CHlNH TRI - AN NINH CHAU AU
NGUCfl BA LiClV V I £ ' T L d i QU€»C CA*
D a o H u n g
Cgng tdc vien Tgp chi Nghien ciru ChduAu
Ldi Toa sogn: Chua khi ndo vd chua d nu&c ndo, ndi chinh xdc horn, khdng bao gid vd khdng d mgt nudc ndo tren the gidi cd trudng hg^p: & bdt ki the che ndo trong mdi giai dogn ljch sdr khdc nhau, ldi bdi ca chinh thuc cda To quoc lgi duy nhat chi cd mgt ngu&i viit, md ngu&i gianh quyen viet ndy lgi Id tren nguyen tdc thi tuyen. Ddy Id lii^n tug^ng ddng dua vdo sdch ki luc Giness.
Dd Id Sergey Mikhalkov, nhd tha thieu nhi kinh dien vdi tdc phdm lieu bieu Id trudng ca Chu Stepa ke ve mdt ngudi khdng Id tdt bung, ludn hudng vd khuyen thien tre nhd, tdc gid Idi qudc ca Lien Xd cii (1943,1977) vd Lien bang Nga ngdy nay (2000).
Dung nhu ngudri diing ddu nhd nuac Nga Dmitry Medvedev khdng djnh: Tdi ndng cua Mikhalkov dugc the hien rue r3r qua nhimg vdn tha, nhCmg trudng ca ndi tieng cho tre em vd nudi dudng ldng yeu nhdn ddn vd Td qudc qua nhieu the hp. Ngodi ra cdn cd mpt mdng di sdn tinh than khdc cua dng khdng thi khdng nhdc din, dd Id nhiing ddng qudc ca himg trdng.
Mua he 1943, khi cugc chiln tranh giu nuac vT dai buac vdo giai doan khoe lipt nhdt, nhd nuac Xd vilt mo cugc thi sang tdc quoc ca dk thay thi qudc t l ca dugc dimg
Idm qudc ea Lien Xd tir sau Cdch mang thdng Mudi Nga 1917. Mikhalkov vd nha bdo qudn dgi Gabriel Ureklyan tham gia thi viet Idri. Nhd tho giir \ai tro chinh, cdn Ureklyan gdp y. Sau khi vdn bdn ldi ca dugc hodn tat vd gui di, it ngdy sau, nhd tha Mikhalkov dugc mdi ve Moskva gap ban Idnh dao nhd nuoc tai dien Kremli. Dieu bat nga vdi nhd tha, trong cudn sdch ddy han
100 trang in rdt nhieu vdn bdn ldi qudc ca cua nhieu nhd tha, nhd vdn giri den dy thi, duy chi cd ldi ca ciia Mikhalkov dugc ban Idnh d^o, diing ddu Id Stalin phe duyet. Tuy nhien, ldi ca cua ong chua phdi Id cudi cung, ngudi diing dau nhd nuac dd cimg Mikhalkov thdo ludn nhilu ldn. "Tdi bdy ldn ldm viec vdi Stalin vi ldi qudc ca, ldn lau nhdt Id tit chiiu din 5 gia sdng - nhd tha nhd lai. Trong qud trinh thdo ludn, vi lanh dgo ludn nhdn mgnh qudc ca phdi todt len long
yeu nudc, sue mgnh vd niim lin chiin Ihdng cua ddn ldc"
Ciing thdri gian dd cae nhac sT loan Lien Xd cung dugc dk nghj tham gia thi phe nhac cho Idi tha cua Mikhalkov. Sau nhilu Idn rap vdi phan nhac eiia cac nliae sT tham gia thi dugc tien hanh vdo cuoi 1943, cudi ciing, bai ea chinli thiic ciia nha nuac Xd vilt vdi phan giai dieu eiia nhac sT Aleksandrov duge chinh thiie phat tren dai phat thanh loan Lien bang liic giao thira theo gid Moskva ngay 1-
1-1944.
Hai muai nam sau, ke tir sau Dai hdi 20 Dang Cdng sdn Lien Xd len an te siing bdi ed nhan Stalin (4-1956), qudc ca Lien Xd chi diing nhac md khdng dimg lai, vdo giira nhiin,^ nam 1970, nhd tha Mikhalkov lai dugc t'jyen chgn de chinh siia lai ldi qudc ca.
CGng it ai nghT rang, sau khi Lien bang Xd viet tan rd, trong vdng 10 nam, qudc ca Lien Xd bj loai bd vd thay vdo dd Id nhac ciia nhd soan nhac Nga thi ki 19 Glinka. Vdo nam 2000, Nhd nudrc vd Qudc hdi LB Nga ciing lai td chiic thi sang tdc Idri qudc ca Nga. Tdc gid Chii Stepa van lai duge tuyen chgn de bien tap lai ldn thii ba Idri qudc ca vd da dugc Duma Qudc gia Nga thdng qua cudi nam 2000, dugc dung vai phdn nhac qudc ca cii.
