TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C6NG NGH$. Tmimg Bgi hgc Khoa hgc - B^i hgc Hue Tgp 4. So 2 (2016)
D A U A N H E f N D A I T R O N G T A C P H A M NON NONG C U A G I A B I N H A O
Oh Thu Thuv Khoa NgU van, Trudng Bgi hgc Khoa hpc — Bgi hg^^^M
Email: [email protected] T O M TAT
Gid Binh Ao Id mpt irong nhiing nhd van ten luoi cua nin van hgc duang dgi Trung Hoa.
Cdc sdng tdc dia ong de lai tiing vang tren van ddn nhu Phi do, Cugc linh, Hodi nifm soi... Non nong ciing khong phdi la ngogi le. Trong tdc phdm nay, ddu dn hgu hiin dgi dugc thi hien ro net qua kit cdu md, gdp khuc, long ghep hay thd phdp "lg hoa". Hy vgng bdi viet cda chung loi se gop phdn khdng djnh them gid trj cda cuon tieu thuyit noi liing cua nhd vdn Gid Binh Ao.
Tir khda: Gid Binh Ao, hdu hiin dgi, Trung i^uda
Trong nhihig thgp nien gan day, dpc gia Viet N a m dupc tiep xuc v d i nhieu t i c p h a m van hpc d u o n g dgi Trung Quoc co gia tri, dgc bi?t l i t h i loai tieu thuyet. Trong n I n v i n h p c d u o n g dgi ay, c i c tac gia n h u Gia Binh Ao, V u o n g M d n g , Mac N g d n . . . d a trd t h i n h nhung n h i v a n ten tuoi dirpc dde g i i trong v a ngoai n u d e biet den. H o da mang den cho van hpc Trung Quoc nhiing di?n mgo mdi, rAirng phong each mdi. Trong so cac nha van ndi tren, Gia Binh A o v d i n h i m g tac pham d u p c viet theo phong c i c h each tan, trinh bay ro d u p c nhiing mang khuat cua lich s d Trung Quoc trong nhiing giai doan lich sd n h i t dinh. S i n g t i c ciia ong la sir k i t h p p nhuan nhuyen nhiing yen td tmySn thdng v i hien dgi. H a n g logt tieu thuyet ciia Gia Bmh A o ra d d i trong thdi gian qua da d u p c bgn dpc yeu m i n tim dpc, cac n h i nghiSn cdu phe buih van bpc quan tam nghien cdu va danh gia cao. Hang tram b i i phe binh van hpe v i mOt so de tai nghien c d u tim h i i u tieu thuyet cda Gia Binh A o da xuat hi^n.
T i i u thuyet Non nong la mpt trong so t i c p h a m tieu bieu dupc danh g i i x u i t sac v e m a t nghe t h u | t trong sang t i c cua G i i Binh A o . Qua bat viet nay, chiing tdi muon de cap den ro net hon v e nhiing dau an hau hi^n dgi trong ket c^u tiSu thuyet Non nong is nhihig phuong di^n tieu bieu.
V a i trd quan trpng nhat ciia ket cau l i td c h d c s i n pham sao cho chii de tap trung, t u t u d n g thdng nhat, sao cho chd d e t u tudng tham sau vao tiing bp phgn ciia tac pham ke ca nhiing chi t i l t nhd nhat tao nen su chat che giiia chd de t u t u d n g vdi he thong tinh c i c h , to chuc bo cue cua cdt truyen thanh c i c phan, chuong, doan, Idp, c i n h mpt each hpp ly. N h d ket c i u , tac pham vSn hpc trd nen mgch lac cd 'Ve duyen dang ciia su trat ty."[5]
Diu an hl$n * / trong (ac phim NOn Ndng cila Gia BinhAo
Tmng tiiu thuylt Non nong, chiing tdi dl cap din 4 dang thiic (nghe thujt) kit ciu tl chiic cdt truyen li: kit ciu phin minh, kit ciu da tuyIn, kit cau md v i kit eau gap khuc, thu phap "la hoa".
1. Kit cau pban manh
Kit ciu phin minh dupc hiiu la kilu kit ciu dupc tao nen tii h^ tiidng cac ming co tinh doc lip tin tai ban cgnh nhau. Day li mpt kit ciu lip gh^p mang hoi hudng cda hr duy hpi hpa lip till. CJ day, cdt truy?n da bj nghiin nit, dgp vo tiianh tdng minh vun rdi rac, khdng tiieo mpt trinh tu thdi gian hay mli lien he nhin qui nao va mdi manh vyn chinh la mpt mang hien tiiuc.
Vice sd dung cit tiuyen phan manh da phi vd khung tir sv truyen thong.
