Dmfyfllpc i 33
J IVIgt so suy nghT ve each day ngOf phap
trong chifdng trlnh Tieng Viet cho hpc sinh tieu hoc ngiTofi Cham tai TP. HCIVI
(Co the sij di^ng cho nhieu hoc sinh dan too thieu so khac)
Lfe HOANG GIANG ThS. NCS K31. Trudng DHSP H i Ndi
D
gy hpc NgQ phip d Tilu hpe l i viee lim trpng y l u dQ ChUdng trtnh ngQ phip d tilu hpc chf d mQc dp sp giin, tuy nhlSn, diy l i nhQng kien thQc nin ting d l cic em vQng ving trong vl^c t h i hipn v i n bin d phin mdn T i p Lim Vin cOng nhu trong khi sQ dyng tilng Vlpt trong giao tilp, die bl^t l i hpc lin cic d p trSn. NhUng dilu niy khdng d l ding dli vdl vlpe dgy hpe NgO phip eho hpe sinh tilu hpe ngUdi Chim tgi thinh phi H6 chf Minh. Cic em vdn da It sQ dyng tilng Vi^t trong giao tilp gia dinh, giao tilp d n g ding nhd cQng nhOt nhit, ty ti, Igi thim nguySn nhin nOa l i vdn tQ vyng ft, hilu v l tif logi tilng Vi^t Igi d n g md ho nen viee nam ehae ngO phip tilng Vipt l i rlt khd khin. Cic em vilt d u sal, d u md h i , md nghTa l i vlic thudng xiy ra trong b i i L i m vin. Khio sit thyc t l dgy v i hpc tilng Vi^t trong dja b i n d e quin cd hpc sinh tilu hpc ngudl Chim theo hpc, chung tdi mgnh dgn dua ra nhQng phuong phip hOu hipu khi dgy hpc ngQ phip eho dil tupng hpc sinh niy, nhim glQp eie em sQ dyng tieng ViSt ed y thQc, xem tilng Vilt l i ngdn ngO phi thdng d n thilt cho hpc t i p v i eupe sing eQa eie em sau niy.I. GlAO V I ^ N CAN HE JHO'NG CHUCING T R I N H N G O P H A P DUQC DAY d t l i u HQC
Theo SGK v i ehUdng trinh Tilng Vlpt bic Tilu hpc, hpc sinh phii dupe hpc v l d c tU logi, danh tQ, ddng tU, tfnh tQ, dgi tu, quan hp tit, nhOng kf^il niSm v l d u v i thinh phin d u , nhu chu ngQ, vj ngQ, trgng ngO; d c kigi d u dupe phin logi theo d u tme nhu d u ddn, d u ghSp, phin logi tt>eo mye d f d ndi ning n h u d u k l , d u hdi, d u khiln, d u d m ; d c ddn vj tren cfiu nhu dogn vin, v i n bin v i d e phSp llSn kit d u . dogn. Nhu trSn d i ndi, diy l i nhOng kiln thQc ngQ phip cd bin nhit, tlnh glin nhlt nhung cOng l i nhQng ddn vj ngO phip d n y l u nhit m i chOng ta phii trang bj eho hpc sinh biu hpc.
Khio sit npi dung, chUdng trinh v i d e h giio khoa Tilng Vl^t Tilu hpe tu ldp 2 din tdp 5, chdng ta nhin thiy, chupng trinh NgQ phip dupe sip x i p nhU sau.
