• « : • - T R U O N G BAI HQC S U PHAM TP HO CHl MINH HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
L J j TAP CHl KHOA HOC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
ISSN: KHOA HOC XA HOI U A N H A N VAN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 1859-3100 TSp 15, S4 2 (2018): 39-51 Vol. 15, No, 2 (2018), 39-51
Email: [email protected] vn: Website- http:/AcI<h.hcmue.edu.vn
©AC DIEM LICH SU* CUA THE LOAI DU KI
Nguyen Hieu Li'Tru&ng Cao ddng Suphgm Ba Ria - ySng Tau Ngiy nb$n M ; . 19-12-2017; ngdy nh$n bii siia: 30-12-2017; ngdy duy^t aSng- 23-02-2018
TOM TAT
Du ki Id the logi van hge ra dai tir thoi c6 dgi vd ciing la vdn di ciia van hge ducmg dgi. Du ki la mgt the logi nang dgng. Trong qud trinh hinh thdnh vdphdt triin, du ki co nhiing dgc diim dgc ddo: co nguon goc tir cdc cugc hdnh trinh s&m trong lich sie, hiin dgi hoa sam nhdt, phdn dnh van hoa phuang Dong vd phieang Toy, tinh quoc te vd hgi nhgp, su lan toa sang cdc thi logi van hge khdc. Nhieng dgc diim ndy phdn dnh sux: song cita mgt the logi van hge khong chinh thing ciia van hge the giai.
Tvr khda: nguon gdc du ki, thi logi du ki, hifn dai hoa du ki, ljch sft du ki.
ABSTRACT
Historical characteristics of the travel writing genre
Travel writing was discussed as a literary genre in ancient times and as a matter gf contemporary literature. Travel writing is a dynamic form. In the process of formation and development, there are unique features of travel writing: derived from early Journeys in history, earliest modernization, reflects Eastern and Western culture, international integration, diffusion into other literary genres. These features reflect the vitality of unofficial literary genre of world literature.
Keywords: the origin of travel writing, the travel writing genre, the modemization of travel writing, the histoiy of travel writing.
1. Md dau
Nghidn cun du ki ttdn t h i gidi bit ddu tft nhflng ndm 90 cfta t h i ki XX, ttong boi canh Chu nghia ljch sie mai nhu la mft trudng phai nghidn cftu vd phe binh vdn hge hgu hifn dgi ma nhftng vdn d l li thuyit cfta nd dugc ftng dyng tiong nghien cftu d nhidu nganh khoa hpc xa hpi. Ddi vdi vdn hpc, Chu nghia ljch sie mdi dd md rfng ddi tugng nghidn cftu sang cdc vdn bdn can vdn hge (sub-literary). Nhihig van d l li thuydt md cdc nhd Chu nghTa lich sie mdi d^t ra dd gjup cac nha nghidn cftu du ki the gidi phdn tach cdc dien ngdn nghf thugt ra khdi nhftng dien ngdn chinh trj, dien ngdn ljch sft hay cdc vdn bdn cfta logi hinh vdn hpc phi h u cdu. Ndm ttong bdi cdnh eua vdn hpc h^u hifn dgi vdi cdeh tilp c§n mdi, nghien cftu du ki duong dgi d3 lam cho nhftng quan dilm t h i logi cfta nghien cftu vdn hpc truyen thdng bj lung lay. 0 Vift Nam, khi bp Du ki Vi$t Nam tren Tgp chi Nam Phong (1917-1934) do Nguyin Hftu Son suu tdm va ra mdt bgn dgc (2007) thi cung Id lftc bdt dau
" E m a i l : [email protected]
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TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Tgp 15, S6 2 (2018): 39-51 thu hftt su chft y cfta gidi nghien cftu. Cdc nha nghien cftu du ki Vift Nam chft ydu tiep can du ki ti-dn phuong difn nfi dung vd thudng tdp trung vdo mgt sd nhdm tdc gid, tac phdm d trong mft giai dogn nhdt dinh nen chua thdy dugc bftc tranh todn cdnh v l mft till logi vdn hpc da tiJmg ra ddi tft thdi cd dgi vd tin tgi cho din ngdy nay. De lam sdng td nhflng van i^
li tiiuylt cfta du ki, mft thi logi da bj bd quen tirudc day, chftng tdi da cd nhftng nghidn cuu nhu: Mgt sd vdn di thi logi cua du ki (Tgp chi Nghien cuu Vdn hge. So 8/2014), Mdt sd vdn di vi phong each thi logi cua du ki (Tgp chi Ngdn ngie vd Bdi sdng, Sd 6/2014), Mgt sd vdn di thi phdp thi logi cua du ki (Tgp chi Khoa hoc Dai hge Hui, S6 7/2014), Mdt sd vdn di thi tdi du ki Viet Nam (Tgp chi Nghien ciru Vdn hoc, Sd 5/2015). Trong bdi nghidn cftu nay, chung tdi dua ra cai nhin tdng quan vd du ki the gidi vd xde dinh mgt sd ddc tnn^
thd logi efta du ki qua ede thdi ki lich sft.
2. Du ki r a doi tft- thud binh minh cua van hge
Bat ddu tft nhftng cufc tranh ludn hpc thugt trong nhiing ndm 90 cfta thd ki XX ve vdn d l hu cdu vd khdng hu cdu cfta du ki, cac nha nghidn cftu ttdn thi gidi hodi nghi vl cf i ngudn cfta nd: tft ttong vdn hge hay tft cdc vdn bdn ghi chep cac cufc hanh trinh cd thuc ttong lich sft?
Vdi vide di tim ngu6n g6e cfta du ki ttong vdn hpc, nhieu y kien cho rdng du ki c6 ngu6n goc tu vdn hpe ddn gian, cy the Id cdc truyfn ke nhu thdn thogi, truyln thuyit.