Non ndng neu len tiigc trgng xa hdi Trung Quic dang trong giai doan diu ciia cong cupc cii each md cda. Ben canh nhiiiig thugn loi, quIc gia nay cung gip kh6ng it nhdng kho khan thach tiidc: tii^rc ti^g phe phii, ddng toe ciia chinh quyin dia phuong, nhdng hd tuc xiu xa phong kiln con tin tai, su ngheo kho va tam ly ehua sin sing dl tilp nhan cii mdi cda ngircri dan. Thi gidi ly trudc tien nhu tiing chudng canh tinh con ngudi vl su d l vd nhung gia trj dao dde truyin tiling, su lanh liing vo cam ciia con ngudi, vi tam trang hoai nghi va lo ling non ndng eua sv tiigt ti-ln trui dl ta co till ngp ra mdt diiu gi khac so vdi nhdng y nghi hang ngay.
No cho ta cim giic hon vdi nhdng si; tiiit gii ddi quanh ta, ciing nhu nhung chiem nghiem, t«
nhan thdc Igi nhdng viec minh da, dang vi se lam.
Kit cau cdt truyen ciia Non nong dupc xay dung vdi su phi vd khuynh hudng tuyen tinh, dl cao tinh bit dinh, diit dogn phin minh. Chung ta co thi thay tiiu thuyet ciia nhi van Gii Bmh Ao li cau chuyen rdi rgc, nhiing manh ghep so phan khac nhau, duoc lip ghep khdng theo mpt trat tu nio.
Vdi nhihig ciu chuyen mang hoi hudng sieu th\rc, ky io, Gia Binh Ao da cat dan long ghep va tilp ndi cac sir kien vdi nhau trong Non nong. Kim Cau len Chau Thinh lap nghiep, ddng thdi Tieu Thdy d Tien Du Xuyen quyet dinh lay Phiic Vgn, de roi tinh yfiu ciia hp diing lai d day. Hai sy ki|n dudng nhu rdi rac nhung lai dung b€n cgnh nhau de hoin chinh tac pham.
Dua cic van de va each giai quySt cic van de rat xa nhau. Kim Ciu vi Tiiu Thuy yeu nhau, nhung hai ngudi phii trii qua nhieu bien cd phan ly roi hpi ty, cudi ciing nhi van lai de Tieu Thuy quylt dinh cupc ddi minh vdi chiec io thilu mpt hot nut, dupc xem li ky vat minh chung cho tinh yeu cua hal ngudi. Qua chi tiet do tac gia khlng dinh su trudng thanh cua nhan vat, hp tu bilt nam lay so phan cua minh, khdng cdn thu ddng. Cic tuyen nhan vat tudng chdng khdng he lien quan dSn nhau, nhung thgt ra lai rit gan bd vdi nhau. Tic gii dua vio tieu thuylt cua minh cac cupc dii thogi nhu nhu sy cit dan, Idng ghep nhilu minh ddi ciia nhan vat chinh mdt each toan di^n dudi nhieu goc nhin. Ben cgnh do, tie phim cdn dl cap din so phgn ciia bilt bao ohieu con ngudi khic, tgo tiianh buc tranh hoin chinh ciia xa hdi Trung QuIc trong mdt thdi diy bien dpng.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH$, Tmang Bgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hue Tap 4, S6 2 (2016) Vdi viec sy dyng cot truyfn phan minh, Gii Bmh Ao thi hi?n mpt quan niem mdi vl hien thye. Dd la mpt hi^n thye khdng toin vpn, mdt hien thuc rdi rgc, d l vd, ran mit, mdt cupc sdng dang dan tan ra, mdt cupc sdng khdng dl tim mdi tuong giao, lien kit. Thi gidi li tilp hpp ciia nhdng manh vyn hi^n thye, mdi minh vun nim d mpt chd rieng cua nd, mdi manh vyn ty nd la mdt tim diem, nd cd gii trj ty than ciia nd.
2. Ket cau da tuyIn
Trong tac pham khi muon mieu ta khai quit vl mot buc tranh xa hdi rpng Idn gdm nhieu hang ngudi, nhieu mdi quan h$ dan xen nhau, ddng thdi khai thac nhilu mgt khac nhau cua ddi sdng, tac gia thudng sd dung hinh thuc kSt ciu theo tuyIn nhan vat. Gia Binh Ao trong tic phim niy da to chuc cac nhan vgt theo cic tiiyln nhin vgt dya tren nhiing mdi quan hS vl gia dinh, nghe nghiep, giai d p . . . Va da xay dung nSn hai tuyIn nhan vgt Idn va d mdi tuyIn Idn lai cd nhieu tuyIn nhd tip hpp cac nhin vat theo tiing dong hp, tdng gia dinh. Erenbourg co nhin xet vl kit ciu cda mot sd tiiu thuylt till ky XX: "Tiiu thuylt ciia thdi dgi ta cd nhilu chd khic vdi tieu thuylt thi ky XIX von xay dung trSn lich sd mdt con ngudi hay mpt gia dinh.