1. V I cic k h i i ni^m ngi] phip
Nghiin cQu t d n bp dUOng trinh ngQ phip. dQng ta thiy
myc tieu eiia viee dgy hpe d e khii nlim NgQ phip ehf d mUc dp nhin biet cP ban nhU, vdi danh tQ thi la v l sy vat {ngudi, vit), dpng tQ thi hogt ddng, trgng thii, tinh tU thi v l tlnh chit, die dlim, quan he tU l i kit nil,... Cie khii nipm nhU k l , hdi, cim,.. nhin bilt v l dogn vin. v i n bin, .„
1.1. Phin lUlogI
Dgy eho hpe sinh nhin bilt v l eie tQ logi mpt cich cd bin nhlt cung vdl d e h kit hpp die trUng nhit giQa chung vio hogt ddng giao tilp. Ching hgn, danh tU vdi die trUng v l nghTa l i chf ngudi, v i t (sy vit). dpng tQ vdi die trUng v l nghTa la hogt dpng v i trgng thii, tfnh tQ vdl die trUng v l nghTa l i tfnh ehit, die dilm. quan hS tQ vdi die trQng l i nli kit, _ Sy kit hpp vdi d e tu logi khae de tgo cym tQ, d u cda d c tQ logi tren cdng dupe trang bj mpt d e h cd bin n h l t
Ldp 2, 3: NhOng bii hpc nh^n bilt v l danh tQ chU ehUa d bit hpe v l danh tU, nghTa l i d ldp hai ehl dgy nhin bilt v l hiin tupng, ching hgn nhU tim nhQng tQ chl t i n ngudi, d l vit... cd trong d u , dogn van sau. Ddng tQ v i cae tQ logi khie eung d mQc dp dd. (Xin xem Tilng Vigt 2, 3 eie trang 26, 52, 67, 91) Ldp 4, 5: 6 ldp 4 V 5, d c khii niSm ve cac tU logi nhU, danh, dpng, tfnh, quan hS tQ, dgi,,.- dupe dgy theo d u true bii hpe quy trlnh chuin dl tQ khii niim din kha nang kit hpp, ehQe d n g eu phip.
Tilng Viet 4, t i p 1, d e trang, 53, 57, 93,106, 110,..
Tilng Viet 5, tap 1, 92. 104, 109, 121,-.
1.2, Phan cau va thinh phin du
TUdng ty viS d e trinh bay ve tQ logi, d u v i thanh phin d u cung dupe trtnh biy theo d u true tQ nhin bilt d c hien tupng din tim ban chat cQa ddi tUpng. Ciu v i thinh phin d u eung dupe d e tie gii SGK phin chia tQ ldp 2 din ldp 5.
Ldp 2. Cic bii hpe v l thinh phin d u dUpc trinh biy dUdi dgng tra ldi d u hdi: Ai? Cii gl? Con gl? La gl? Lim gl? T h i nio? ... (Xin xem TV2, T l , 45, 52, 67, 90, .„)
Ldp 3: Cac bai hpc v l thinh phin ciu d dgng d u hdi: 6 diu? Khi nio? Nhu t h i nio"? Lim sao? Vl sao' Bing gl? (Xm xem TV3, T2, d c trang 8. 26, 44, 53...).
Ldp 4: Cie bii hpe v l Ihinh phin d u nhu chu ngQ, vl ngQ.
so 10-2014 D g l f f f l H j y
trgng ngQ dUpc trang bi 1^ hun, day du hon.
B i i hpe v l ehQ ngQ, vi ngQ d Tieng VlSt 4. Tap 1, trang 171. Tap 2, trang 6, 16, 29, 36,..
Bai hpe ve trgng ngQ d Tieng Viet 4, t i p 2, d e trang, 126, 129, 134,.
1.3. Phan dogn van vi vin tjan
NhQng kiln thQc v l dogn vin, liin kit d u , liin k i t doan, nhan dien va vilt van ban ba phin lim nen ting viee day hpe Phan mdn Tgp l^m van (Xm xem Tieng Viit 4, t i p 2, trang 32, 52, 53; Tieng Viet 5, t i p 2, trang 72).
2. Cic quy tac ngQ phap
6 T i l u hpc, dgy cae quy t i e ngQ phap cho hpe sinh la dgy nhQng each tgo d c kilu eau, e i c phep lien k i t e i u , d i u d u , eic phep lien k i t dogn {Xin xem Tieng Viet 2, tap 1, trang 116; Tiing Viet 3, tap 2, trang 117; Tieng Viet 5, t i p 2, trang 71. 72).
He thong chUdng trinh se giQp giio vien se rit tiiuan trong viec lien he kiln thQe trong tilt dgy hpc ngQ phap cy t h i cho hpc sinh. D l i vdi hpe smh ngUdi Cham, tiiao tae liSn h i cQa giio vien se nhic nhd cho d c em d e ddn vj kiln thQc ngQ phap ma d c em da quSn!