"Trudc mdt trgng trdch nhu vdy nhd I; tha Mikhalkov k l tdi lo ldng khdng biit J nen viit nhu thi ndo di hgp thdi dgi vd long Ij ngudi Mdi ca tie phdi mang tinh phd qudt vd , hdm chiea sdu sdc. Ddy la cd mdt cdng sue."
Doan trich sau day trong qudc ca cho thay mdt phdn suy tu vd lao ddng nghe thuat eiia tac gid: "Nudc Nga cudng qudc thieng liing, /Ddt nudc vT dgi mudn vdn thdn yeu.
/Y chi, vinh quang ldn lao /Ld Ihugc cua Ngudi mdi mdi ven nguyen... "
Nhu vdy, ehi rieng Idi bai ea chinh thirc eiia nudc Nga duge ba lan tai tao bai nha tha kinh dien thieu nhi Mikhalkov vdi phan nhac Cling van ciia Alesandrov da du chiing td mdt san phdm nghe thuat lam lay ddng mpi trai tim ludn ludn Id tdi san chung ciia dat nuac.
Hat nhdn hgp li ciia qua khii ludn la nen tang di tdi tuong lai.
Sir nghidp tha van vd hogt ddng xd hgi Mikhalkov sinh ngdy 13-3-1913 tai Moskva trong mdt gia dinh hpc van. Cii ndi nhd tha Id mdt nhd suu tam sach ndi tieng, liic sinh thdri da lap cho rieng minh mdt thu vipn thudc loai phong phii ciia dat nudc va khi qua ddi da hien thu vien nay cho Vipn Hdn lam khoa hpc Nga, trong dd cd 50 nghin tuyen tap cdc tdc pham kinh dien ndi tieng.
Than phy nhd vdn Id mdt luat su. Do say me nudi gia cdm dng da bd nghi luat vd tra thdnh mdt trong nhiing nguai dat nen mdng cho ngdnh chdn nudi gia cdm Lien Xd. Me nhd vdn nhu danh Glebova, timg Id nhd gido vd Id mdt nguai vg thuy chung, ngudi mp dju hien bet ldng cimg chdng nudi day con cai.
Chii be Seryozha (ten Mikhalkov hdi nhd) bdc Id khiiu tha tir ndm 9 tudi vd bdt dau nghiep tho tir ndm 1928 vai bdi tha Con
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NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 2 (135).201 Idudng dang Ircn lap chi Podyom d thdnh phd Rostov tren sdng Ddng. Tiep dd eac thi pham va van pham ciia dng lien liep dugc ddng tren eae tap chi Nggn lua nhd, Thieu nien lien phong, cac nhat bao Sic thai Komsomol, Mosk\'a budi chieu, Pravda...
Nam 1939, lac gia Chu Stepa nhdp ngu.
Trong nhiing nam chien Iranh giii' nudrc vT dai, nha tha lam phdng vien mat Iran cho hai td bao Vi vinh quang Td qudc va Chim ung Stalin. Thai gian nay dng viet nhieu kjch ban phim chuyen \a phim hoat hinh, trong dd phai kc ldi Nhirng ngudi bgn gdi ngodi mat Iran duge giai thudng nhd nudc Lien Xd
1942.
Sau chien tranh, Sergey Mikhalkov tiep tue sang tdc cae the loai khdc nhau thude mdng van hgc thieu nhi, trong dd cd the ke tai loat kjch ban ciia nhd vdn dd dyng thdnh nhirng phim ndi tieng nhu: Cudc du hdnh vil Iru ldn, Ba cdng vdi hai (1962), Nhitng cudc phieu lieu mdi cua chii meo di hia ...
Mikhalkov cdn dugc biet Id tdc gid hai cdu tha tra thdnh bi ki khdc tren mg Chiln sT vd danh ben nggn lira vTnh cim noi chdn tudng dien Kremli: Cdc Anh -nhitng anh hiing khdng ten tudi/ Chien cdng cdc anh sdng mdi mudn ddi.
Khdng chi Id nhd tho, Sergey Mikhalkov cdn Id nhd vilt truyen ngu ngdn, nhd vilt kjch, nhd chinh ludn, nhd hoat dgng xa hdi xudt sdc. Trong so nhilu thi phdm ndi tiing vilt cho tre em ddt nuac Xd vilt nhilu dan tdc truac ddy vd LB Nga hdm nay, ndi
bat cd chuypn tho Chu Stepa (1935) kl vl mgt sieu nhdn Xd vilt khong Id cd tdm Idng nhdn hdu ten Id Stepa, da dung cam cim ngu6i bdng cdch diing canh tay ngan chan dodn tau khdi bj dd. Trong tam kham ddc gia thudc mgi Ilia tudi a Nga, ddc bipt Id ban dpe nhd, Chu Stepa con ngudri cao thupng khong lo huang vd khuyen thien nay ludn dugc gdn v6i bg mat vd nhan each ciia chinh nha tho. Khdng phai ngau nhien mdt sd hpa sT minh hga chuyen tha ndy deu khdc hpa eac nhan vdt cua tdc pham gdn vai khudn mat cua Sergey Mikhalkov.