Nhihig ngudi theo xu hudng tlm hidu ngudn goc efta du ki theo edch ndy thudng tap trung vdo cdu chuyfn kd v l cdc nhdn vat huyln thogi md trong cac hdnh dgng anh hftng cfta hp cd hanh dfng chinh phuc khdng gian. Judith Jensen dd khdng djnh: thdn thogi va truyen thuyet cung cdp mdt hinh thftc ddu tidn cfta du ki. De chftng minh eho y kidn cfta minh, dng viet: "Vi dy, ttong Odyssey cfta Homer (nam 700 TCN), ngudi anh hung Odyssem ludn phdi ddi ddu vdi nhftng nguy hidm va vugt qua thft thdch ndy sinh tten hdnh trinh ttd vl qud Id kilu tudng thu^t du ki" (Jensen, 2006, p.32). Cdn Seigneuret vilt ttong cu6n T^ diin ciia chii di vdn hge vd md tip cung nhdn xdt vl cau chuyfn hdnh trinh cua Odysseus: "Ddi khi nhflng hanh trinh tudng tugng da ldy mau cfta chuyen di bidn, noi ngudi anh hung du hanh cftng vdi nhdm cua minh vugt ra ngoai thd gidi bilt din, nhung trd lgi mft minh cd lidn quan din cdu chuyfn v l nhung chiln cdng anh hung ttong nhflng vftng ddt ki Ig"
(Seigneuret, 1988, p. 1293). Theo hudng tidp can nay, du ki ra ddi tii thdi cd dgi, nd da tftng hidn didn trong cac truyfn thdn thogi, truyln tiiuylt md ngi dung cfta du ki Id cdu chuyfn huyln thogi v l ngudi anh hftng vdi cac hdnh dfng phi thudng vd nhflng cdu chuyfn kl vl nhftng gi md nhdn v^t chftng kiln hogc ttdi qua tten hdnh trinh cfta minh. 6 mft phuong difn ndo dd, du ki nhu la phucmg thftc phdn dnh till gidi mang tinh nghf thugt ma trong dd, cugc hdnh trinh chl la dilm tya dd nhd vdn dua vdo nhftng cau chuyfn, sy ti'ch bdn cgnh cdu chuyfn hdnh trinh. Carl Thompson cung d6ng tinh vdi vdn d l nay khi dng cho rdng:
"m$c du mgt tudng thudt do tudng tugng cua mdt khaeh du ljch chft ylu Id huyln thogi, thi 0(fyssey dd khai tiarong ttnydn thdng cfta du ki phuong Tay (...). Cd tiie ndi rdng, Odyssey
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TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM NguySn HthtLJ Id mgt ttong cdc tudng thudt bang van bdn sdm nhat cua du ljch, va cung la vdn bdn ddu tidn gay anh hudng dang ke v l van hpc du lich (travel literature) sau nay, d do cd cd hai:
hu cdu vd phi hu cdu" (Thompson, 2011, p.34).
Cdn doi vdi xu hudng tim hidu ngudn goc du ki tft vifc ghi chdp lgi mdt cupe hanh trinh cd thuc, nhflng nhd nghien cftu truy tim ngu6n gdc, ljch dgi efta cdc tu lifu v l cac cupc hdnh trinh. Hp mudn md rdng phgm vi cua du ki, bao gdm tdt cd cac van bdn ghi chep ve cugc hdnh trinh "... ndu chftng ta md rfng djnh nghia v l ede thd logi, trong dd bao gdm nhihig cau chuyfn ve cufc hanh trinh kd ed nhihig can chuyfn truyen mifng, thi khdng nghi ngd ^ nua, du ki ed tft thdi tiln sft va keo ddi trong lich sft. Con ngudi da cd thd ludn ludn ndi vdi nhau nhflng cdu chuydn v l cugc hdnh trinh dugc th\re hifn bdi bdn thdn hodc t l tidn cfta hg" (Thompson, 2011, p.34). Thompson da dan ra ban tudng thugt vd cufc hdnh trinh sdm nhdt trong ljch sft cfta mdt mue su ngudi Ai Cdp tdn Id Wenamon vdo khodng ndm 1130 TCN: "Vj myc su nay di tu Thebes ddn Labanon d l mua lgi ngdi den bdng go tuydt timg. Chuyen di cfta dng Id mgt thdm hga: dng da bi cudp, bi bgn cudp bidn truy duoi, cd Iftc cai chdt cfn ke nhung lgi thoat chit bdi bgn chung tudng dng ciing Id cudp biln nhu chftng. Sau tai hga bdt ngd do, Wenamon da vilt lgi nhftng gi minh dd trdi qua.
M§c dft bdn vidt tay cua Wenamon mang tinh chdp vd, nhung nhd sft hge Lionel Casson cho rdng; do la bdn tudng thudt chi tilt sdm nhdt ve mgt chuyin di da timg ton tgi"
(Thompson, 2011, p.38).
Ndu xem cupc hdnh trinh la co sd tdn tgi cfta tac phdm du ki thi tinh logi hinh cfta nd khdng cdn quan trgng, k l cd nhihig cudn sdch ghi chep hay khdo cftu ve dja li, ljch sft deu thufc v l du ki. Vdi quan dilm "Vifc chdp nh$n ban ddu cfta vdn hpc du lich nhu Id mft Wnh thftc phd biln vd ddng tin cay cfta vdn hpc dugc the hifn bao gom cac cdu chuyfn ke cfta chuydn du lich tdi vftng Cgn Ddng cfta Herodotus, theo nhd viet sft Hi Lgp thi ki V tnrdc cdng nguydn" (Jensen, 2006, p.21) thi cudn sdch lich sft ddu tien cfta nhan logi Id mft tdc pham du ki. Herodotus (484-425 TCN) la cha de cfta ngdnh sft hge trong vdn hda phuong Tdy, tac gid cfta cudn The Histories, mgt cdng trinh khdo cftu vd cupc chien ttanh Ba Tu - Hi Lgp xdy ra hi ndm 490 din 479 TCN. D l cd dugc cuon sdch nay, Herodotus cd chuyin hdnh trinh tft nhd cfta minh d Anatolia din miln Tdy Athens qua nhflng vftng ddt khdc dd thyc hifn "cugc dilu tra" v l ngu^n goc cfta eupc chien ttanh Hi Lgp - Ba Tu. The- History Id "Nhftng cau chuyfn hdnh trinh nay dugc dva trdn nhihig ghi chu, thu tft, nhgt ki, tgp chi vd cdc tudng tiiuit chinh thftc cfta cufc hdnh trinh. Nhftng hinh thftc nay khdc vdi sdch hudng dan, chftng diu dugc dua tten cd nhdn, gidi thich ddi khi kdm theo edm xftc cua du khdch v l dja dilm mdi vd con ngudi chft khdng phdi Id mft danh myc phdn tich cdc sy kifn" (Jensen, 2006, p.21). Ngodi nhihig cau chuyfn ljch su, Herodotus dd ghi lgi nhftng cdu chuyfn thdng qua nhftng euge gap go vd quan sdt ve nhihig vftng dat mdi la md gid trj cfta nd Id "ngudn thdng tin vd viing ddt c6 dgi, trong dd bao gom cdc van de vd ddn tfc hpc, nhan logi hpc, dja H, v l hogt dfng tam linh, tin ngudng cua ngudi Hi Lgp vd cdc ddn tpc
TAP CHt KHOA HQC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Tdp IS, So 2 (2018): 39-51 khac" (Roxanne, 1995, p.46). The Histories cfta Herodotus khdng chi don thudn la mft cdng tiinh khdo cun lich sft md cdn Id mft tdc phdm vdn hge bdi nd kit hgp nhidu ylu td tir su va midu td. Ben cgnh nhflng ghi chep vd nhflng didu tai nghe, mat thay vd vftng dat mdi Ig, dng cdn dua vdo tdc phdm cfta minh nhidu yeu t6 hu cau, hoang dudng. Vi thd, Herodotus bj ehi tiich la "dng td ndi ldo" vi "dng ghi ca nhflng cdu chuyfn cd tieh vd huyln thuyit vdo sft saeh" (Roxanne, 1995, p.47).