II. VE MAT TAIVI LY HQC. GIAD VIEN LUON TIM HIEU KY DOI lirONG HQC SINH
Vdl die thU v l eQ ngy trSn dja bin, nhQng Idp hpc d d d c trQdng chf dupe phin b l s l lupng hpc sinh Cham it, chl bang 1/
3 sT so cQa ldp. NhUng cung d ldp, sd lupng chl cd khoang 7 den 8 hpo sinh, Nin khi vio Idp 1, mgc du da dupc hpc tilng Vl^t d Vudn tre, cic em hpc sinh Cham van d n thai dp e de, nhQt nhit, die biet cic em lai d n g nhQt nhit trUde sU hleu ddng, nhanh nhgn eua hpe smh ngUdi Kinh. Chinh t i m ly tU ti dd da khlln eic em rit khd gin, rat khd giao tilp cQng ban be, viic phit bilu x i y dyng bii, trao doi, thao lugn, hay tham chl t r i ldi eiu hdi eiia ed giao trong gid hpc lgi cang khd khan. Giao viin can nlm tim \<f nay ciia hpc sinh de d d e h tiep d "
nhanh chdng vdi d c em, khdng de cie em giQ thii dd nhQt nhit trong thdi gian lau d Idp diu d p . Giio viin d n sdm eho d c em hda dong nhau ngay tQ cac thing dau cOa nam Idp mpt Cich "chQa" benh tam ly nay chinh l i sQ chl dgo eua cd giio tryc tilp dQng ldp. Giio vien khdng d l hpe smh ed sy phin piSt, ky thi din tpc, hay tgo ra khdng khi hda dong ngay tQ khi d e em gap nhau trong to ehQc Idp hpc, d l d e em lim ban vdi nhau, ndi chuySn vdi nhau. Qua trinh giao tilp dd la cd giao da giin tilp tgo ra se lim tang v6n tU vyng trong cie em gap bdi lln hieu qua gid dgy ehinh thQc. Thdng qua tiep xQc, cic em se d thim vdn song, von van hda cua nhau.
Nhu vay, tgo tam ly hpc tgp thoai m i l la nen tang cQa hieu q u i dgy hpc!
III. D/IY HQC NG(J PHAP SIJT DIJNG NGUYEN T A C GIAO TIEP KHdl GQI NOI HAM KHAI NIEM DAY HQC
Khi d l cap den dgy hpe NgQ phap theo quan diem giao tilp, chQng ta thiy nhu khong cd gi mdi me. Nhung van dyng nguyin tie niy trong dgy hpe NgQ phap eho hpc smh tieu hpc ngudi Cham Igi mang tfnh dae thQ. NghTa la dQ day hpe tieng Vlpt ndi chung hay dgy hpc NgQ phap ndi rlSng eho bat ky ddi tupng nio, ehOng ta cung tQ quan dilm tdi uu nay. D i l vdi hoe sinh tieu hpc ngudl Chim, d m ngQ tieng Viet trong eac em chua cd nen khi dgy hpc nhQng ddn vi kien thQc ngQ phip mang tinh trQu tupng, eac em rat khd tiep nhin. Giio viSn can
miSu ta ndi h i m khii niSm bang nhQng sy vit, hiSn tUpng gin gui, quen thupc de d c em dS nhgn diin. Van d l niy se dan den v i n de tiidi IUpng trong mdi phan, myc cQa tilt dgy ngfl phip d n dupc thay d l i cho phd hpp.
Chang hgn, khi day bai Ddng tQ, Tilng Vigt 4, t i p 1, chung ta chQ y den khai nidm ddng tU 6 h i m nghTa hogl ddng. trang t h i l .
Vdi ndi ham hogt dpng, giao vien can giai thfch khai mem d y bang tUeUng hoge gan nghTa nhu chuyen ddng. di duyin, bang nhQng dpng tQ cy the, rat gan vdi hpc sinh, dd la nhDng hogt dpng ma hpe smh thudng l i m hang ngiy, hay ngay ci trong gid hpc: chgy, dl. hpe, dpc, md. gap (v6)_. Die biSt, Qi giQp hpc sinh hleu \C^ hdn ham nghTa thQ hai l i trgng thii, giio vien cin: ttiQ nhat, giio vien dUa ra nhQng tU chl tam tigng thudng xay ra trong hpc sinh: buon. vui, gian, hdn,._, thQ hai, giio viin giup eho hpc sinh hilu dupc nghTa D O N G trong trgng thii, nhitng v i n d l thupc t h i gidi tlnh than trong con ngudi vin
"LANG", an s i u ndi tam, i m tinam trong tU duy. Phan niy.
