TAP CHI KHOA HOC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 N H A T R U Y E N T H O N G C U A NGU^CH V I E T Cf D O N G N A I
TOMTAT
TS. Nguyen Van Quyet' ThS. Vo Nir Hgnh Trang^
Vitng ddt Bien Hoa — Dong Nai cd qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trien han 310 ndm. Tien trinh ndy cho thdy mpt lich su ldu ddi sinh sdng cpng cu, giao lieu vd dnh hu&ng vdn hda ldn nhau cm cdc cu ddn sinh song a vung ddt ndy. Nhd a the hien tdm tu tu&ng, tinh cdm, quan niim sdng cua ngu&i Viet khi dinh eu & vung ddt m&i. Hinh thdi kiin true, cdeh bdy tri, quy u&c ni nip sinh hogt, tuoi thg cdc ngdi nhd cd... thyc su tra thdnh vdn di sdn vdn hda quy gid. Cdc ngdi nhd cd a Bien Hda - Ddng Nai co mpt gid tri vdn hda, lieh su tieu bieu eho mdnh ddt vd con ngu&i ncri day, mpt di sdn dn chiea nhieng l&p vdn hda cua nhiiu the hi ngu&i Viet.
Tie kkoa: Nhd cd, nhd hien dgi. kiin trdc. vdn hda, vdn hoa ddn gian, di sdn vdn hda, Biin Hda, Dong Nai
I. Dat van de
Ddng Nai Id mdt tinh d mign Ddng Nam Bd, dien tieh 5.862 km^ gdm 11 huyen, thi xa, thdnh phd. Trong qud trinh ddi mdi xdy dyng vd phdt trien, Ddng Nai dang pban dau sdm frd thanh tinh ca ban cdng nghiep hda theo hudng hien dgi.
Qua trinh hinb tbanh vd phdt trign vimg dat Ddng Nai ban 310 nam tmdc ddy gan lien vdi lieh su md dat eiia viing dat Nam Bd, vdi cac cudc di ddn ldn cua ngudi Viet tii miln Bde va mien Tmng vao, vd sau nay la nhdra cu dan ngudi Hoa den sinh CO lap nghiep. Ngudi Viet di cu den dau tbi khan hoang lap ap; frdng ttgt, chan nudi tao ngn viing dat trii phu, mdng Ilia, hoa raau tdt tuai. Trong qud trinh dinh cu, nhihig cdng frinh kign tnic cua cgng ddng nhu dinh, chua, raieu,... ciing duge xay dyng de giii gin bdn sdc van hda va the hien tin ngudng tam linh ciia cgng ddng cu ddn. Net dgc ddo eiia nhimg eu dan Viet den nay vln giii dugc la nhimg ngdi nha tmygn thdng vimg
'•^ Tnrong Dai hgc Dong Nai
Nam Bd ndi chung va d Ddng Nai ndi rieng.
2. Cac hinh thiic Idin triic nha truyen thong Viet d Dong Nai
Nha tmyen thdng ciia ngudi Viet tgi Ddng Nai da gdp phan quan trgng phan anh net van hda dac thii cua cdc thg he eu dan sinh sdng tren viing dat nay.
Trong dd cd khdng it ngdi nha duge xay dyng tir giiia cudi the ky XIX vd nhiing nam dau the ky XX. Nhd tren mat dat la logi nhd d ehii yeu eua ngudi Viet.
Theo chat lieu xay dyng, cd nhigu dgng nhd d thicb hgp vdi titng vimg.
Viing ndng thdn, ngudi binh dan thudng d nha franh hogc nhd la (Id diia), nhirng nai thon rIy chua dn dinh dyng tara chdi la hoae chdi tranh. Gia dinb khd gid xay dung nhd ngdi vach van; khi tiep xiie ky thudt chau Au cd thgm nhd gach mai tdn hoae nha be tdng radi ngdi hay mai bdng cua ngudi kha gia.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Nhd d ndng thdn xir Ddng Nai
dugc xay dyng thudng hai hda vdi ty nhien, chudng hudng Ddng Nam; quay mat ra sdng, mgng, vudn; ngo khdng vdo thang cira chinh, san trudc sdn sau deu rgng, rdo thang bang ehe eat, ddm byt hogc cdy quyt dai; tmdc san bay nhieu chau hoa kigng, nhieu nha bay non bd. 0 dd thi, nha d theo day phd, dil hep ciing cd cd ehd bay hoa kieng.