Trong tieu thuyet hien dgi cd nhieu nhan vat hon, sd p h ^ ciia hp dan cheo vio nhau, nhi van thudng hay dua ngudi dpc tii thanh phd nay sang thinh phi khic, ddi khi di sang mpt nude khac mpt nude khic nua, cich ket ciu niy khien ta nghT tdi sy luan phien ciia nhiing dogn can canh vdi nhiing cinh quin chiing tren min anh"[5]
Non ndng vdi ba phan gdm hon tam muoi trang giiy mieu t i xoay quanh cudc sdng ciia ngudi ndng din, su chia be ket phii eua quan chdc dia phuong, nhgn thuc vi hieu biet eua ngudi ndng din con hgn hep ehua thay dii. Chinh vi the, the gidi nhan vat trong cudn tidu thuylt nay khi da dang vi phong phu. Mdi nhan v | t , mdi sd ph|n rieng, nhung deu the hi?n ndi dung tu tudng ciia nhi vin. Vi nhu Phuc Vin li anh ndng din hien linh, tdt bung nhung lai bi quan chdc dia phuong chen ep din d6n cii chet. Anh Anh la chau Dien Trung Chinh uong nggnh, mudn gi dupe niy, nhung khi bi Kim Ciu td chdi tmh cam thi cd failu ra khdog phii cd quyIn lye va tiln bac li cd thi mua dupc tinh cim. Hin Van Cd, ngudi Iii do tren sdng, mdm mep, khdn ldi, nhung Igi la con ngudi hai mat, khdng dam true tiep ddi dau vdi cai xau, chi gidi ndi xiu sau lung... Chinh vi mong muon the hien chii d6 tie pham rd hon, Gia Binh Ao di miSu ta hai tuyen nhan vat mau thuan nhau. Nhi van dgt dgt cac nhan vat, sy kien, hinh anh,... doi lip ben nhau. Kim Clu dai dien cho ting ldp thanh niSn kilu mdi, linh hoat nhay ben, dam nghT, dim lam. Con Di€n Trung Chinh lai li ngudi dai dien cho bd phan quan chdc dia phuong lim bay, muu clu dia v i , tiln bgc mi khdng nghT tdi lpi ich ciia ngudi din. Dgi Khdng cdng li Idp thanh ni€n kieu mdi, nhung vi tu tudng chua di diing hudng, lech lgc trong nhin thuc dl roi Igi di vio vlt xe dd ciia dng Chinh, bi tham vpng, quyen lye va tien bac lim cho md mit ma din din cii chet bi ai. Ben cgnh hai tuyIn nhin v^t chinh, con cd nhieu tuyen nhan vgt khac, nhdng con ngudi khdng neu chiu len tieng ndi, hp hy vpng vao lirong lai tot dep nhung khdng dam hinh ddng ma chi trdng chd vio sy thay ddi chmh sach ciia nhi nude va thdi cudc. Khic vdi kit clu cdt truyen trong tac pham Cupc tinh. tie pham Non nong kl ve cupc tinh giua Giang Lam vi Ho Phuang, Han Van, DiSp Td Can. Hp ySu nhau nhung vi mot sy hieu lim mi Giang Lam
29
D4U an hign dgi trong tic pham Non Ndng cda Gia Binh Ao
ding y lay Hin Van - ban cua hai ngudi, con Hd Phuong Igi Igp gia dinh vdi Diep Td Cin.
Chiln tranh lira hp lac mit nhau, sy dau khd va din vgt khi gap Igi ngudi yen, nhimg ea hai dS cd gia dinh rieng, vdi su quan h? lin liit ciia Hd Phuong va Giang Lam, Hin Van, Diep Td Cin bit hanh khi khdng cd dupc tinfa y6u ctia vp, chdng minh. Ca bon nhin vgt du mdi ngudi mgt tinh cich nhung diu chung mdt si phin cd don, cd don trong chinh ngdi nha ciia minh, trong chinh tam hon cua minh. Hp diu la nhihig ngudi ludn mong mudn tim kiem hanh phdc cho rieng minh. Tic pham la nhdng hoi tudng, ki dc dupc cac nhan vit kl lai. Hai tuyIn nhin vat song song, ddi lap nhau nhung Igi bo sung cho nhau, hda quy^n, dan xen vdi nhau giong nhu tac phim Chiin tranh vd hoa binh cita L.Tolstoy da xay dyng hai tuyIn Idn vi d mdi tiiyln Igi ci Igi nhilu tuyIn nhd tgp hpp cac nhin vit theo tiing dong hp, tung gia dinh. Gia Binh Ao da thii vao tac phim cda minh lulng khi van hpc hgu hi?n dgi, vdi kit cau da tuyen da tgo dp day cho thi gidi nhin vat. Td hai tuygn nhin vgt ddi Igp nhau ay, nha van da gui gam tu tudng tinh cam ciia minh vao trong do, mpt xa hpi Trung Quoc thdi ky tdi tim, nhung khdng thieu di hinh anh cua ngudi tdt, nhi vin mong mudn vi hy vpng vio mdt tuong lai tdt dep hon.