ehdng ta rat khd giang cho hpe sinh Cham hilu, cho nin glSo vien d n chQ y dua ra nhi3ng dan lieu ed ban, thudng xay ra, de nhin thi'y de bai giang hieu q u i . Cieh d i n nay se giQp hpc sinh Cham hilu sau dupe khii nipm D O N G oQa dpng tQ. Hl$u q u i eua bien phip nay cdn phy thudc vao sy din dat, sy dlSn giii, cich dgt eau hdi eiia giio vien. 6 diy, chQng tdi khdng thS dUa ra mau giao an bdi giio i n ciia tiet hpe m i giao vien chuSn bj d nha d l f i phUdng an thU nhat. LSn ldp, giao vien se tDy tlnh huong, tuy tQng ddi tudng hpe sinh ey t h i m i cd "giao irf thQ hai tren nen ting kiln thUe v l ndi dung dgy hpeva kiln thtic v l phUPng phap dgy hpc eiia ban thin.
Nhu vgy, cie kieu bit hpc hinh thanh khai niem tCJ lo?l (Danh, Tinh, Dgi, Quan he tQ,..), ehQng ta d i u sQ dyng b i ^ phap tren de khi vao hinh thanh khai niem, hpe sinh se d§ dins nim bit, v i vdl d e h lim niy, hpc sinh ngudi Kinh eung hilu sau thSm van de can hpc.
Khi dgy bai Them trang ngQ cho d u 6 ldp 4, ey the la Trgng ngQ chl thdi gian, chQng ta chQ y d e h lim cho hpc sinti nhan ra d l ding dd la thanh phan trgng ngQ chl thdi gian:
Giio vien d n biet d l goc eua logi trgng ngU niy l i nhOng tQ ehl thdi gian. NSn budc vao dgy thinh phan phy niy cho ti^c sinh Cham, khie vdi dgy hpe ngQ phip cho hpc sinh nguM Kinh, giao vien d n ehuan bi - dat cau hdi eho hpc sinh tim nhQng tQ chf thdi gian. Oiy mdi la eii n i n d l hpe ddn vi kiSn thQe nay! Luc niy, nhQng danh tQ ch? thdi gian d n dUpc nhic tdi v i md rpng: ngiy. tiling,.., h l i , dgo, thud, lUc,.-
TUPng ty nhu t h i , ehQng ta se dQng each niy d l dgy cic logi trang ngQ khie trong ehUdng trinh!
IV. DAY HQC NGQ P H A P TRONG KHI T R A BAI TiiiP LAM VAN
T i p L i m Van l i phin mdn ting hpp tat d d e phin mfln Chlnh ta. Tap dpc. LuySn tQ v i d u , , . NSn b i i T^p Lim VSn ciia d c em se hdi ty nhQng diem hay, dilu t i t v l kiln thQc ciia c i c em thu lUdm trong q u i trinh hpe d c phan mdn k l trS^
Tuy nhiSn T i p L i m V i n cQng l i ndi Id rd nhQng sal sdt, ntnf?c dilm cQa hpc sinh trong q u i trinh hpe tgp kien thQc d d e phSi>
mdn eiia mdn Tilng Viit. Khi cham bai T i p L i m Vin ciiah(>c smh, giio vien d n bilt xac djnh ldi, phin logi ldi v i tim ra cidi ChQa hay, hip d i n cho hpc sinh trong q u i tiinh t r i bii. GiSo vien khdng the phS bing nhQng tQ, cym tQ r i t chung nhii *&>
dgt {dd), dung tU ( m i khdng bilt dQng sai nhu t h i nio vidOng
DtyvaH^i