Tbeo kiln tnic xay dyng, nha d ngudi Viet xii Bign Hda - Ddng Nai gdm cac kieu cbinh:
- Nhd xdng hai gian hoac ba gian, khdng chai, thudng bang fre la hoac vdt dung gd nhe. Day la kilu nha phd bien eua gia dinh ngheo hogc mdi "ra rigng".
- Nhd chai, ciing Id kieu nha vat lieu tte la don so hgp vdi ngudi binh ddn d ndng thdn.
- Nha sap dgi cd kieu xay dyng nhu chen (dgi la chen, tieng Viet cd) xep frong til, nhd fren nha dudi ndi tiep nhau, mat tign hep nhung ed chieu sdu, cd nhieu kieu sap dgi bien the thanh nha ehii nhi (cbi cd nha dudi va nha fren); cd tmdng hgp nha chir nhi cd them thao bat phia tmdc ggi la nhd chii tam; cilng cd tiirdng hgp biln tiie ket hop nha xdng, nha chai, nhd chir dinh... sap dgi.
- Nha chii dinh la phd bign han ca.
Day la kieu nhd tmyen thdng ciia ngudi Viet d Trung bd (cd ngudi gidi thich:
"dinh" Id ddn den, tiic kigu nha danh cbo ngudi binh dan). Nha chu dinh phan ro hai khu vyc, nha trgn nam ngang, nhd dudi ndm dgc hdng. Cd khi nhd dudi each nhd tren mdt thdo bat hay raai ngang. Ciing cd khi nha fren kigu ba gian.
hai chdi hoac nha xdng cd chdi. Bien thg kieu nao thi trdng ngdi nhd cung thay can xiing, ro dgng chu dinh. Neu nha dudi nara ben hdng phai tbi ggi la dinh thuan, ngu nhd dudi nam bgn bdng frdi ggi Id dinh nghich. Higm thdy kigu nha chii cdng d xii Bien Hda [l,fr.30].
Qua cdc ngudn tu lieu cho thay nhiing budi dau khai hoang lap lang, Ddng Nai da nhanh chdng frd thanh viing dat tni phli, radi noi cd dgn vdi ehuc hd gidu cd vd lua thdc da trd thanh hang hda.
Cu lao Phd - ten ggi xua ciia vilng dat Bign Hda - Id mgt xii do hdi, tmng tdm giao dieh thuong mgi sdra ciia frong va ngodi nudc. Do vdy, eae edng trinh kign tnic dan sy ciing da phdt trien d raiic tuang xiing. Vd lai, Bien Hda - Ddng Nai la viing ddt ddng bang, gan rirag xanh cd nhieu vat ligu xdy dung tir edc loai gd quy (go, cam xe, cdm lai, ddu,...), mdy, tte, dd... den gach, ngdi deu la sdn phara dugc sdn xuat tai chd vdi sd lugng ddi ddo, thugn lgi eho cdng viec xdy dyng nha d, cac cdng trinh kinh te, kien tnic tin ngudng cua cgng ddng.
