CHCI NGHIA MAC - LtNiN, TUTi/dNG H 6 C H I M I N H vrrHOiPAi
N H O N G CONG HIEN CUA PH.ANGGHEN TRONG VIEC XAY Dl/NG
CHU NGHIA VO THAN KHOA HOC
• ThS PHUNG THI AN NA Vien Chu nghia xa hgi khoa hgc, Hgc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
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l xay dung dupc mdt he thdng triet hpc hodn hi, mdt thi gidi quan khoa hpc, C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen da dl tam nghien ciiu den van de tdn giao, hinh thanh chil nghia vd than, bac bd nhung quan diem than hpc va nhflng hinh thdi biin thi rinh vi ciia tdn giao luan. Mac, Angghen dd vach ra tinh chat sai ldm dudi mpi hinh thuc ciia chii nghia duy tam, ddng thdi chung mmh tinh han chi, phien dien, khdng tnet de ciia chu nghia duy vdt va vd than luan trudc do.Angghen khdng ban nhilu den tdn gido, nhung nhimg tu tudng vl tdn giao cua dng rat ddc ddo vd sdu sdc. Thuc te, khi dua ra quan diem ciia minh ve tdn giao, Angghen khdng nhdm muc dich xay dung nen mdn chii nghia vd than khoa hpc, nhung chinh nhung vdn dl tdn gido ma dng luan giai (ban chdt, ngudn gdc, tinh chat, chuc nang, vai trd cua tdn gido) da trd thanh mot bd phdn khdng the thiiu
trong h0 thdng trilt hpc va chu nghia cOng sdn khoa hpc. Tim hiiu mpt sd luan diim co bdn vl tdn gido cua Angghen cho thdy cdng lao cua dng trong viec xay dung ehii nghia vd thdn khoa hpc.
Thti nhit, vl ban chdt ctia tdn gido. Khi ban vl ban chdt eiia tdn gido, Angghen dd luan gidi vd lam sdu sdc them tu tirdng "tdn gido la sir ttr y thiic dd bi tha hda" cua Mdc. Theo dng, tdn gido la sdn pham ciia sir tudng tupng bdi ddu dc va trdi tim con ngudi, nhung rdi sdn pham dd lai trd nen xa la, quay trd lai thdng tri con ngudi. Hinh anh thanh than, ma quy phan chiiu chinh hinh dnh ciia con ngirdi, vi con ngudi suy nghi va tudng tugng nhu thi nao thi se tao nen thdnh thdn, ma qu^ nhu vay. Cdi ma con ngudi cho la thanh thdn, ma quy ban chat chinh la tinh than, la tam hdn ciia hp. Nhung rdi, hp lai quy lay trudc san pham ma hp khdng he nhan ra la ciia ehinh minh dl cdu xin nhung gi bdt lire trong cugc sdng. Nhu vay, tdn gido la sir tha hda ciia nhdn thuc con ngudi vl the gidi va ve chinh ban than minh, hay ndi diing hon, la su tir y thiic da hi tha hod ciia con ngudi.