Xenophon (430-354 TCN) cung cd cudc hdnh trinh trii danh gdn liln vdi tdc phdm ndi tilng Id Anabasis. Anabasis dugc vilt vao ndm 370 TCN, kd vd "mdt ttong nhung cufc phieu luu tuyft vdi trong lich sft loai ngudi" (Duran, 1939, p.460), dd Id cudc hanh trinh cfta mudi ngdn ngudi linh Hi Lgp dudi sy chi huy cua Cyrus dl dogt lgi ngai vdng tft vua Ba Tu Id Artaxerxes II md Id trinh cfta nd cftng vdi "nhihig cdu chuyfn ty truyfn vl cupc phieu luu qudn sir, dugc kd vdi ngudi tiift ba" (Alberecht, 1994, p.332) gidng nhu cau chuyfn vl mft "cufc thdm hilm tft bd biln vdo nfi dja cfta mft qudc gia" theo nghia ciia tu anabasis ttong tilng Hi Lgp.
Sy quan tam cfta cdc nhd nghien cftu du ki thi gidi v l du ki cd dgi Id nhihig tac phdm vilt v l cac "cupc hdnh trinh vdi nhimg myc dich khdc nhau nhu de thue hifn chidn tranh ho$c thodt khdi ehiln ttanh, hogt dfng thuong mgi bdng dudng bf h o ^ dudng bien, tiidm cdc ddn thd tdn gido, cai qudn cac qudc gia cd dgi tft Ai Cgp d i n La Md; mdt s6 khdc thyc hifn cupc hdnh trinh vdi nhu cdu gidi hi nhu din thdm tugng nhdn su, kim tu thdp hay don thuanIdnhflngcanhquan"(Thompson, 2011, p.38). Trong s6 dd cd nhilu tdc phdm, cufc hdnh trinh ttd thdnh cdt truyfn vd cd vai trd gidng nhu cdi xuong sing d l nhihig cdu chuyfn xay ra ttdn ehgng dudng cd thyc hay mang mdu sdc huyen thogi gdn vdo nhu nhflt^ xuong sudn xoay quanh cdt truyfn xuong sdng dd. Nhflng tdc phdm du ki ed dgi md sy phong phft vd logi hinh va phuong thftc bieu dgt cfta chftng da khoi nguon cdm hftng cho vdn hpc vdi nhieu the logi khdc nhau nhu truydn thuyit, sft thi, truyfn kl, thdm chi cd nhflng thi logi c$n vdn hpc vd phi vdn hpc nhu tan vdn, ghi chdp tu lifu, thu tin... mdc dii nd chi Id nhihig tdc phdm cd hinh thftc ty s\i don gidn cfta vdn hge nhdn logi thud binh minh.
3. Du ki hifn dai hda tir Mu ki Trung cd
Chdm dftt thdi ki cd dgi, du ki khdng trd thdnh huydn thogi nhu sft thi va tniyen thuyit md nd tdn tgi bdi^ cdeh ty lam mdi mftih. M ^ du tft thi ki IV din the ki XI, c6 nhilu dodn hdnh huong cfta tin d6 Kitd gido hdnh trinh v l cac mien Ddt Thdnh nhu Palestine nhung khdng cd nhilu tdc phdm du ki bdi thi logi ndy ludn ddi hdi d chft thi cua nd mang phong cdeh ty do, khdng chdp nhgn s\r rdng bugc khdt khe cfta cdc dgo lugt tdn gido. Sau khi cdc cufc Th$p ti; chinh kit thftc, du ki mdi th\rc su phyc himg. Li gidi vln dl ndy, Thompson cho rdng: "Trong mft ki nguyen Kitd giao vdi sftc mgnh cua nd, sy quan tdm qud mftc ttong cdc van de thi tyc nhu vfy cd the cd khd ndng dugc phdn logi Id tfi l5i bdi sy td md (curiositas). S\r gido dye cua linh hdn la m l i quan tdm ddu tidn cfta vdn bdn,
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TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tnj'dng DHSP TPHCM NguyJnH&uLJ mgt hf thdng ludn li lam cho tudng thudt hdnh huong thdi trung cd it hon so vdi vifc bidn
dich cae dogn vdn tii Kinh Thanh" (Thompson, 2011, p.42).
Du ki hanh huong tdn gido hau ki Trung c6 (Late Middle Ages) mang nhidu ylu to cfta du ki hifn dgi md bieu hifn ddu tien Id su thay ddi quan nifm thdm mi ve euge hdnh tiinh. Mandeville, mgt tu sT ngudi Phdp da thuc hifn cudc hanh trinh vugt biln vdo ndm 1322 d l di qua Thd Nhi Ki, Tidu A, Cilicia, Tartary, Ba Tu, Syria, Saudi, Ai Cap, Libya, Ethiopia, Chaldea, Amazonia, An Dg, Greater vd nhilu nude Ddng Nam A, cuoi cung ddn dugc Jerusalem. Cufc hanh trinh nay dugc k l lgi trong tac phdm Nhieng cugc hdnh trinh cua ngdi John Mandeville (The tiavels of su John Mandeville), mpt tdc phdm ma sue sdng cua nd bidu hidn bang vifc cdng bd rfng rai (vdo ndm 1356) va dugc dich ra nhidu thft tieng, dugc tdi ban nhieu lan. Nhieng cudc hdnh trinh cda ngdi John Mandeville Id cudn sdch du ki sdm duge ddn nhgn va cd sftc dnh hudng rdt ldn bdi "s\f toan vpn cfta mft vdn bdn, mdt phidn ban li tudng \d nd rdi khdi tay efta tde gid, khdng phai Id mpt y tudng md bat cft ai trong thdi Trung cd cd dugc didu ndy" (Moseley, 2015). Tdc phdm sdm dugc ngudi ddi ddn nhgn bdi vi nd da vugt ra ngodi sy ghi chep tdn gido dd ttd thdnh mdt tdc phdm nghf thuat nhd su dan xen giiia ke vd ta, giua ghi chep dia H vdi thugt chuyfn hdnh trinh, gifta bgc Id cam xftc vdi hu cau, giiia hoang dudng vd hifn th\rc.