Nam 1998, Sd Van hda Thdng tin Ddng Nai, Nha Bao tdng tinh da phdi hgp vdi trudng Dgi hgc Kien tnic thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh va cac chuyen gia tmdng Dgi hgc nii Chieu Hda (Nhdt Bdn) tign hdnh dilu fra khao sat nha d cd tiuyen thdng tten dia bdn tinh Ddng Nai. Ket qua la 401 ngdi nha dugc digu tra, khao sat va ttong do cd 25 nha dugc chgn de ve ghi, 76 nha ed nien dgi xay dyng tmdc nam 1900. Tuy nhign, nhiing cu lieu, co sd xac dinh nien dai ngdi nha mgt each khoa hgc nhdt hdu nhu khdng cdn rad thdng qua tri nhd cua chu nhan va can cii 123
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 vao ldi ket cau tmyen thdng ndi that duge
bdo luu. Mat khae, nhiing ngdi nha cd hien tdn da phan phdn dnh kieu thiic kien true cua ldp ngudi kha gid, giau cd d Ddng Nai thai tiude ma hiem thdy cua tdng ldp binh dan.
Mat do nha tmyen thdng Viet tap trung nhigu nhdt d cdc xa Hiep Phude, Phil Hgi, Phudc Thien (huyen Nhan Traeh); Tan Binh, Binh Hda (huyen Vinh Cuu); Hiep Hda, Buu Hda, An Hda (thanh phd Bien Hda)... 6 mdt sd phudng xa khdc tuy khdng nhieu vg sd lugng nhung cilng khdng it ngdi nhd ehuyen tdi gid tri lich sir vd nghe thudt kign tnic that dde sac nhu nha dng Nguygn Van An (phudng Tbdng Nhdt), dng Nguygn Hao Thoai (phudng Quygt Thdng), dng Nguyen Van Hao (xa Thanh Phii - VTnh Cuu)...
Nha tmyen thdng Viet d Ddng Nai vg CO bdn cd nhiing dae diem ehung vdi cac nhd cd d Nara Bd, deu dugc xdy dyng tbeo kieu thvrc kien tnic chung cua Dang Trong. Kigu tbiic kign tnic nha tmyen tbdng d Ddng Nai phd bien Id nhd rudng (xuyen trinh) va nhd rgi (ngc ngua - nha edt giua). Dugc ua chudng, mang tinh tmyen thdng, tieu bigu Id dgng nha chii dinh (mdt ngang - mgt dgc) vd sap dgi (nhd trgn nhd dudi ndi tiep nhau).
Viec chgn kieu dg xdy dung khdng phy thuge vdo tudi tae hay dia vi xa hgi md do nhdn tiuic, sd thich ciia chu nha va vi thg Clia khu dat. Thdng thudng Id nha ba gian hai chdi (it thay nhd nam gian hai chai). Da phdn van edn giii dugc raai ngdi am duong Igp thanh hai ldp cdng ldm tang ve cd kinh, phu hgp vdi ket cau tdng the vd ngi that can nhd. Nguygn vdt
lieu tao nen bd khung nha cimg cdc mang chgm khdc trang tti diu sir dyng nhiing logi gd quy nhu gd mat, go dd, cam lai, cam xe, bang lang... 0 ndng thdn nha dugc xay dyng thudng hai hda vdi ty nhien: Mgt sd nha ed dac diera dang chii y nhu chudng hudng Ddng, Nam, quay mat ra sdng, mgng, vudn, ngo kbdng vao tbdng cua cbinh; san tmdc san sau diu rgng; hdng rdo thang, vdi cae loai cdy che cat, dam but, quyt dai; tmdc san bdy nhigu chau hoa kieng, nhieu nhd bdy hdn non bg. O do thi, nhd d theo day phd, du hep cung xgp chd bdy hoa kieng.
Theo kien tnic xay dyng, nha d cd tmyen thdng Ddng Nai gdra cac kieu chinh (dya vao vi tri cac ddn ddng ciia nhd tten va nha dudi ed hinh dang trung hgp vdi hinh dang cua chtr Hdn).
+ Nha chir dinh: La dang nhd pho bign dugc ua chugng nhat, chigm 44%
frong 401 nhd da dieu tra. Nhd chii dinh phdn rd hai khu vyc: Nha tten nam ngang, nhd dudi nam dgc bdng vd lign ke sao de hai ddn ddng cua hai nhd thang gdc vdi nhau tgo thanh binh dgng chu dinh (J) hay hinh dgng chii T. Cd khi nha dudi each nhd ttgn mgt thao bat hay mai ngang. Bien the kieu nao thi frdng ngoi ciing thdy can xiing, rd dgng chii dinh.