LfLUANCHlNH TRj-So3/2013
Tiip ndi luan giai cua Mdc vl ban chdt ciia tdn giao, Angghen da khdi qudt va phdn tich sdu sdc hon vdn dl nay trong menh dl ndi tiing: "tdt ed mpi tdn gido chdng qua chi la su phan dnh hu do - vao trong ddu dc ciia con ngudi - ciia nhirng lire lugng d ben ngodi chi phdi cupc sdng hang ngay cua hp; chi la sy phdn dnh trong dd nhimg lyc lupng d trdn thi da mang hinh thiic nhimg lyc lupng silu trdn the""'. Theo Angghen, tdn gido la su rut hit todn bd nOi dung ciia con ngirdi vd gidi ty nhiin va chuyin ndi dung dd sang cdi "bdng ma". Ong kit lugn: khdng nen di tim chdn ly d nhiing miln hdo huyin ciia the gidi ben kia, d mpt Thupng dl nao dd dudng nhu dang sdng dbin ttong thi gidi hogc ddi lap vdi thi gidi dd, ma phai tim chan ly ngay ttong ldng eiia con ngirdi. Ban chdt rilng ciia con ngudi vi dai va cao quy hon nhilu so vdi bdn chdt tudng tupng ciia tdt ca nhimg Thuong de cd the cd, vi nhiing Thupng de nay chi la sir phan dnh it nliilu map md vd hi bdp mlg ciia ban than con ngudi. Con ngudi da tu ddnh mdt ban chat ciia minh trong tdn gido, da xa rdi tinh ngudi, va khi tdn giao hi lung lay do tiin bd ciia lieh sii thi con ngudi mdi nhgn thay su trdng rong vd tinh khdng virng chdc ciia mmh. Con ngudi chi cd ldi thodt duy nhat, dd la khdc phuc mdt each cdn ban tat cd mpi quan niim tdn giao vd quay trd lai vdi ban chdt that eiia minh'^'. 6 day, Angghen da dl cao siie manh ciia ban than eon ngudi vd phe phdn tinh thu dpng, trdng chd vao sue mgnh eua tdn gido d eon ngudi. Vi chi cd mdt thuc thi duy nhdt la con ngudi vdi nang luc ty nhiin mdi cd khd nang ly tirdng hda ddi tupng cfla minh, thay thi tir nhien bdng mdt thi gidi khdc - the gidi chi tdn tai trong tu duy ciia chlnh minh, gdn cho till gidi dd nhirng pham
chdt cao hon thi gidi hien thue vd gpi nd la thi gidi ciia nhung cdi sieu tu nhien. The gidi dy khdng ndm ngoai xa hpi hien thuc vd chinh con ngudi dd tu lam ra tdn gido cho minh, chii khdng phdi tdn gido ldm ra tu nhiin, eon ngudi vd xd hpi. Nhu vdy, chi ed con ngudi mdi cd ndng li,rc tu duy va phdn dnh thi gidi hi^n thye, vd tdn gido chdng qua chi Id mpt trong nhiing hinh thdi cua y thuc xa hdi ma thdi.
Thii hai, vl ngudn gdc cua tdn gido. Khi dl cap nhflng ngudn gdc ra ddi cua tdn giao, Ang- ghen ddc biet chu y din ngudn gdc tu nhiin - xd hpi. Theo dng, chinh gidi tu nhien sdn smh ra tdn gido chii khdng phai tdn gido sdn sinh ra gidi tu nhien nhu quan diim ciia Duyrinh.
Angghen cho rdng, niu ttong thdi ky edng sdn nguyen thuy, con ngudi ta so hai trudc sue mgnh tu nhien, thi chdng bao lau sau, nhflng luc lupng xa hdi eiing trd thanh mdi lo sp ddi vdi hp - nhung luc lupng ndy ddn trd nin xa lg, ddi lap vdi con ngudi vdi cdi ve ben ngoai gidng nhu cdc lire lupng tu nhien dd timg thdng tri hg<3i. Dd la ndi sp hdi benh tdt, ddi nghio, su dp biic, bat cdng... Ngudi lao dpng liic nay chi la nhflng ngudi lam thue, khdng tu quyet dinh duoc sd phdn cua minh, II thudc gdn nhu hoan toan vao giai cap thdng tri. Noi sp hai ma hp khdng sao cdt nghia dupc chmh Id ngudn gdc xd hdi cho su ra ddi cua tdn gido.
Angghen da phii nhgn nhiing nhan thiic khdng khga hge vl ngudn gdc ciia tdn gido, nhirng quan diem duy tam vl tdn gido va chii nghia tin ngudng; cho rdng, than thanh tdn tgi tu nd, bin ngoai con ngudi, khdng phu thudc vao con ngudi, thgm ehi edn quyit dinh vd clii phdi su tdn tgi eua con ngudi vd toan bd thi gidi nay; than thdnh va con ngudi diu la san pham eiia gidi tu nhien, ciing tdn tai vd hien hiru.