sao cho ddng), giio viSn khdng phit hien rd loi dQng tQ sal nghTa, khdng dQng phong deh,_ Hoie phS v l ISi ngQ phap la d u cyt, d u q u i {Thyc t l , ehi ai ndi nhQng d u sail rjii d u cyt, d u que d ! ) mdt c a d md hd^ Loi ngQ phip d rat nhieu logi "ldi, dUng sai chUc ning tit loai, ldi ve diu d u , d u thilu ehii ngQ, thilu vj ngQ, d u thilu d cym ehQ vi,... Khao sit tiiyc t l bii lim mdn NgQ van cQa hpc sinh THPT, THCS, chung tdi cung n h ^ thiy d e h p h i niy d n cd da s6 giio viin NgU van. ThQc ra, gid tra b i i se glQp hpc sinh d tiiem lupng kiln thQe thye hinh v i n bin rat Idn, hpc smh se nhgn rd ngpn ngudn cQa ISi tiong bii lim v i hpc dupc nhieu d e h sQa. Dan din, d c em se hoin thiSn kiln thQc tiiyc hinh v i n ban, cung nhu nhQng kiln thQc v l V i n hpe. Kham benh ma thiy thudc WiSng bilt xae dinh logi hay d n benh d binh nhin thi lim sao thiy chQa khoi binh cho con bSnh dupe. Hpc sinh cung viy, bii lam cQa d e em mac nhilu ISI nhQng giao viSn khdng chl ra cy t h i thi cie em se khdng the hleu minh da sai gi, dae biet, eac em Igi khdng bao gid tiln bp vdi 111 p h i md h i kia eQa giio viSn. Cho nin, chQng ta rit ein thilt phai nam chac cic logi ldi trong friUc hinh van ban va cd nhilu d e h ehUa eho mpt logi loi, de hpc sinh cd dupe nhllu d e h sQa sal, r l i tiln tdi se vilt dQng. vilt hay van bin.
Chang hgn, vdl bii lim sau cQa hpe sinh, ehQng ta se chim, phin logi Idi v i dua ra cich chQa:
ChUng tdi xin trieh mpt dogn trong mdt bai Lam van eua mpt hpc sinh ldp 5 t i v l mtia xuin d q u i hUdng. B i i vilt d dogn: "MUa xuin d qui em md rit nhiiu hdi. Nhiing ngiy iy trin dudng ed rit nhidu cac 6ng eac bi tay cim 6 den 6 dd ddng ndi chuygn rim ran nhd Ijiy dilm lfu io ggi mg".
Dogn v i n trSn, vQa dpc qua, ta thiy r i t hay, bii vilt hay d chd, hpc sinh bilt chpn v i n d l miSu t i , cd so sinh. T h i nhung, nhQng d e h bilu hl^n i y cQa d c em d i u mic ill. Dpc dogn v i n trSn, giio viSn d n phin logi \6\ nhu sau:
1. Ciu 1, hpc sinh da nhim ehQ thi, dd l i "MCia xuin d qui em"khdng t h i l i chu nhan md hdi dUpe, nhU vgy, "qui em"
mdi "md h&". ChQng ta sd dUa ra eieh sQa nhu sau:
Cich thQ nhlt: thay "d" bing diu phiy. Ciu dQng se l i
"Mda xuin, qui em md rit nhiiu hdi". d phin niy, chQng ta d n cho hpe sinh xie djnh lgi kiln thQc d thinh phin eau {Chii ngQ) da hpe, d l hpe sinh khie s i u kiln ttiQcl
Cieh thQ hai: thay "md"bing "ed", vi chu the "MCia xuin d qui em''khSng l i chQ t h i tgo hogt dpng m i l i chQ t h i tdn tgi hogt dpng. CSu ddng se l i : "Mda xuin d qui em cd rit nhiiu hdi". ChQng ta tUU y eho hpc sinh kiln thQc v l "Ddng tiT" da hpc, v i sy fiin quan giQa chQ the t i chii ngQ vdi ddng tQ lam vj ngQ trong d u . Giao vlSn d the dUa ra thim mdt so vf dy nhU:
Cinh ddng - bit ngit Con dUdng - thinh thang Biln d - minh mdng
N h i eQa (Vudn tupc) - rpng rai, thoang mat ... Hoic:
Hdm qua, B 6 da SAI em mang ly tieh di rQa.
Hdm qua, EM da N H O b l hUdng d i n em lim bii Lim v i n v l nhi.
NhUviy, hpc sinh se nh^n thiy dupe m5i ehQ t h i se tUdng Qng '-dl hogt dpng, trgng thii, tinh c h i t , d t h i , v i d c hogt dpng, bgng thii, tlnh e h i l . &y mdi l i die tn/ng eQa ehii ttil.