Ngu nha dudi nam ben hdng phdi thi ggi Id dinh thudn "ludng hgp: ragt dm, mgt duang" khdng qud chii frgng vao chi tiet, quy tac kien tnic bdi le dang nhd chii dinh ty nd da la mdt ngang - mdt dgc, tire la dd hdi du mdt am - mdt duang (cai dgo vg chdng, hieu rdng ra la cua ttdi - ddt, vil tru - cdn khdn). Ddy Id triet ly cua kieu nha ehu dinh khd phd bien d Nam Bg va Ddng Nai ndi rieng.
TAPCTii KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Nhd fren ludn ehiem vi tri va dien
tieh uu tien nhat vi la noi thd ciing vd tilp khach, ddng thai eung la noi nghi ngoi ciia edc tbanh vign nam gidi frong gia dinh. Thdng thudng nhd ba gian hai chai till gian giiia thd Thdn - Phat, bai gian ben tbd td tien, dng bd, cha rae. Phdng khdch chiem todn bd khdng gian phan nira phia trudc eiia nhd ttgn. Hai gian chai phan phia sau la hai budng ngu.
Khdng gian chay dgc ba gian sau bdn thd thudng la kho luu giir tai san quy cua gia dinh (nhung cd kbi cung dirng lam phdng ngu).
Phdn nhd dudi la noi sinh hogt hdng ngay cua gia dinh nhu tiep khach thdn quen, an cam, ndu nudng, ddng thdi ciing la nai chira thdc lua vd gia cdng nhiing sdn phdm ndng nghiep khac. Bd eye mat bang eua nha chii dinh cho phep de dang va linh boat sap xep ragi sinh boat cua gia dinb va edc hogt ddng san xuat, ciing vi vdy kigu nhd nay dugc nhan dan mgi tdng ldp ua thich. Mdt sd nha radi xay dyng ttong nhihig nam 90 ciia the ky XLX eiitig vln cdn khai thdc hinh dang kien tnic va mat bang cua kieu nhd chu dinh.
+ Nha chii- nhi hay nha sap dgi:
Cung gdra nha fren vd nha dudi, ed kieu xay dyng nhu chen xep trong tu. Nha fren vd nha dudi ndi tigp nhau, raat tien hep nhung ed chieu sau, ddn ddng cua nhd fren va nha dudi song song vdi nhau.
Thdng thudng nha tren va nhd dudi deu Id nha ba gian cd chilu ngang bdng nhau va ehilu sdu nhd tren ldn hem chieu sdu nha dudi, kbdng cd hai gian ehdi hai ben.
Nhd tren la noi tbd eiing td tien, tilp khach, hai gian ke sat, hai tudng ddu hoi
la hai phdng ngii. Sau ban tbd la ldi di xudng nhd dudi. Nha dudi Id nai cdt chiia luong thyc, nau nudng, an cam... cua gia dinh trong sinh hogt thudng nhat. Tuy nhign ciing cd ragt sd trudng hgp dg cd thg quan sdt cdng vao nha tir nhd dudi, phdn nha dudi duge xdy nhd dai bon nhd tren va phdn nhd ra cd ciia di de viee di lgi khdng phai thudng xuyen qua nhd frgn. Nhd sap dgi eiing la kieu nhd dugc nhan dan ua thich. 6 Ddng Nai, kieu nhd ndy chigm khoang 23% frong 401 nhd dugc dieu fra khdo sat.
Do nhd fren va nhd dudi xdy dp sdt nhau nen nhd dudi thudng tbieu anh sang vd thdng gid tu nhien. De khdc phyc nhuge diem nay va ciing de lam eho cac sinh boat cd tinh rieng biet cao ban, mdt s6 bign the ciia cac kieu nhd chii dinh, nha sap dgi da dugc sang tao tbgm nbu nhd chii dinh, nha sdp dgi cd sdn tuong (sdn trong), cd thao bat, cd nha cau ndi.