LY LUAN CHlNHTR!-So 3/2013
^ rm-|Mr,H|A MAC-L6NIN,Tl/TlJdNG H 6 C H | M I N H VATHOIOAI
Suy cbn cting, khfing phii bin thin glM ti;
nbifin mi chlnh li su hgn chfi cOg con ngirdi truoc gifii ti; nhlfin, bgo gfim sy hgn chfi ciig lire lugng sin xufit vi trinh dfi tu duy, nhin thiic, di sin sinh ra y tiiire tfin giio. Difiu dfi cQng cfi nghia ring, ngufin gfic eila tfin giio gin Hfin vfii lich sir xi hfii, cfi diu in ciia xi bfii loii nguoi vfii nhiing tifin dfi, nhirng thay dfii vfi kinh tfi, vfi giai cip, ehii tfin giio hgy tiiinh thin khfing phii li cii cfi tnrfic hgy tfin tgi diu dfi, dfic Igp vfii con ngufii.
Sgu niy, Lfinin di khii quit lgi toin bfi nhitng qugn difim cila Mie, Angghen vi ngufin gfic ciia tfin giio: "Su bit luc cua giai cip hi boc Ifit trong cuoc diu tranh ehfing bgn bfic Ifit tit nhien dfi ra long tin vio mfit cugc dfii tfit dgp ban fir thfi gifii bfin kia, cung gifing y nhu S|r bit lue eua nguoi di man trong cufic diu tranh ehfing thien nhien dfi ra long tin vio thin thinh, ma quy, vio nhiing phfip miu, v.v.."'«.
Thii ba, vfi tinh lieh sii eua tfin giio. Ang- ghen khing dinh, su phit trifin eOg tfin giio gin vfii tifin trinh lich sii eug xi hfii loii ngiroi.
Ong phin bie lgi quan difim eOa Phgiobie, ring cic thoi dgi eiig loii ngufii ehi khic nhgu boi nhung thay dfii vfi phugng difin tfin giio.
Angghen phin tich, nhirng tfin giio eu niy sinh mfit cich tu nbifin trong cic bfi lac sfi mat hfit siic dfi khing mgt khi nen dgc lip ciia cic bfi lgc bi phi vo, cung nhu cic vi thin chi cfi thfi tifip tue tfin tgi trong tri tttong tugng ehimg nio din tfie tgo ra cic vi thin iy cfin tfin tai, khi din tfie dfi tifiu vong thi eie vi thin iy cung tieu vong theo'^'. Thi du su phit trifin cua dgo CoDfic vi Tin linh; theo Angghen, dgo CoDfic eung phit trifin theo su phit trifin eua chfi do phong kifin mi trfi' thanh tfin giio phii hgp vfii chfi do iy. Nhimg khi ting lop thi din rg doi
thi sv gfi bfi, rudm ra trong giio If, lfi nghi cia dgo Co Dfic khfing con phu hgp vfirilfii song tu bin vi dfii sfing dfi thi, trong khi dgo Tin linh, vfii vific giin tign cic nghi thiic, lgi tr6 nfin phil hgp hon vfii sy phit trifin cila cfing nghifip va ting Ifip thi din. Nghia li, nhiing thay dfii xi hfii vfi kinh tfi, vfi giai eip... da niy sinh ra tfin giio vi tfin giin lufin mang trong nfi nhiing diu in eilg xi hfii khi no cfin phil hgp vfii xi hfii iy.
MOt till dg nug dugc Angghen nfiu rg nhim minh ehiing cho qui trinh phit trifin eila tfin giio gin vfii tifin trinh phit trifin eiia xi hfii loii ngufii chinh li eon ducmg, hay eich thirc tu da thin giio chuyfin thinh nhit thin giio. Ang- ghen eho ring; "Dfin mgt giai dogn tifin hoi ego hon nug, thi toin bg nhUng thufic tinh nt nhlfin vi thugc tinh xi hot ciig nhifiu vi thin duge chuyfin sgng cho mfit vl thin vgn ning duy nhit, tuy nhifin bin than vi thin niy eung ehi li phin inh eug con ngtroi trim tirgng...
Nhit thin giio xuit hien"'". Nhu viy, nguyen nhin tir dg thin giio chuyfin thinh nhit than giio ehinh li tifin hoi xi hgi - tit thi tge bg lgc dfin hinh thinh din tfie. Do li qui trinh tgp hgp, thfin tinh vfi mit linh thfi vi phit Oifin vS mat kinh tfi, vin hoi, bit diu phin chia giai cip, do viy, nhieu vi thin eiia nhifiu bfi lgc tat yfiu phii mit di dfi cho mfit vi thfin duy nhit co siie manh vgn ning ra doi. Vi thin niy la bifiu tugng cho lire lugng xi hgi ehifin thing, dfing vgi tro trang tim ttong xi hfii, li dgi dign cua din tfie. Tfim lgi, su phit trifin cilg tfin giio tii da than dfin nhit thin di Ufin vdi su phit trien eug xi hgi tir thi tgc, bg lac sgng chfi dfi quan chil tiiSng nhit.