Qua su ddi lap, cic nhin vit, sy kien, hmh inh dupc bo sung, ddi chilu, soi sing, to dim thSm nhihig net khic bi|t, nay nd d doc gii cai nhin, cich nghT mdi, khiln cho tic pham dupc lien ket thinh mdt the gidi nghe thugt thing nhit, hip din.
Vdi cot truyen md, Umberto Eco da vilt: "Mpi tac phim nghe thugt, ngay ci khi no la mdt hmh thuc da hoan tat ve td chdc da dupc dinh cd mpt each chinh xac, diu la md, it ra la ti-ong nhimg gi mi nd ed thi dupc diin giai td nhdng each khic nhau"[2]. Ndi each khic, cot tiuyen md duac hieu li ciu chuyen khep lai nhung sd phgn ciia nhan vgt chua rd hdi kit hay vin dl dupc dgt ra trong tic phim chua dupc giai quylt mdt each ti-iet di. Khdng tiida nhin "mdt vii try dn djnh, in khdp lidn tuc, bao quanh, hoin toan cd till cit nghTa, li giii dupc" [2] A.R.Grille tin rang cupc song li nhung bien tiiiSn mac dinh ciing vdi nhung vIp nga, khuc quanh. Trong Non ndng Gia Binli Ao da xiy dyng cdt tiuyen tiieo lli kit clu md. Vi nha van cho ring:"Ky nguyen niy vd ciing khic nghiet, khd khan vi tiiilu nilm tin. Tdi sg vin vilt nhimg ciu chuy?n cho ngudi dan tiiudng dl dpc gii vin co till chip canh cho nhimg udc mo cua hp sau khi dpc cic tieu tiiuyet cua tdi, kl ci khi hp dpc ti-ong tinh hang eye ky khd cyc."[l,ti-.38]
Ldi ket tiiiic niy nhu mpt sy bd lung tao khoang ti-dng Idn dl ngudi dpc ddng sing tgo.
Rdng hon, chmh each vilt nay md ra tii da can dudng dk ngudi dpc tilp nhin tac phim tir nhung ti-ang diu tien, khong bilt ring nhung ti-ang tdi se di tdi dSu. Dudng nhu nhi van Gia Bhih Ao chilu tiieo nhan vgt hon la nhan vat chilu tiieo ong. Ong dl cho su tudng tupng ciia minh di tiieo nhan v^t chd khdng dgt dinh cho nd theo mpt clu tnic tiln I?ip. Nhin vit ciia ong ty do di vl. hinh ddng ti-ong nhung khdng gian giic mpng mi ly ti-i cung nhdng logic vgt chit khdng the ly giii. Khi Kim Clu gap ie mpng "chile be dot nhien nghieng hin, gat Dai Khong va Phiic Vgn xudng sdng. Nude sdng due ngiu, diu hai ngudi lap tuc chun nghim (...). Thi ra vua nay gid anh da frii qua con ac mpng"[l,tr.490]. Dd gidng nhu mOt dilm bao bpn Phuc Vgn
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C6NG NGH£, Tmdng Bgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hue Tgp 4, S6 2 (2016) gap nan va khi Dai Khdng bj vu khing tpi v i bj bat thi dudng nhu diem xiu da thinh sy thgt.
Hay viSc len ddng, nhip hin cua Bgch Duong Huong Huong, dng tha ren mit rd vio ngudi dan ba gan Id ren cua dng thp ren de ndi len nguy?n vpng va cudc song cda hp sau khi chit, ehi vay thdi va nhi van khdng giai thich hi?n tupng dd cd thgt khdng hay chi la sy tudng tupng ciia nhan vgt. Tic pham cua Gii Binh Ao xiy dyng mdt phin tren sy td choi giii thich, nd phii ngupc Igi ham muon soi sang eua tieu thuySt, vi budc dde gii phai ty suy ngam va ty tun ra ldi dap cua chinh minh.