Nha chir dinh la nha cd nhd frgn va nhd dudi cdch nhau bang mgt sdn hep va ddi, cd ehieu rgng tii 2 den 3 met. Chieu dai san bang ehieu dai nhd dudi va ed ehieu sau nha tren. Khodng sdn Id thien nhd ndy dugc ndi vdi nhau bang hdnh lang cd raai che. Mat san ludn thdp ban mat sdn nhd tren va nhd dudi.
Ngoai ra, mdt bien the khdc Id nha chii dinh co nha cau noi. Trong kieu nha nay, nhd trgn va nhd dudi ndi vdi nhau qua radt gian trung gian la gian nha cdu. Gian ndy trdi dai sudt chieu dai nhd dudi va ehieu sau nha fren. Mye dich cua gian nhd cau nhara dg trdnh khdch la di true tiep vao nha tren, nai thd cung cua gia dinh.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02-2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Nha chii dinh va nha sap dgi co
thao bat (Id nhd cd gian thdo bat) xay ngay phia sdt tmdc mgt nha trgn, nhdm tgo them mdt gian de tigp khdch dae biet ddi vdi nhd sap dgi gan ehg hay frong khu budn bdn, gian thao bgt trd thanh gian ban hang. Sudn cua gian thao bgt cd trinh ddm tir edt hang ba ciia nha fren ra, nen gian thdo bat chi cd ragt hang cdt d ragt nhd. Chigu ngang ciia gian thao bgt cd the ngan ban hoac dai han chieu ngang nha fren.
-H Nhd c h u nhdt: Phd bign d Ddng Nai Id ba gian hai chdi; ba gian bai chdi thdo bat; ba gian hai chdi ddi (ehua tim thay nha nam gian hoae nara gian bai chai, ragt gian hai chdi). Kigu nhd cd chdi ddi hdi phdi cd cay gd ddi, to dg lam egt cho ba gian giira. Nha dudi cua kieu chii nhat dugc bd tri xung quanh nhd chinh tiiy thudc vdo yeu eau eiia timg nha.
Ve hinh tbiic ket cau bd khung nha eung gidng nhu d Nara Bd, nhd cd tmygn thdng d Ddng Nai cd hai ket edu ca ban Id ket cdu nhd rudng va ket cdu nhd rdi.
-I- Nha riroTig cdn ggi la nhd xuyen trinh, dam trinh hay trinh chdng vd ttong dan gian edn ggi Id ket cau ehay - cdi.
Dgng nhd ndy cd hai hang cdt cai (edt hdng nhdt) bd tri hai ben phdi tmdc vd phia sau ddn ddng tao mdt khdng gian giiia nha dgc theo chieu ngang nha, kg den hai hang edt bang nhi vd hang ba phia trudc, phia sau vd thdng thudng cd hang cdt hien trude nha. Nbu vgy nhd mdng ed sau hang cdt cbinh va mdt hang cdt hien, Timg cap cdt cdi tien, hau duge ndi lien vdi nhau bang mdt doan gd xuyen ngang ggi Id trinh. Mdt try gd dugc gan d mat tten cay trinh vd chong
thdng Ign tdi dilm giao nhau ciia hai dogn keo cudi ngay dudi doan ddn ddng duge ggi Id edy chong (ttong). Cay chdng thudng ed hinh dang radt bdu mgu hay hinh dang cdi chdy va dugc dgt ttgn mgt cdi dau gd bay cdn ggi la cdi cdi. Cilng vi hinh dang nhu vay ngn dugc ggi Id ket cdu chdy — cdi. Quan ruem ddn d day mudn mugn hinh dang ehay - cdi d l the hien ygu td dm duang bda hgp. Ket cdu xuyen trinh ldm cho bg khung nhd cung cap, chac ehan va tao khdng gian giua nha thdng thodng. Kgt cdu ndy ddi bdi ky thuat thi cdng phiic tgp, tinh vi, dung cy tdt, ddi ngu thg phai ed tay nghe cao mdi rdp ndi dugc cdt, keo, trinh, chdng vdi nhau mdt each khit khao. Nha mdng chiem 42% frong sd 401 nha dugc khao sdt d Ddng Nai.