Thu tu, vi vai ttfi eua tfin giio. Angghen da phit hifin rg tinh eich mang vi din chu trong
LfLUANCHlNH TRI-Sfi 3/2013
Tugng dai Ph.Angghen tgi Nga tu tudng ciia Co Ddc gido nguyin thiiy. Ong da ddnh khdng It trang sdch viit ve dao Co Ddc khdi thiiy va di din nhan xit: ly thuyet ve su binh ddng ciia tat ca mpi ngudi trudc Chua ttong giao ly cua dao Co Ddc mac dfl mang ndng tu tudng thdn hgc, nhung tten thuc te, nd da ttd thanh mpt vu khi tinh than tiip them sue mgnh cho cdc cudc khdi nghia ndng dan thdi bay gid ddu tranh ddi su binh ddng ngay ttong thi gidi tran gian nay*^'. Theo dng, khdng phai Co Doe gido ed vu ddu tranh cho tdng ldp ndng ddn, thi dan ma chinh hp, nhiing tin dd ciia Co Ddc gido da thdm thdu Iy thuyet ve su binh ddng trudc Chua ttong cudn Kinh thdnh ma hp cdu nguyin hdng ngdy, dl roi tii dd nudi dudng vd nung ndu cde cupc ddu tranh ddi su binh ddng ngay trong xa hdi md hp dang sdng.
Nhu vay, cd thi eoi gido ly cua dao Co Dde Id mdt biiu hien cua tinh thdn binh ddng xd hdi.
Tu su binh ddng giira nhiing con ngudi trudc Chua, gido 1^ da rut ra sir binh ddng cua cdc cdng dan, vd ngay tir thdi bdy gid, mdt phdn ndo cflng chi ra su binh ddng vl tai san. Coi quy tdc binh ddng vdi ndng dan, quy tdc thdnh thi va thi ddn cd dac quyen binh ddng vdi
nhtmg ngudi binh dan, bai bd chi dp lao dich, dia td, thue khda, cdc ddc quyin, vd it ra Id thfl tiiu nhiing sir khde biet ndi bgt nhdt vl tdi sdn, dd la nhiing yiu sach dupc dl ra, vdi tinh cdch la nhflng kit luan rut ra tu hpc thuylt Co Ddc gido nguyin thuy™.
Nhu vdy, Angghen xem tdn gido nhu mpt hi^n tupng xd hgi phuc tgp, da dgng, gdn liln vdi nhimg linh vuc khdc nhau cua ddi sdng xd hdi. Ong dd chi ra tinh "yeu dt" cua chu nghia vd thdn trudc dd d chd khdng nhin thdy mdi quan he giua tdn gido vdi eo sd tran tyc sdn sinh ra nd Id nha nudc, la xa hdi hien thuc ma tdn gido dang tdn tai. Do dd, ddi vdi dng, chu nghia vd than khoa hgc khdng chi Id sy phii dinh, phi phan tdn gido mdt each thudn tiiy tu bien, ma cdn can phdi xay dung va hinh tiianh thi gidi quan duy vdt khoa hpc dl quSn ehiing nhdn ddn Iao ddng trd nin ly tinh hon, each mgng bona
(1) C.Mac vaPhAngghen: roan tap, t.20, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr,437.
(2) Xem C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, t.l, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ngi, 1995, tt.815.
(3},(6),(7) Xem C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen: loan t$p.
t.20, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 1994, tr.437- 438, 439,149-150.
(4) V.I.Lenin: Toan tap, t.l2, Nxb Tien bo, Matxcova, 1979, U.169-170.
(5) Xem C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Tuyen tap, t.6, Nxb Suthdt,HaNpi,1984,tt.417.
(8) Xem C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, t.7, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1993, tr.477-478.
LV LUAN CHiNHTRj-So 3/2013