Trong moi tii sdch gia dinh, moi gdc hpc tap ciia cdc em nhd a Nga it nhieu deu ed mdt thi phdm ndo dd cua Sergey Mikhalkov.
O nuac ndy. mdi khi nhdc tdi Mikhalkov ngudi ta lai nha tdi mdt doan hay mdt cau tho ndo dd nhu mdt net ddc tnmg trong trudng ca Chd Stepa. Mdt trong nhiing doan trich nhu the trong trudng ca Id: Chd Stepa tdt bung/ Bdng gigng ndi thdm trdm:/ "Tdi ludn ludn sdn sdng/ Ddng hien sice luc minh/ Ldm viec gi, di ddu./ Dii phdi xdng vdo lica/ Hay phdi ldi nudc sdu./ Mien sao md cieu dugc/ Nhieng ai gap nguy nan./ Dich cua tdi Id vdy/Phdi giup ich cho ddi... "
Trong suot ddri viet cua minh, Mikhalkov da cong bd gdn 400 tdc pham gdm cdc bdi tha vd chuyen tha, nhihig chuyen tha mang sdc thdi cd tich vd dong thoai cho tre em, nhung bdi tha nggl ca, dgng vien tinh thdn chien ddu cua qudn vd ddn Lien X6, nhihig va kich, kich ban,
truyen ngy ngdn va nliilu bai ehinh luan thi hien quan diem eiia minh. Nhirng thi vd van pham ciia dng da duge in vdi sd lupng khoang 300 trieu bdn va duge djch ra ihilu thii tiing. Nhd tho eung Id djch gid ciia loat thi pham nudc ngodi.
Vi nhiing thanli tich, nhiing cong biln xuat sac vd ndi bat vdo hoat ddng van hgc, Mikhalkov da dugc nhan nhieu gidi Ihudrng va danh hieu eao qui khac nhau: Anh hiing lao ddng XHCN, 17 hudn chuang cac loai. 1 giai thudng Lenin, 3 gidi thudng Stalin vd nhieu loai huy chuong khac.
Cimg vai viec cdm biit vd lay nen vdn hpe nhdn ban ldm nen tang biit lye cua minh, Mikhalkov cdn Id mdt nhd boat ddng xd hdi ndi t eng. Ong Id dai bieu Xd Viet Tdi eao nhilu khda, timg lanh dao Hdi Nhd van Moskv a. Id chii tjch Ban chdp hdnh Hdi Nhd van Nga, thu ki Hdi Nhd van Lien Xd vd nhilu trgng trdch khdc. Chiic vu xa hdi cudi ciing Mikhalkov ndm giir Id vdo ndm 92 tudi:
Chil tjch Ban chdp hdnh Lien hiep qudc te cac Hdi Nhd van.
Trung thdnh v&i nin vdn hgc chinh
w
thdng
Tdc gid trudng ca Chu Stepa Id mdt trong nhung nhd vdn Nga rdt myc tudn thu nhung nguyen tdc cua nen vdn hpc chinh thong. Dilu ndy dugc phdn dnh qua nhieu bai chinh luan cua nhd tha vilt trong nhilu djp khac nhau, vdo nhOng giai doan ljch sir phirc tap khdc nhau cua ddt nuac, nhat Id vdo
nhirng nam dr Lien Xd day len phong' trao trong van giai bdc Id y kien, nhiing tac pham van hgc mang ndi dung phan bien, trai vdi dudrng ldi cua chinh quyen Xd viet. Dieu nay dugc the hipn rd net qua cudn sach ty thuat eiia Mikhalkov Tdi Id nhd vdn Xd viet. Trong loat bdi viet ndi ve giai Nobel van hpe, Mikhalkov len an mdt sd giai phuang Tay lam dung gidi thudng nay de xuyen tac chinh sach vdn hpc nghe thuat cua Dang Cdng san vd nhd nudc Lien Xd. Ve giai Nobel van hpc nam 1970 ddnh cho nha van Solzhenitsyn, Mikhalkov cho dd Id hdnh vi khieu khich, chdng lai vdn hpc Xd viet vd khdng phii hgp vai ldng mong mudn chan thdnh phat trien nen van hge.