Nhu can khdm pha vd hidu biet the gidi khdng chi khdi tgo dpng lyc cho ede cufc hdnh trinh ma cdn ttd thanh phuong thftc tdn tgi cua du ki. Cufc du hanh ndi tidng cfta Marco Polo (1254-1324) vd gia dinh, mft thucmg gia ngudi Y ttdn con dudng to lya den Trung Quoc dugc xem la cupc hdnh trinh ljch sft khai thdng van hda Ddng - Tdy. Sau khi ttd vl, Marco Polo da bj bdt ttong ttgn thfty chiln ttdn biln xdy ra gifta Venezia vd Genova. Bi giam ttong tft, dng dd kd lgi cdc chuydn du hdnh cfta minh cho ngudi bgn cftng bj giam Id Rustichello da Pisa, va sau dd hai ngudi dd ggp eac truyfn vdo cuon Compilation ofU Milione (cudn sach cdn dugc bidt ddn bdi cac tdn khdc nhu: The Travels of Marco Polo, The description of the world). Vdi 229 cdu chuyfn vd nhihig vftng dat, phong tue, dia H, con ngudi khdc nhau tten chuyen hanh trinh cfta chinh tdc gid, Marco Polo du ki da "dem lgi cho dgc gia chdu Au thdi bdy gid mgt cdi nhin ddy du ve chdu A so vdi nhiing gi md nhihig ngudi ddn Trung Qudc trudc do kd Igi" (Polo, 2005, p.2).
Bdn cgnh nhihig tdc phdm du ki thuft chuyfn hdnh trinh ki vT nhu vugt dgi duong hay xuydn lyc dia cdn cd ca nhflng tde pham tudng thugt cugc hdnh trinh khd don gian:
cufc hdnh trinh vugt dja liinh. Mgt hge gid, ddng tiidi Id mpt nhd tho thdi ki Phyc hung d Y ten la Francis Pettarch (1304 - 1374), dugc eoi Id "ngudi ddu tidn di du ljch" bdi dng dd leo Idn dinh nfti Ventoux cao 1912 met vao ngdy 22 thdng 4 ndm 1336 vdi myc dieh "chi 6k di cho vui", mang y nghia du ljch ddu tidn. Ong da ghi lai nhftng cdm xuc cfta minh ttong mgt bftc thu giii cho Dionigi, mpt ngudi xung tgi cu, duge ggi la Cugc ehinh phye ndi Ventoux (The Ascent of Mont Ventoux) md nhihig ghi chdp ndy gidng nhu "cdu chuyfn ngy ngdn cfta khat vgng hudng tdi mgt cufc sdng tdt hon" (Plumb, 1965, p.4).
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TAP CHi KHOA HQC - Tru-dng PHSP TPHCM Tgp 15, S6 2 (2018): 39-51 Tft thd ki XVII ttd vd sau, du ki cdn duge vilt theo phong edch khdo cftu khoa hpc.
William Dampier (1651-1715) nha thdm hiem ngudi Anh cd 3 ldn vdng quanh thd gidi dd cho ra ddi nhilu tdc phdm mang gid tri thdng tin cao. Nhiing tdc phdm du ki cfta dng bieu thj tinh da dgng cila du ki hifn dgi. Trong nhiing tdc phdm du ki cfta Dampier, phdn de ndi v l hoan cdnh ma tdc gid dd trdi qua hay thi hifn cdm xuc trudc canh vdt rdt it, thay vao d6 la sy md ta chi tilt v l sy vdt vd eon ngudi nhihig noi dng dl qua. Vi the, du ki cfta Dampier ludn hdp ddn ngudi dpc bdi gidu tinh thdng tin. CuIn Du hdnh vdng quanh thi gidi (1697) cfta dng Id s\r kit hgp dgc ddo ciia cau chuyfn vd cudc phieu luu di bidn va edu chuyen vl ljch sft cfta ty nliidn md trudc dd chua h i cd. Cudn sach da gdy dugc sy cdm tinh eiia cdng chftng vd dugc Hgi d6ng khoa hge Hodng gia Anh ddnh gid eao. Trong ldi tya cua cuIn sdch, Dampier thira nhgn rdng dng da "lya chpn dl ed dugc nhiing chi tiet cy the vd can thilt, dli vdi cac bgn dpc thdng minh, chft khdng phdi bd qua nhiing gi tdi nghi cd thi c6 xu hudng tiidng tin cfta ngudi cd it nhgy cdm vd ham hpc hdi..." (Dampier, 2010). Nhirng md td cfta Dampier se la nhflng thdng tin bd ich cho nhidu ngudi, nhdt Id nhthig nhd hang hdi, nhflng nhd thdm hilm ho|ic giao thuong bdng dudng biln, ttong dd dng dd Ifp dugc bdn dd ddu tidn v l cac hudng gid, cdc tpa dg bao, hdi dd, cac ddng hai luu va thfty tridu...
Du ki the gidi thdi ki Trung cd cd lftc chftng lgi de chuan bi cho mgt sy nhdy vgt. Sau thdi gian ndy, du ki ttd lgi bdng sy vfn dfng ldm mdi thi logi. Sy: vgn dfng cfta du ki khdng chi d edm hftng, quan didm thdm mi, phuong thftc bilu hifn md ca ddc dilm nfi dung, tft cdu chuyfn hdnh trinh eung vdi nhflng cdu chuyfn huyln thogi din nhihig tudng thugt gidu tinh thdng tin, cd nhieu hdm lugng khoa hpc... Tft nfi dung vd mft cufc hanh trinh cd ti'nh phieu luu mgo hilm din nhflng cufc hdnh trinh gdn vdi hogt ddng du ljch. Loi tudng thugt ciing cd sy bidn chuyen dgng thftc, tii vifc k l chuyfn ngudi sang k l chuyfn minh, tft cdc cau chuyfn mang mdu sdc huyln thogi sang nhftng cdu chuyfn cd thyc xudt phdt tft nhihig dieu mdt thay tai nghe, tft ldi k l chuyfn khdch quan chuyen sang sy ling ghdp nhflng cdm nh$n, cdm xuc cd nhdn. Ve tinh chdt tiidng tin cfta If trinh cung cd s\r thay dli, tft nhflng thdng tin mang tinh udc dodn, phdng dodn sang nhihig thdng tin dugc t^
hifn mft each cdn trpng va chinh xde nhu nhflng khdo cthi khoa hge. Cd thi ndi, nhftng vdn bdn du ki hifn dgi xudt hifn sdm d thdi ki trung co nhu Nhitng cugc hdnh trinh ciia Marco Polo vd Nhieng cudc hdnh trinh cua ngdi John Mandeville... ma gia trj thdng tin cua chiing cftng vdi nhftng kinh i ^ f m cfta nhthig nhdn vat hdnh trinh da khoi nguin cdm hftng cho cdc nhd thdm hilm nhu Christopher Columbus th\ic hifn cdc cufc hdnh trinh khdm phd chdu Mi d cdc ndm 1492, 1504. Sv vfn dfng dd dd gdp phdn d$t nen mdng cho du ki flidi Id hifn dgi, cd tten phuong difn ljch sft vd nghf thuft. Cd flil ndi: ljch sft cua du ki dd vugt ra ngodi phgm vi cfta nd d l din vdi ljch sft cua nhdn logi trdn hdnh trinh chinh phyc khdng gian, kdt noi cac nln vdn hda. Dd la mgt sy chudn bj cho thdi dgi todn cdu hda md sy ldm mdi thi logi cfta du ki dugc xem nhu Id mgt tdc nhdn cfta sy thay dli.
