc mdt b i n g vd hinh thflc kien trflc ... co nhung thay dfii linh ho^t t i i y theo vflng, mien phii hop vdi mOi trudng sinh thdi v i mOi trudng van hda xa hdi, bi chi phdi bdi ede dieu kien kmh te k h i e nhau, song nhin chung ngOi nha t o t phdi dam b i o nhflng nguyen t i c ca bdn n h u : Ngoi n h ^ CO sU h i i hoa am dUdng ve vj t r i , khdng qua cao, khong qud thdp, khong Idm nha tren dinh doi d ^ t r i n h nSng, gid, khong Idm nha cho ngdp lut, I m thdp, 6 eho dat eao t h i Idm nha du6i chgn doi, 6 cho dat thap thi lam nhd san de nang nen nha len khdi mat dat, mat nude. Mat khac p h i i c6 sy h i i hba dm duang vdi khi hau, khdng khi thoang dang, luu thong, gio vya phai, khong qud nhidu, khdng qua it, nudc khong tu dgng nhung khOng ehdy xiet. NgOi nha eo tam thUde viia phdi vdi chii nhan thdng qua kich thUde ede c l u kidn dUdc t h o n g nhat hda, va hoa nhdp vao mdi trudng cdnh quan t u nhien md khong q u i pho t r u d n g , khong lan i t moi trUdng. Cau true ngoi n h i duge thiet lap tren m g t " t h f l c ' t h o n g n h l t c6 t h d linh hoat thao l i p vd thay doi thich Ung vdi h o i n canh t y nhidn va kinh te (4)
Nghidn cuU nhung d i e didm ciia nha 6 dan gian truyen t h d n g thude cdc vung sinh thai khac nhau eho t h l y nhutig kinh nghidm kien tao moi t r u d n g 6 thich Ung vdi dieu kien t u nhien ciia dng cha ta that phong phO v i smh dong. Tfl triet ly kien tao khOng gian d den nhflng giai p h i p t d ehye khOng gian cu the eua tijt\g vung, mien cho chung ta nhflng bai hoc t h i t dang gid ve n h f l n g " Nha 0 sinh thai truydn t h o n g ciia Viet nam "de co thd khai thac vd phdt huy, van dung
vio viec quy hoach v i kien tao cac diem dan cU, dac bidt thich hop vdi n h i ^ g khu vUe d i n cU mdi, di dan gidi phdng mat bang cho ke hoach cOng nghiep hda v i hien dai hda Oat nUdc.
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO:
I.VuTam lang-Kien tnicco Viet nam- NXeXaydimgj 2. United Nations, 2010 Woild Youtii Report 2010: Youth and Climate Change United Nations, NewYork
3 Tran NgocThSm - T i m v e b i n sic van hoa Viet Nam - N X B thanh PhgoDS Ho ChiMinh
4 NguyenOinh T o a n - K i l n tnicViet nam qua cae t n e u d a i - NXB Xay dimg
5 Nguyen KhSc Tung, nhh d co truyen dan toe Viet Nam, NXBXD1994.