Khdng ddng tinh vdi quan diem cua Mikhalkov vd eiing phdn ndo mang tinh dd kj vdi tdc gid Tdi Id nhd vdn Xd viet, khdng it nhd vdn bdt dong ehinh kien da phe phan va dd kich dng. Hg gdn cho Mikhalkov nhieu djnh ngCr ndy khdc vdi ham y xau. Tuy nhien, tac gid Chu Stepa van binh than vd diing viing truac nhChig lan dan cdng kich, hon thi ngdy cdng chiem dugc nhieu thien cam, ldng min phuc eiia du luan tir cac nhd lanh dao cdp cao, nhiing tri thiic ten tudi cho din nhiing ngudri dan binh thudng, tham chi a cd cdc nuac khdc. Sau ndm 2000, a Nga xudt hien tir mdi "gimnyuJc" nhu mdt bipt danh tdng cho Mikhalkov (gimnyuk djch Id ngudi chuyen viet qudc ca)
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NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (135).2011Ddi tu
Cudc sdng rieng ciia nhd tho kinh dicn thilu nhi Mikhalkov nil hanh phuc vd cd ddi net that ihii vj.
Nam 1936, khi mai 23 tuoi, lire 8 nam sau khi chinh thirc kiem .song bang ngdi but, MikhalkoN dugc gap nti' nha van Nalalya Pctrovna Konchalovskaya han anh 10 ludi, ai nir ciia ciia hga sT Surikov ndi tieng. Tir cupc gap gd na\ anh dem Idng yeu say ddm Natah a. Vc phan minh Natalya cung rat yeu Mikhalkov d hai diem: Ire va thdnh dat. Cap u>cn uang vg hon chdng 10 ludi nay song vdi nhau rat hanh phuc. Nen tang cudc sdng tinh \cu tho mdng vd thiiy chung ciia hg la ciing dam dao van chuang nghe thuat, gdp y cac van pham va thi pham eiia nhau sau khi hodn thanh va chung siic nudi day con eai.
San pham tinh yeu eua hp Id hai ngudri con trai deu trd thdnh nhirng kipn tudng nghp thuat thii bay. Mdt ngudri dugc gidi thudng dien anh Oskar.
Vg Mikhalkov, Natalya Pctrovna qua ddi d tudi 85. Tam ndm sau khi vg mat vd dr tudi 83, Mikhalkov tuc huyen vai Yulya Subbotina, kem dng 40 tudi, con gdi cua mdt vien sT. Luc ben duyen vai tdc gid Chu Stepa, Yula dang chudn bj bdo vp ludn dn phd tiln sT Vat li. That ki la, Yulya rdt yeu thuong nhd tha kinh dien thilu nhi vd dd bd dd viec nghien ciiu khoa hgc dl phuc vy sy nghiep vilt ciia chong. Cudc hdn nhan giira tdc gid Chd Stepa vd nhd khoa hgc nO: kem dng 40 tudi da gdy nhilu ldi ra tieng vdo.
Nhung Mikhalkov bd ngodi tai vd ndi "Dieu cot yiu la tdi thuc .su yeu ndng vd ndng rdi muc yeu thuang Idi."
Di vdo cdi vinh hdng
Mikhalkov qua ddi ngay 27-8-2009 do tuoi cao sire ylu, hudng duong 97 ludi. Theo Idri kl ciia vg kl nha tha, cu bd Yulya Mikhalkova, nhd tho ra di a trang lhdi hoan loan minh man. Phiil lam chung nhd tho ndi:
"Tdi song the la du. Tam bicl nhe!" dirt ldi Mikhalkov nhdm mdt nhu di vao mdt giac ngii ngon.
Le truy dieu \d dua tang nha tha kinh dien thieu nhi dugc dicn ra trgng the trong tieng nhac vd lai Qudc ca Nga hiing ti^ang, trudc sy hien dien eiia nhiing ngudi than, ddng ddo cdc quan ehire nhd nuac \ a dai dien cdc giai dr Nga.
Nhiing ldi sau ddy cd the xem la sy ddnh gid ciia nhdn dan Nga \ c lac gid "Tdi Id nhd vdn Xd viet''': "Nhd tha thieu nhi, nhd viC't kich xudt sdc Xga Mikhalkov, luc sinh Ihdi khdng nhung dd trd thdnh nhd kinh dien. tru cdt cua nen vdn hgc Nga, md cdn Id bieu tiegmg trudng tdn sdng tgo. Sd phdn cua Mikhalkov Id tdm guang phdn chieu lich sic ddt nudc vdi nhitng budc thdng trdm, nhimg mdng sdng tdi, nhieng thdnh qud vd cd nhieng khiem khuyet ciia thdi dgi minh. Ddy thiec su Id mdt nhdn cdch md trong cudc ddi minh in dam ddu dn nen vdn minh Xd viit ldn lao, phitc tgp "
* Tong thuat tir cdc tdi lieu Nga.