44
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Hihi LJ
4. D^c trung du ki phmmg Ddng va phuffng Tay d thdi kj Trung dai
Du ki phuong Ddng ra ddi mufn hon so vdi phuong Tay. Bdn cgnh mgt so dilm tuong d6ng, nhin ehung du ki phuong Ddng vd du ki phuong Tay cd nhilu khde bift, md cdi tgo ndn s\r khac bift dd chinh Id tinh chdt cua cufc hanh tiinh, tiic Id vdn hda di lgi. Nlu tilp cdn tft phuang difn ljch su vdn hda, ed thd nh§n tiiay du ki phucmg Ddng cd nhftng dgc trung CO bdn tgo ndn su khdc biet vdi du ki phuong Tdy.
Du ki phuong Ddng khdng cd cdc cudc hdnh tiinh xuydn lyc dia kham phd thi gidi, hodc nhftng cufc hdnh ttinh mang tinh ljch sft nhu trong du ki phucmg Tay nhung cflng cd nhilu cudc hanh trinh ttd thanh huyln thogi. Dgi Duong Tdy vuc ki la tac phdm du ki hanh huong tdn giao sdm nhdt trong du ki phuong Ddng, vdi cdc cdu chuyfn xoay quanh cufc hdnh trinh cfta nhd su Dudng Huyln Trang v l ddt Phat vao thi kl VII, mgt tdc phdm mau myc cfta du ki Trung Qudc. Con dudng vgn dam md nhd su Huyln Trang di qua ttong Dgi Budng Tov vuc ki ciing chinh Id con dudng to lya tft Trudng An, di qua Ba Tu (Iran ngay nay) rdi den La Md, con dudng giao thuang ndi liln chdu A vdi chdu Au va ngugc Igi.
Neu nhiing hdnh ddng vugt qua khdng gian cfta du ki phuang Tdy bdng sy hudng ngogi de lam nen sy noi tieng cho nhdn vdt thi cdc cufc hanh trinh cfta nhan vgt cua du ki phuong Ddng thudng mang myc dich hudng nfi. Cudc du hdnh cfta vj thidn su l5i lgc ngudi Nhgt Ban tdn la Matsiro Basho (1644-1694) vdo thi ki XVII cung dugc xem Id cufc du hanh trii danh de ttdi nghifm bdn than tren con dudng hdnh dgo. Trong khi danh tilng Matsuo Basho lan tda khdp mpi noi thi dng lgi muln trd thanh mft du nhan, khdng phdi vi ham muon du ljch ma Id de tim con dudng cho chinh minh de dgt duge dgi ngg. D l dgt dugc myc dich ndy, tft mfta thu ndm 1684 din ndm 1689, Basho dd thyrc hifn 4 cufc hanh trinh £ qua nhieu vung ddt xa xdi cfta dat nude Nh$t ban. Chuydn di dau tien, theo con dudng ven bidn, Basho hudng ve phia Tay, thdm lgi cd huong, rdi di Nagoda vd ttd v l lgi Edo vdo mfta hg ndm sau. Chuyin di ndy dugc dng ghi chep lgi vd trd tiianh tap du ki ddu tidn mang ten Nhgt kiphai thdn ddng ngi (Nozarashi kiko). Chuyin di thft hai ciia dng vdo nam 1687, din thSm vj thiin su Bucho d din Kashima cung vdi hai cay anh ddo n l i tidng Yoshino. Chuyin di ndy dng cho ra mdt tap Kashima du ki (Kashima kiko). Ngay sau chuyen di Kashima, Matsuo Basho lgi thuc hifn cufc hdnh huong ttong mft ndm ttdi tft Edo v l bd biln Suma, tft Akashi din thdn Sarashi;ia dd dugc t | n hudng mua trdng ttdn dinh nfti Obasute. Chuyin di ndy, dng cho ra ddi hai t^p nhdt ki tho ca khdc la Ghi chep tren chiic tui hanh huang (Oi no kubun, 1688) vd Nhat Id ve thdn Sarashina (Sarashina kiko, 1688). Day Id nhflng ti-ang du ki till hien cdm xftc, tinh ydu doi vdi thidn nhidn vd cftng ndng ndn, Id ldi keu gpi say ddm "ttd ve vdi thien nhidn". Chuydn hdnh trinh ve phucmg Bde la chuyin hanh trinh ddi ngdy vd gian khd nhdt eua Basho vao thdng 3 ndm 1689, vugt qua hem 2500 ki-ld-mdt ttong 151 ngdy Id qua trinh sinh nd tde plidm du ki ndi tieng cua dng Loi lin mien Oku (Oku no hoshomichi).
TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Tap 15, S6 2 (2018): 39-51 Dimg phucmg thftc tru tinh de phan dnh hifn tiiuc la ddc tnmg co ban cfta du ki phuong Ddng. Du ki ed dgi Trung Qudc xuat hifn tft thdi nhd Tdn (221-207 TCN) vd keo ddi sang thdi nha Han (206 TCN - 220). Trong cudn Ljch su vdn hge Trung Quoe, Yuan Xingpei gpi du ki thdi ki ndy la tiidi ki phdi thai vdi hinh thftc Id nhflng ca tft, tho cd phong (nhu nhftng manh ghep) ghi chep ve cdnh quan thien nhien md nhihig nhd tho hodc lu khdch dgo choi. Du ki Trung Qudc phdt tridn rye rd tft thdi nhd Tdng (960-1279), sau thm dgi hodng kim cfta tha ca ddi Dudng. Vdi hinh thftc ca tft, nhiing nha tho thdi Tdng da thugt lgi nhung chuydn du ldm noi nfti rftng, cdnh quan tho mfng. Cudn Lich sie vdn hoc Trung Qudc cd nhdc din Au Duong Tu (1007-1072), ngudi cd khue ca tu dugc nhilu ngudi ndi din Id Tiing hdt cua nguai say rugT4 cu. Bdi du ki viet theo ldi ca tft nay ndi ve cdnh quan nfti Chu da lam say ldng ngudi ddn ndi ngudi "Ift khach la ngudi dd udng rugu vd con say da qua di, ngudi khdch dd nlun cdnh vat va khdng cdn quan tdm ddn rugu vl rugu khdng Idm say con ngudi nhu canh vgt, am thanh d noi ddy" (Yuan Xingpei, 1999, p.l38). Tac pham cfta Au Duong Tu khdng nhdm thudt chuyfn cudc hanh trinh md bieu thj suy nghl, cdm xftc vd cdnh quan noi minh ddn gidng nhu each ma Pettarch sang tac Cugc chinh phuc nui Ventoux nhu da ndi tten.