Khac vdi cac tic phim trude day, Gii Binh Ao xiy dyng Non nong vdi ldi kit can gan gidng kilu "Ci hiin gap lanh", "Ac gia ac bao"...nhung khdng phii nhu eii kit ciia truyen co dan gian. Non ndng vdi mdt cii kit md, mpt chan trdi mdi he md budc dde gii sau khi dpc xong van cd the tudng tupng vB tuong lai cua cic nhan vgt. Cudn tiSu thuyet Non ndng khep Igi, nhung du 3m ciia nd cdn mai vdi nhiJng sy ki?n gan lien vdi nhan vgt nhu Kim Ciu tii bd nghe bao ve di thuySn va thi dai bpc, Tieu Thuy lui vl phia sau cham s6c gia dinh vi li chd dya tinh than cho Kim Ciu. Ldi Dgi Khdng v i Phiie V|ji chet, Diin Hihi Thien va Ciing Bao Son cung bi ky luit, Dien Trung Chinh bi chuyin cdng tac... nhung d6 khdng phii li hdt. Nha van ddng Igi, tgo khoing ling, bd ngd dl ngudi dpc ty suy ngam tgo ra cii ket rieng cua minh. Dien Trung Chinh bi dieu sang uy ban xi Bac Son, lidu dng ta da tinh ngd ra hay chua, hay con ao mpng lam "vua" mdt vung? Cung Bao Son vi Dien Hihi Thien Hdu cd yen phgn, an nan hdi cai hay dang am mim gi khie khdng? Bi thu huyen uy Khinh Dinh dupc dieu ve lam bi thu xa Bgch Thgeh Trgi thay Diin Him Thien - "Ma lung gii" cd liem khiet mpt long vi dan vi nude nhu tS tudng Luu gu mpt thdi hay khdng? hay lai li mpt Dien Huu Thien thd hai? 0 cudi tieu thuyfit mieu ta dogn: " Tren sdng Chiu da ndi gid u u, keu nhu tieng tieu tieng sio (...). Cii nim Kim c l u len Chau Thinh, sdng Chau cd nude lu to, bin trdi dem ba bin hdm trudc ciing thay ddi nhu hdm nay"[l,tr.834,835]. Lin Iii idn thu nhat trong tic phim da cudn trdi tat ci nhihig g!
"nho nhudc" di, Kim Clu tim duoc hudng di dung, eude song ngudi dan dugc cii thien vi hai hp Cung, hp Dien khdng cdn nhilu the lye nhu trudc nda. Viy, sau lln lu Idn thu hal niy, Kim c l u cd tgo nen duoc mdt huyen thoai "anh hung dan gian" niia khdng? Hdng Bing, ciu be ra ddi nhd vio sy kien tri ctia Tieu Thuy, ciu be se cd y nghTa nhu tfin minli ed thd bay xa dupc khdng?... Dd l i nhiing cau hdi bd ngd de dpc gia tri ldi, ket ma dudng nhu khdng ket. Cudn tieu thuylt ddng Igi nhung khdng chi ddng Igi d dd, nd bupc dpc gii phai ty suy ngam vi viet tiep cai kit khic, mdt eii kit cho rieng minh.
Thdng qua ket cau md, Gii Binh Ao bupc dpc gia ciia minh tu suy ngim, tudng tupng, td khoang trong trong tic pham ma cd thi thoa sdc sing tao cung vdi kit thiic tic phim. Mdi ngudi cd mdt nhgn djnh rieng, mdt kit thdc rifing tiiy vao khi ning cim thu v i tu tudng tinh cim ciia bin thin. Gia Binh Ao khdng dua ra ket thuc cuoi ciing nhung ket thiic ay Igi trd nen da dang. Chmh nhd vio kit clu md ma tac phim Non ndng hip din vi ldi cudn ngudi dpc, im vang cdn dpng mai trong long dpc gia ngay nay.
Diu in hi$n dgi tmng tic phim Non Ndng cda Gid Binh Ao
4. Kit cau gip khuc
Kit clu gip khiic la irong do tiidi gian dao Ipn, nhay cdc, ding hien phuc tap. Trong tieu tiiuylt Non nong Un canh cic kilu kit clu kl den cdn cd kit cau gip khuc. Cot \iuy^a trong tiiu tiiuylt niy khdng tiieo tiidi gian tiiyln tinh, khdng tiieo mOt ti-gt ty tiidi gian tang din ma cd sy dao Idn tiieo mdt tiiic tiidi gian hien tgi - qui khd hoan tiianh - hien tgi tiep dien, liSn tyc, tiep bien nhau.
Gii Binh Ao la nhi van hi^n dgi ludn cd sy tim tdi, till nghi?m nhdng hinh tilde ngh?