2. Ciu 2, Hpc sinh d i tiiilu d i u phly tich trgng ngQ vdl cym chii v|, L(i tiiQ hai, hpc sinh d i so sinh sai dtii tupng so sinh. nghla l i glQa chQ IhS so d n h v i dli tupng dupe so d n h
khong tUdng hdp, ey the, so sanh "cac dng de d ndi chuyen ram ran"v(i\ "bay diim lfu lo goi me".
Chung ta se hudng dan eho hpc sinh d e h sira sau:
ThQ nhit, giao viSn eho hpc sinh thSm dau phay sau trgng ngU, Cu the: "NhSng ngiy iy, trin dddng _ gd me".
LUu J: Giio viSn se nhae hpc sinh phin kiln thQc niy hpc d diu, dd l i phan nio, chac chan d c em se nhd ngay den bai hpe ThSm ti^^g ngQ eho d u " .
ThQ hai, day la loi so sinh m i ehQng tdi da phan tfch d trSn d i tgo ra hiiu q u i diin dgt kim, thim chf gay cudi, day t i phan kiln thQe thupc Tnh vyc Phong d e h hpc tieng Viet, nhUng tien t h i , chung tdi cung chf ra d e h sQa 6 day, la chQng ta hudng dan d e h ehpn v l so sinh hogc cung cd t h i do! ve so sanh i y bang mpt eym tit khae phQ hpp. Cy t h i : "Nhdng ngiy iy, trin dudng cd rat nhieu de dng dc bi tay cam d den 6 do, dOhg ndi chuyin rim ran lim nhpn nhip d mot vung que vdn yin binh Unh lgng". NhU vgy, viec thSm vi ngQ cho d u tren, chung ta d i biln ISi ve phong d e h thinh ldi v l ngQ phap.
Sau dd, ChQng ta cho hpc sinh viet lai dogn van hoin chfnh!
Neu gid tra bii nio, giio viSn cung thyc hien d n g viSe day trich nhiim nhU the, hieu q u i dgy hpe tieng Viet se rat cao d hpe smh Cham, d e em se rat nhanh tiln bp ti'ong viec sQ dyng tiSng ViSt Vilt chuin, cac em se thuc hien nhQng v i n bin tilng VISt dQng, hay. VlSe day hpe tilng ViSt cho hpc sinh ngUdi Cham khdng edn l i m l i lo eua nhllu nha giao dye, eQa phy huynh!
Dgy hpc ngQ phap eho hpe smh tieu hpc ngUdi Cham tgi thinh phi H i Chf Minh l i nhiim vy vd cung quan trpng eiia d c thiy CO giao dang tryc tilp chQ nhiem v i giang day. ChQng tdi nghT ring, kit q u i dgy hpc tdt se phy thupc vio d l tim cQa ngUdl dgy hpe. Ldng yiu nghi, y i u tre se giup giio viin vupt qua tit e i nhQng khd khan khi giing dgy mpt ldp hpc m i hpc sinh 6 nhieu hoin d n h khic. Lim cho cac em cung sdng trong ngdi nhi chung, eQng nhau hpe t i p tiln bp, giio vien da sQ dyng nhilu bien phap cieh tiiQc khac nhau. Bi d e em hpe sinh ngudi Chim hpe tit Tilng Vipt, giio viin d n chQ y din, ChUdng tiinh, tim \y va cac biSn phap cy thi trong tQng phin mdn. NgO phap tilng ViSt l i mdt phan nhd trong phin mdn Luyen tQ v i d u . T h i nhQng phin kiln IhQc niy l i phin nin quan trpng trong dgy hpc tieng VieL NhQng bign phip trSn se rat hQu hleu dli vdl dgy hpe tilng ViSt cho hpe sinh ngudl Cham, giup d c em s\l dyng tieng Viet thanh thao, hpc tdt eac mdn hpe khic trong chUPng trinh d cap Tieu hpc v i lim nin tang hpc tot d d c d p eao hdn!
TAI U E U THAM KHAO:
1. Cao XuSnHpo-Hoinr;DQng-BCiM^hHCrg,NhiSig tri thde v i l-^f n ^ tilng V i ^ e ^ dupe dgy hpcdnha trudng phi thdng, Nhaxu^ bin Tre, TP.HCIWl,2001
2. L6 A~ Nguyin Quang Ninh - Bui Minh Toin, Phuong phdip dgy hoc tilng Vi^t. NXB Giao dye. Ha Npi, 1996
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