Du ki Nhgt Ban cung mang mdu sdc phuong Ddng vd ed nhftng ddng gdp quan ttpng cho thd logi ndy. Sau nhihig cudc hdnh trinh vgn ddm qua nhidu noi tten ddt nude minh, Basho khdng chl cho ra ddi nhung tac pham du ki ndi tieng. Trong Ldi lin miin Oku, Basho duge xem Id ngudi lam mdi nghf thugt du ki bang viec sdng tgo thd tho hai-ku bdi ttong moi dogn dng da ket hgp giua hinh thftc tan vdn dd midu td cdnh vgt, thugt chuyen hdnh trinh vdi cdc bai tho hdm sftc, giau tinh triet li.
Anh hudng vdn hda va van hpc Trung Hoa, du ki Vift Nam thdi ki Trung dgi chft ylu la d cdc dgng thftc trii tinh v l cdc cudc hanh trinh thudng ngogn danh lam thdng canh, mft sd tdc pham gdn lien vdi cdc cufc hanh trinh cdng vu diln ra nhieu ngay nhu Thuang kinh Id s{f cfta Ld Huu Trac hay Su Hoa nhdn vinh efta Trjnh Xuan Thy. Nhftng tdc phdm ndy mang ddc tiimg cfta du ki phucmg Ddng: dan xen gifl-a phuong thuc ty sy vdi phuong thftc trft thih. Ciing gilng nhu Ldi lin miin Oku cfta Basho, 5«- Hoa nhdn vinh cfta Trinh Xu3n Thy cflng thugt chuyfn hanh trinh bdng ede dogn vdn ddnh ddu ede dja danh nhu Id cdc cft mdc tten dudng va ttong moi dogn vdn dd cd bdi tho tft tuyft (Nguyin Hfln Ld, 2015, tt.350).
Cd thi ndi rdng tinh hudng nfi Id ddc trung cfta du ki phuong Ddng. Du ki phuong Ddng khdng cd nhilu tac phdm cd dung lugng ldn d l chfta dyng thdng tin v l nhihig cufc hanh trinh ki vi, hung trang hodc Ii ki, cftng vdi nhftng nhan vgt ten tudi Iftng iSy nhu du ki phucmg Tdy ma phi biln Id nhflng tac phdm ed hinh thftc ty tiuyf n, biln vdn, tdn vdn xen ldn vdi tho hodc moi tac phdm la mgt hodc mft sd bai tho.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Trifong DHSP TPHCM NguySn Hint LJ
5. Tinh quoc te va sy h^i nhSp cua du ki thoi ki thuQC dia
Tinh qu6c te trong van hge dugc hieu la ngi dung vh cac phucmg thiic phan anh vugt ra ngoai pham vi ciia mfit quoc gia, khong phu thugc vao tinh dan tgc. Tren phuong dien de tai, tinh quoc tl trong van hge phan anh nhihig van de mang tinh toan cau, nhfing van de dugc cgng dong quoc te quan tam. Ve phuong thiic phan anh, tinh quoc te trong van hoc bieu lii?n 6 cac mo-tip the lo^ anh huong dong thoi trong van hoc ciia cac dan tOc nhu la mgt trao luu. Tinh qu6c tl cua du ki bilu thj sv nang dOng ciia mgt the lo^ ma su ton tgi cua no ph\i thugc rdt nhilu vao bli canh cua van hoa va xa hgi tren phgm vi toan cau.Tinh quic tl va hgi nhap cua du ki thi hien mgt each diy du nhit bat dau tir thoi ki thugc dia, thai ki tilp nli thoi ki Phuc Hung o phucmg Tay, bat dJu tii thi ki XVI cho din nhihig nam 1960, la liic thi gioi khong con chl do thuOc dia. Su mo rgng giao luu van hoa gitta cac qu6c gia tren thi gicri bang chinh sach th\rc d3n da tao dieu kien cho the loai du ki dSn dugc voi cac nln van hoa ma trong Uch sii van hge ciia cac quoc gia do chua c6 the loai nay nhu cac nuoc chSu Phi, cac nuoc MT la-tinh, thgm chi a ca nen van hge lon nhu An Bg. Cac nha nghien ciiu danh gia day la thai ki hoang kun ciia du ki. Voi mgt sl lugng khing 16 vl tac gia va tdc phSm ciing vcri tinh da dang va bien thi ciia no, du ki t6n tai nhu la hinh thiic giao lxm van hoa xuy6n quoc gia; va khi da di vao qua khii thi n6 la kho tai lieu quan trgng ghi lgi diu dn vSn h6a cua dan tgc va nhan loai trong nhiing thai diem lich sir cu thi. Vi thi, du ki thoi ki n^y da tao ra su chu y cho cac nha nghien ciiu the gioi trong kho^g vai thgp nien gan day.
Bit diu tir thi ki XVI, nhihig cuflc xam chilm thugc dia cila cac dl quflc chau Au da CO nhimg tac dgng tich cue din viec di lgi gitta cac chau luc va sy ra doi cua nganh du lich o nhilu quic gia. Nhu ciu khto pha cac nln van hoa da di kem v6i thai dg phS phan xa hgi, nhit 14 vao nhung thoi dilm tr6i day cua phong tiho doi xoa bfl chl do nfl 1? da thfli thic cac cuOc hanh trinh din cac nude thugc dja cua du khach va cac nha vSn. Sif la doi cua cac cong ti du Uch vol s\r tl chuc cac khoa hge danh cho du khach ma ngi dung ciia cic kh6a hge nay, ngoai nhttng chi din, hudng dan hanh trinh, gidi thi^u cac nln van hoa, cac danh thing nfli tilng, du khdch con dugc tilp thu kinh nghi$m ciia nhttng nha du hanh trudc d6 thflng qua cac tac pham du ki. Dieu nay khflng chi kich thich svr to mo, nhu cau muln dugc kham phd thi gioi md con Id sy tim kiem co hgi khing dinh ban thdn, tim svr khdc bi$t cd vl cdeh di va cdeh tucmg thujt trong vdn bdn du ki dl tao svr dgc ddo cua nhttng du khach va cdc nha vdn. Nhttng sdn phim du lich dugc cdc cflng ti du ljch in lodt va quang bd dl trd thanh diu in vdn hda cd nhan trong cgng dflng di chuyen.