tiiuat mdi trong sang tie ciia minh. Nha vin da lao ddng cgt lye ti^n timg con chu vdi v6n van hda diy dan, va khdng roi vao mpt tinh ttgng ty tiioa man ma ludn tun each but phi tria co scr kiln tgo nhiing cii mdi me, tio bgo. Dpc gii da quen tiiudc vdi nhdng cudn tiiu thuylt "diy tinh vin dk" vl npi dung, da dgng linh hogt vl kit clu eiia dng nhu Bach dg, Trdng tron, Cugc tinh, Phi do.... Trong dd Gia Binh Ao tiiudng xuyen vin dyng kilu kit clu gip kliiic - mdt dgng kit eiu tieu bilu ciia tiiu thuylt hien dgi. Nhiing miin khdng gian dupe ndi dai, ranh gidi giiia qua khd - hien tai - tuong lai bi xda sgch, thdi gian tuyen tinh mpt chieu dupc thay thd bdi thdi gian dio tuyIn, da chilu, nhin vgt gilu mmh sau nhiing cudc ddi thogi rdi rac hoae sau nhihig khoing lang khdng ldi. Dgc biet vi^c sd dung yeu td huyin thogi, k j io dk xay dyng kit eau la dgc dilm rieng, d^c dio da tgo nen phong cich tieu thuyet Gii Binh Ao, giup ong till hi^n cac mli li^n h$ chilu sau giiia cic hi£n tupng, su kipn cOa ddi song.
Tiiu thuylt vilt vl nhiing sy kien xiy ra vio nhdng nam bdn muoi cho den nhiing nam cudi till ky XX, eic sy kien dien ra nhung khdng theo mdt true thdi gian cd dinh. Kim Cau dupc sinh ra vio nhirng nam nam muoi, nam mudi sau tudi di linh, va sau nam nam trd vl que huong. Nhung nha van Gii Binh Ao lai khdng viet tilp cupc ddi cua Kim Clu, dng Igi de nliin vgt cua minh quay ve thdi gian Kim Clu chuin bi nhip ngu, trong cai dem Tiiu Thuy lim binh cheo de tien Kim Ciu len dudng btnh an. Su luyen ti&c khac khoii nhu khdng mudn rdi xa nhau, e then, tinh trong nhu da... Sau dd mieu ta dam cudi ciia Tieu Thiiy vdi nhirng tiii hi, dan dau. Rdi nhi van tiep tuc mieu ta cupc song khi Kim Ciu di tiiuyln, Tilu Thuy phu giiip dng ngoai ciia mmh... Thdi gian ddt khuc, ngit dogn, nliung khdng vi thi mi rdi rac. Kit clu gap khiic tgo dp day tiidi gian cho tic phim, thi hien mpt hien tiiyc rdi loan, nhilu biin cd diin ra, khdng giy nhim chin eho ngudi dpc. Nhung khoing thdi gian ndi tilp, xen ke nhau la nhirng khoing trdng de dpc gii chiem nghiem va suy n ^ i vl nhirng sy kien trong tie phim.
5. Thu pbap "la hoa"
Tie phim nghg thugt khdng phai la mot phep cdng nhung tiiu phap rdi rac ma li mdt tip hpp nhung thii phip, tiong dd cd nhung tiiu phap chii dao, tfieo quy luat npi tai ciia tic phim mi vdi nd toan bp chit liSu diu dupe td chuc Igi nhIm dgt tinh van hpc. Tinh van hpc d day khdng phii li dieu gi khie ma la tiiti phip "lg hda" ngdn ngu v i td chuc chit lieu. Cic nha hinh tilde lugn eho rang vin hpc li mdt till gidi dpc lip, ed nhdng quy luit ndi tai rieng biet. Nghfi tiiugt CO gii tii ty tiiin, nd nhu mpt tiiii phip nhlm !g hda, ddi mdi each nhin, tang cudng sy min cam ngdn ngu d dpc gia nhd nhdng tiiu phip lam xio ti-pn cac hmh tiiuc cam nh|n quen
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH$. Tmong Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc HuS T$p 4, S6 2 (2016) thupc v i miy mdc ciia hp. Theo sy phat hien cua Skhlovsky, dai vin hao L.Tolstoy thudng mieu t i sy vit khdng nhu tdn gpi sin eo ciia nd ma nhu mdi nhin thiy nd lln diu. Vi thi cich diin dgt cua L. Tolstoy thudng mdi lg hip din. Vi^c tim kilm mpt hinh thdc diin dgt mdi cho tac pham nghe thugt rd ring li mpt nhu clu cua bit ky nha van nao, ngay ea nhiing ngudi ngheo nan nhit vl chd nghTa.
Gia Binh Ao quan nipm ring: " Sing tie tilu thuylt ma theo khudn miu la diiu thIt bai cd thi thiy trudc. Cdt 16i nhit ciia nhi vin li sang tgo vi muu ciu thay ddi. Igp lai chinh mmh li bi kich v i ve can ban sS khdng tin tgi, se lim eho dpc gia nham chin. Vi vgy mi tdi, cho din nay vin ludn tim kilm sy dpt pha cho eac tic phim cua chinh mhih "[l,tr.31]. Chinh vi diiu do nen khi dpc tac phim ciia Gia Binh Ao, chiing ta dl dang nhin thiy dupc nhdng thii phap nghe thuat dpc dao, dua ngudi dpc dl tii cii la niy din cai lg khic, nhung chu yiu la tii nhirng diiu binh di, ngay c i nhiing dieu kleng ky it dua vao van hpc nhi van ciing manh dan dua vio dk md xe mpt each tinh te vi phan tich mdt cich hpp ly. Tilu thuylt Non nong lly bdi cinh xa hpi Thuong Chiu l i mdt dia danh khdng cd tiiyc tren bin do, day chi la mpt Thuong Chiu trong trii tim cua tic gii mudn gdi gim din cho dde gii mi thdi. Nha van "biy dgt" nhirng dilm lg tren mdt cai khung nSn quen thupc. Hay ndi cich khic, nhi van dang sd dyng thii phap "lg hda" hien thuc. Mpt bdi cinh hien thye nhimg ciing thgt u Hnh, im u, linh thieng nhung Igi ehda dyng diy bidn dpng eiia cupc sdng. Mupn hinh anh Thuong Chiu dl n8u ISn mdt thye trang hdn tgp, vd chinh phu ciia x3 hpi Trung Qudc liic bay gid. Vdi tac phim, khdng chi don thuin li mieu t i hidn thye mi con phii cim thy bang cam giac. Cuon tilu thuyet niy vdi nhung chi tiSt la xuat phit td nhiing sy kien, do vgt ddi thudng trong cupc sdng. Khac vdi tieu thuydt Td thap nhdt phdo ciia Mgc Ngon vdi nhiing chi tiet lg hoang dudng nhu nhan vat La Tieu Thdng hieu vi bidt ndi ehuydn vdi thit thi trong Ndn nong, cic chi tidt do Igi gan gui vdi ddi song tiiudng ngay. He thdng nhan vat dupe miSu t i mdt eich khii quit, nha van dat cho nhan vgt ciia minh nhiing cai ten gin gui vdi ngudi din nhu nhin vat Trung Hoa nhu: Kim Ciu, Tieu Thuy, Dien Trung Chuih... dd la nhiing nhin vit dupe hu ciu td nhiing con ngudi thye trong ddi sdng hing ngay.
Nhan vat Kim Cau dgi di?n eho tang ldp thanh nidn thdi dgi mdi xuat hi?n mpt cich ky la, ky la den muc ngudi dan cho la quy am vio. Nhung do Igi li dieu Idi cudn va gay sy td md cho dde gii, mdt sd ngudi xuat than khdng binh thudng tat se lam nen nhiing vipc bat binh thudng. He thdng nhan vit khdng phii li nhirng nhan vat toin ven, hoin hao. Hp cd didm tit, cung cd khuyet diem giy ra nhdng bat hanh cho chinh hp vi nhiing ngudi khic sau niy. Vi nhu Tilu Thiiy, bat hgnh ciia Tilu Thuy lai li do ning qui luong thien, bao dung vi bj dpng trong tmh yeu. Cii la nay se lim sy nghiem tiie b| phi vd, qua do dyng y da kieh ciia lac gii cing ting cao.
Nhiing chi tilt tudng tupng ky ao trong tieu thuyet Non ndng di tao ra nhiing cam xuc xa lg, ky quii gay sy hieu ky eho dpc gii. Chim "chd coi mii", mdt loii chim linh thieng, tieng keu ciia nd "chd cin, tieng gam nhu bdo, don dap khdng diit"[l,tr.20]. Hay ehuyen Han Van Cd gap ddi chd bilt ndi tiing ngudi, Bgch Huong Huong, dng thp ren m|t rd chit vi nhip hdn trd vl trong xic ngudi din ba hang xdm ciia dng ta...de ndi len cudc song ciia hp noi am phu va udc nguyen cua hp. Chinh nhihig In dc, nhimg ndi nilm dupc pha them chit ky io da dem Igi
Dau an hi$n dai tmng tic pham Non Nong cua Gia Binh Ao
tiing ndi moi me cho hipn tiiyc vdn da qui quen tiiudc. Cai ky io trong mdi chi tilt, hinh anh dupc tiling hoa, till hien quan niem nghd tiiugt trong mdt tiie gidi da chieu.
Thu phap la hda ngoai td chuc chit li|u cdn tin tgi d ngdn ngii. Cd till tim tiily vd s6 eich diin dat di ddm, tiiim siu, hip din trong nhilu tilu tiiuylt, tiuyen ngin duong dai vdi tiiu phap so sinh, vi von, gilu nhgi, nghjch ngu. Ding chd f li sy tim kilm cich tiie hiSn mdi cho cic kilu Idi van tiln tiiuat, ldi ddi tiiogi... tiic li bmh dien rit ca bin cua ngdn ngd tir tilu tiiuylt. Trudc hit li sy ddi mdi Idi din ti-ong cic dogn ddi tiioai. Thdng tiiudng ldi din dii tiioai trong truyen la mot clu tnic chu vj diy dii kem vdi mdt so tit, ngd chi ti-gng tiiii cua nhan vat tham gia ddi tiiogi. Nhung trong tilu thuylt Non nong tic gii da giin lupc di mpt each tii da dl chi cdn Igi mdt clu tnic chu vj ngIn nhat cd the:
"Kim c l u hdi: Di dau biy gid?