Ding hdnh vdi hdnh trinh xam chilm thu?c dia Id hdnh trinh ciia cdc nhd truy6n gido chau Au din nhihig quflc gia xa xfli. Du hanh tfln giac d thdi ki nay c6 nhieu dilm khac vdi hdnh huong tfln gido cua thai ki Trung c6. Cflng vigc diu tien ciia cdc nhd truySn giao chau Au Id nghiln ciin ngfln ngtt cua cdc dan tOc d cdc chau Ivic. Khi svi khdc bigt ngfln ngO da dugc gidi quylt thi nhthig trd nggi ciia vi$c kham phd cac nln vSn hda khong cdn Id van dl
47
TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Tni'dng BHSP TPHCM TdP IS, S6 2 (2018): 39-51 nfla. Ddy cdn Id co hfi cho nhilu ngudi mudn xdc minh tinh chan thuc cfta nhflng tdc phdm du ki qua khft. Cdn ddi vdi cdc nha truyln gido, sy khac bift ngdn ngu dugc xda bd, ddng nghia vdi dftc tin, phong tyc, tgp qudn sdng s5 dugc thay ddi. Vi thi, nhidu ghi chep ciia cac cd dgo ngudi Tdy Ban Nha, ngudi Phap, ngudi Y khdng chi Id nhihig thdng tin hanh trinh hay cdng vide tdn gido md cdn mang cd yeu t l vdn hge. M|it khdc, khi tdn gido dd thdm nh|ip vdo nhilu nude d cac chau lyc, nhu cau dao tgo ede chftc sac tdn gido ngay cdng tdng. Nhflng ghi chdp hanh trinh ddn ede nude phuong Tdy ciia nhftng ngudi theo dgo Ki- td d cac nude thugc dia ciing gdp phdn vao sy da dgng hinh thftc cfta du ki.
Du ki thdi ki thudc dja cung Id tiidi ki du ki nft len ngdi. Chft nghia nft quyln xudt hifn ldn ddu tidn d chdu Au vdo thi ki XIX nhung vdn d l nu- quyln xudt hifn trong du ki tir thd ki XVIII. Tropg chuyen hdnh trinh theo chong tft nude Anh din Thd Nhi Ki ttong nhftng nam 1716-1718, bd Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762) dd vilt nhung bftc thu, bdi ludn, cdng vdn ngogi giao vd bien tgp thdnh cudn sdch du ki cd nhan dl Woman not Inferior to Man xudt ban ndm 1739. Vdi cudn sdch nay, Montagu dugc xem Id nft nhd van du ljch till gidi hifn dgi ddu tien v l Trung Ddng (Cassidy, 2012). K I tu giua till ki XIX din ddu thi ki XX, ngudi ta da chftng kiln mft sy gia tdng ddt biln eiia du khdch nft chdu Au vd chau MI, nhilu ngudi ttong sd hg la tde gid cfta nhihig tdc pham du ki mang tinh phidu luu, hdp dan ngudi dgc d mgi thdi dgi. Theo nhu cdc nha nghien cftu, cdng nghidp hda dd gia tdng cdc phuang tifn di lgi vd phy nft cflng d l dang di du ljch hon. Dilu quan ttgng Id vdo cudi thi ki XIX, chft nghia dd qudc chdu Au dd lam cho nhilu khu vyc cfta the gidi trd nen "an todn" cho du khdch ta phu nft. Phy nO thudng lya chgn cdc cufc hanh trinh it mgo hiem, vi the ma hg thudng ddn nhihig nai md d do cd thd khdng cdn Id sy dfc dao ddi vdi du ki, thay vdo dd hg ludn tim cdeh thi hifn each nhin hifn thyc cfta minh, it nhdt Id d phuong difn gidi tinh vd vdn d l binh ddng gidi, nhihig didu timg gdy s6t b'ong xd hfi d chau Au (Siegel, 2004). Chdng hgn ttong cuon The Desert and the Sown, Gertrude Bell tudng thugt lgi cufc hanh trinh cfta minh bdng mgt nilm tin vd sy can ddm dl den nhung noi md ngudi khac nghi khdng the den duge, dd la sy thdm nhgp vdo nliilu khu vyc cfta thi gidi A Rap, lap ban do khdo cd d dd. Vdi nhflng cdng bd ttong cuIn sdch ndi ttdn vd nhieu bdi ddng trdn cdc tgp chi, bd dugc coi Id ngudi tun thdy Iraq hifn dai. Mary Kingsley cung dd thyc hifn hai ldn du hdnh Tdy Phi vao cdc ndm 1893 vd 1895. Sau 2 ndm cfta cdc cufc hdnh tiinh ndy, bd da ra mdt dfc gid cu6n du ki Du hdnh a Tdy Phi (Travels in West Africa, 1897), md sy ndi tilng cfta cuIn sdch Id bdi quan dilm cfta tac gid v l nhflng van dl vdn hda gay ttanh cdi d Tdy Phi.
Budc sang tiie ki XX, du ki till gidi eung ddng hanh tten mft con dudng cfta hifn d?u hda. Ddy Id thdi dilm md con ngudi nhgn ra cd nhilu sy thay doi trong xa hfi hifn d^, khi md du ljch dugc xem nhu la phuang thftc gido dye. Cftng vdi thuc hifn cufc hdnh tiinh, nhihig tudng tiiuat cudc hdnh trinh theo cdeh rieng cua cd nhan nhu Id mft minh chftng cho khat vgng tim ke khac ta d bdn con ngudi tiong xa hdi hifn dgi. Mdt khdc, sy tac dgng ciia
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tnj-dng OHSP TPHCM Nguyin H&u U
xa hgi cdng nghiep ldm cho eon ngudi edm thdy nggt nggt vd mudn tim kidm cufc sdng ty nhien. David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930) da vilt tiong Twilight in Italy (1916):
"London vd cdc qugn cdng nghifp d Anh da lan rgng nhu mft bdng tdi trdn khdp till gidi, khung khilp, nhu chdm dftt va hfty dift (...). Va nude Anh dang chinh phye thi gidi bdng may mdc vd hfty dift khftng khiep ddi vdi cugc sdng ty nhidn. Lawrence da chinh phyc dugc cugc sdng ty nhien cho den cudi cimg: cd da ttang bi ddy dft cho minh nhflng gi cdn thilt de chinh phye thd gidi bdn ngodi va hdi ldng vdi sy ty khdm phd" (Lawrence, 1916, p.37). Du ljch ttong thd ki XX, ciing la mgt nd luc dd thodt khdi cugc sdng hifn dgi, hodc giam di sy dm dnh cua cudc song hifn dgi. Vi thi, nhimg cufc hdnh trinh ttd ve vdi thi gidi ty nhidn, ldn tim dau tich efta the gidi cd dgi vdi cac myc dich khdc nhau nhu: td md, chiem ngudng, khao cftu khoa hge... khdng cdn la vdn dl cfta mgt qudc gia hay dan tfc md nd mang y nghia qudc te. Su quan tdm cfta cac nha nghien cftu du ki thd gidi, cdc cdng ti du lich xuydn lue dia dd ldm eho du ki ngdy cang ttd thanh phuong thftc kit ndi thi gidi.