Phuc Van dip: Di hieu thp ren Bach Thach Trai.
Kim c l u ndi: Minh ciing di!"[l,tr.25]
Qua mlu ddi thogi tien, ngudi dpc khdng till bilt tim ti-gng ciia nhan vit trudc khi noi nhu thi nao. Ngoii ra, trong tic phim, nhi van con linh hoat sd dyng nhung diem ti'eh, nhirng cau ca dao, din ca xen ke trong ddi sdng tiiudng ngiy: "Tiln vao nhi khd nhu gid vao nha trdng"[l,tr.l22], "Ai oi chd cd lam quan, lam quan lira ke bien sang tiianh hen"[l,tr.254],
"Ngudi dep vi lua, lua tdt vi phan"[l,tr.315]...va nhdng diin ti'eh ve vua Ly Trj Thanh, chuyfn Nhac Phi gap nan. Vi nhung bii hd keo thuyin tren sdng Chiu: " Sdng Chau udn luon quanh quanh/Ao io sdng nude chenh vdnh con tiiuyen? Thac ghenh, ghdnh thac lien mien? Khong viing tay lai dung len Chiu Hi.. ."[l,tr.747]
Mdt die dilm khac vl ngdn ngft trong Non ndng li sy xuit hidn khi nhieu td ngii thdng tuc. Gia Binh Ao ket nhap ldp tu ngu thdng tuc d mdt gidi han cho phep, khdng lam inh hudng tinh thim my cua tac pham van chuong. Ong cdn tao in tuong d nhihig doan mieu ta chuyen 3n ii ciia con ngudi va d nhflng chuyen tudng nhu "ngin nim trudc, ngin nam sau van thd" ay , Gii Binh Ao di cd nhiing cich didn dat khac lg, bit ngd. Nhu vay vdi thd phip la hda, Gii Binh Ao da dem lai cho tic phim sy ly ky hip dan. Cdng vdi hien thuc, thu phap lg hoa cung gop phin the hien tu tudng va tai nang cua nhi van. Cai tdt, cii xiu dan xen nhau, qui khu va hien tgi, kyaovihidn tiiyc... cii np noi tiep cai kia tgo nen sy hoan chinh ciia tic phim.
Ndn ndng li bd tieu thuylt co ndi dung sau sac va y nghTa, dong thdi cd net dpc dao vl nghd thuat hau hien dai tii kit can tac phim cho din thu phap, ngdn ngu, giong di?u... Bp tilu thuylt mdt lln nua khing dinh quan niem tham my mang din In ci nhan dim net cua Gii Binh Ao tien van dan Trung Qudc duong dai. KhIng djnh vi ti-i cua nha van Gii Binh Ao trong long dde gia tiong nude cung nhu trdn thi gidi.
^ J CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH$, Tmimg Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hue Tgp 4, So 2 (2016)
^ TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
[1]. Gia Bmh Ao (1980). Non ndng, Vu C6ng Hoan dich, NXB Phy nii. H i Npi.
[2], H i Minh Dire {Chii bien) (2000). Ly ludn vdn hgc, NXB Giao dye. Ha Ndi.
[3]. Le Huy Ti6u (2003). Thi gidi ngh§ tiiugt Uongg tilu tiiuyet cua Mgc Ngdn, Tgp chi Van hgc. s i 4, trang 16-24.
[4]. Tmong Quynh (1998). Nam muoi n i m v3n hpc Tnmg QuIc mdi, Tgp chi Vdn hgc, sd 9.
[5]. Trin Dinh Sd (2003). Gido trinh ddn ludn Ihi phdp hgc, Hui.
[6]. Trin Dinh Sd (Chu bien) (2012). Lilugn van hgc, NXB Dgi hpc Su pham. Ha Npi.
T H E H A L L M A R K OF P O S T M O D E R N I S M IN JIA P I N G W A ' S TURBULENCE
Do Tbu Thuy Department of Literature and Linguistics, Hue University College of Sciences Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT
Jia Pingwa is one of ihe biggest names in contemporary Chinese literature. His works are renowned in world literature such as Deserted City, Missing Wolves, of which. Turbulence (Fuzao) won the Pegasus prize in 1991. In the novel Turbulence, postmodern hallmark was shown by folding integration, open structure, and "defamiliarizalion". We hope that this article will contribute to conffrm the value ofthis famous fiction.
Keywords: Jia Pingwa, postmodernism, China.