6. Sy tuong tac the lo^i va sire mgnh nghf thugt cua du ki
Cac cufc hdnh trinh da ldm ndn thi logi du ki, nhung nd ciing ttd thdnh de tdi vd cdm hftng cho cdc thi logi khac. Ndu khdng kd truyln thuydt vd sft thi thdi ki cd dgi thi trong khoang chye thi ki nay dd cd nhidu tilu thuydt ra ddi lay cdm hftng tft cdc tac phdm du ki hay cugc hdnh trinh cfta cac nhdn v^t ttong ljch sft nhu Tdy du ki (1590) cfta Ngd Thfta An, Lich sir cugc sdng vd chuyen di cua Christopher Columbus (1828) cfta Washington Irving... Sy ra ddi cfta tidu thuyet thdm hidm khdng the khdng lidn quan ddn su khoi ngulin cam himg tft nhihig tac pham du ki vdi cac cufc hdnh trinh mang tinh phieu luu mgo hiem ttong qud khft.
Ndi ve sy tuong tac gjua du ki va tieu thuydt, ttong cuon Du ki vd su tiin hda cua tiiu thuyit, (Travel Literature and the Evolution of the Novel), Adams, Percy, G. dd vilt:
...the ki chiing ta cac nhd van du ljch da khai thac hogc di theo con dudng van chuang, it nhdt theo ba cdeh; ldm hpc trd dd theo dau vet ciia nen vdn hda Hi Lgp bdng tau bidn qua Dja Tmng Hai nhu Odysseus hi vpng tim thdy giai dap sy hodi nghi ciia minh; nhung ngudi dam me ciia mgt logi khac da di theo cdc budc cua Johnson va Boswell d Scotiand vd Hebrides dl chong len thdi hifn tai cua thi ki XX vao mft thdi gian trudc dd, nhu nhdn vgt chinh cua Sterne dd ldm khi dng dftng lgi sau chuyin tham ldn thft hai tdi Lyons va viet nhftng dn tugng cua minh; vd nhu each cda Jonathan Raban da ldm vdi tdc phdm A Rap: mgt cupc hdnh trinh qua me cung (Arabia: A Journey through the Labyrinth), va nghf thu^t tilu thuyit hifn dgi trong midu ta cufc phidu luu ciia Huck Finn tren sdng Mississippi (h^ng tilu tiiuylt Cugc phieu luu Huckleberry Finn cua Mark Twain) da tgo cdm hftng cho tac pham du ki noi tieng khac ciia dng la Old Glory ma "cot tmyfn ... dugc vilt bdng ddng chay hifn tgi cua ddng sdng" - mft cuon sach quang cdo du Ijch cd the tgo ra sy md hodc vd tan cho mft cuon tieu thuyit thdm hiem tuyft vdi. (Adams, 1983, p.283).
Thdi ki vdng son cfta du ki vdo khoang till ki XIX den nfta ddu thd ki XX. Day Id giai dogn md vdn hge cfta nhieu quoc gia phuong Ddng, ttong do cd Vift Nam, dien ra qud
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TAP CHi KHOA HQC - Tru-dng BHSP TPHCM Tgp 15, So 2 (2018): 39-51 tiinh hifn dgi hda. Hifn dgi hda vdn hpc khdng tiid khdng kd din sy tuong tdc thi logi giiJa du ki vdi cdc the logi khac. Cac tdc phdm du ki nhu Mgt chuyin di cfta Nguyen Tudn, Di Tdy cua Nhdt Linh diu sft dyng cdc phuong thftc tu sy ciia tilu thuyit. Sy phdt triln ciia tieu thuyet da cung cap cho du ki nhihig phuong thftc ttdn thugt va phdn dnh hifn thuc khdc nhau. Dgc bift, nhung tilu thuyit cd ydu t l phieu luu mgo hilm nhu tilu thuyit tham hiem, tieu thuyet trinh thdm da cung cdp cac sy kifn xa hdi cfta cac van hda dj bift ciia
"mgt nln van hge giat gdn" (Thompson, 2011, p.22) nhu: sy ddm tdu, sy da man cfta cac bf lgc vd ngudi da dd, su bdt gift eon tin... da tac ddng ddn tdm li thich phidu luu, mao hidm cfta mdt bf phdn du khdch, khi md hg cho rang sy phieu luu di tim cdc vftng dat m6i khdng cdn thich hgp nua. Tft vdn dd ndy, khi phdn logi du ki theo tinh chdt cua cufc hanh trinh, nhidu ngudi dong tinh vdi edch phdn logi du ki thdi ki can hifn dgi d hai dgng thiic:
hdnh trinh mgo hiem va hanh trinh it mgo hiem. CJ dau thd ki XXI, xu hudng du ki pha trfn tieu thuydt kha phd bien va thudng chgn cac cugc hanh trinh it mgo hidm lam de tdi nhu Du ki cfta Tran Bgch Ddng, Sydney yiu thuang vd Bi mgt a Cannes ciia Trung Nghia, Mgt minh d chdu Au cfta Phan Vift, Xdch ba Id lin vd di cita Huydn Chip... Sy phat triln ciia du ki cho ddn thdi dilm ndy dd phdn tach rgch rdi tac pham du kl vdi hinh thftc khdc cila du ki nhu gidi thifu vd qudng cdo du lich, ldi kdo du ki din gan hon vdi tidu thuyit.
7. Ket lugn
Kd tft khi con ngudi thyc hifn khdt vgng chinh phyc the gidi bdng hanh trinh vu(?t khdng gian vd thudt lgi hdnh dgng dd bdng cdm nhein ciia chinh minh tiii cflng la thdi dilm du ki ra ddi. Khat vgng nay ludn ddng hdnh cftng vdn hge. Trong cae thd logi vdn hpc, du ki la mft ttong nhihig till logi cd mgt sue sdng vd sy trudng tdn mgt cdeh mgnh mS. Dd du ki ton tgi nhu chinh d ^ diem the logi cfta nd, khdng ndn dftng nhftng tidu chi khdt khe de danh gid, cflng khdng thi phft nh|n sy tdn tgi cfta du ki bdng nhflng li le, cflng nhu khong till xem thyc dyng khdng phdi Id gid ttj cfta vdn hge. Du ki tdn tgi bdi nhung gid tii ma cugc sdng ddt ra cho nd d timg thdi dilm budc nd phai thich img. Ljch sft cfta du ki chinh la lich sft cfta nhiing gia trj md con ngudi dgt dugc qua sy chinh phyc khdng gian vd chlnh muih. Vi till, ldm sdng td van d l ljch sft cfta du ki khdng chi la sy b l sung nhung khiem khuylt ttong nghien cftu vdn hge, ma cdn phan anh sy tdn tgi khach quan cfta till logi nay.
i. '%,^j,r''*'?'? Sg ^.yW.I'J^i'Tdcgii x4onh$n hoin loin kHphgc^ximgapty6,quy4nJ0r-'^
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng BHSP TPHCM Nguyin Hiru Li TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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