-I- Nha rgi chigm 43,5%, cdn dugc ggi la nhd cdt giiia hay nhd ngc ngya, chi cd m0t hdng cdt cdi (cot hdng nhat) chdng thang Ign tdi ddn ddng va cd hai hang edt hang nhi, hang ba d phia tmdc vd phia sau hang cdt cdi. Nhu vdy nha rdi cd ba hang cot chinh va thudng phia tmdc cd them hang cot hien. Nhugc digm cua bd khung nay la hang cdt giiia phd vd khdng gian trung tara theo chigu dgc chigu ngang ngoi nhd vd chia ddi khdng gian ngoi nhd ra lam hai phan tiude - sau diu nhau. Digu nay din tdi viee bd tri de bi khudn sdo, kem linh dgng. Ngodi ra vg mat ket cau bd khung bi yeu ddi vdi tac dgng cua lye ngang. De gia ed cho ndc nha viing chac "ddn chgy" bay cdn ggi Id
"xd ddu" dugc lap thera d phia dudi ddn ddng chimg 30 -> 40cm vd song song vdi ddn ddng. Trong thuc te, thay cho ddn chay nhiing khudn bdng dugc gdn vao
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 -2016 ISSN 2354-1482 gitra hai cdt vd ddng thdi frang tti cho
khdng gian thd. LTu dilm ciia dang nha rgi la kgt cau dan gian, dl thi cdng va dugc xdy dung pho biln.
Nha tmyen thdng Viet d Ddng Nai cd the phan thanh hai dang thiic: "Nhd tay" vd "Nhd gd chgm tmyen thdng".
Mdt sd ngdi nhd dugc xdy dung theo phong each kign tnic phuang Tay dan xudt hien. Dd Id dgng nhd hinh hop, cao, rdng, thodng dang, tudng xay bdng gach, nen ldt ggch hoa hay xi mang, mdi Igp ngdi vay cd hogc de bang. Ndi that ttang tri ed su ket hgp, dung hda giiia tmygn thdng va hien dai, kha dep mat, phan ndo phdn anh vi thg gidu sang eua gia chil. Todn bg ngdi nhd todt Ign ve be the uy nghi. Hien nay cdc ngdi nha cd
"kigu Tay" van dugc bdo qudn tdt nbu nhd Ddc Phu Vo Ha Thanh (phudng Bim Long - dung tnrdc 1900); tir dudng hg Tdng Dinh (xa Hiep Hda - dyng trude 1897); nha dng Dang Phiing Thien (phudng Bim Hda - dyng trudc 1900); tir dudng Ddo Phii (xa Binh Hda, VTnh Ciiu -dyng khoang 1900).
Kieu thdng dyng Id bd khung nhd ldn vd hoi dde, dang vdm khura thugn theo khura vdm trdi thg hien nhdn sinh quan vg dai vii tru, edt tira sy vihig chai d be rgng md khdng tim sy do so d be cao, vi tri quyen lan vdo cdnh quan xung quanh mgt edeh hdi hda. Kign true nhd sii dung toan gd ndn chu nhan dudng nhu it chii ttgng dgn sy tien dung ciia ngdi nha rad quan tdm nhigu ban den gia tri my thugt thg hi?n d timg dudng cong cua cay trinh, timg net cham cua bao lara, timg la dung d dudi vi keo... Day that su la edng trinh chara khac nghe thuat dae sac, dieu luyen, dugc nghe nhan thye hien cdng phu, tinh te. Net ndi bat trong kien tnic nha cd Id su van dung bd eye chat che eae hang myc cham khac de tai cd dien va nhiing quy dinh noi sinh hoat, tru ngu ciia cdc thdnh vign trong gia dinh theo thii bac, gidi tinh cung nhu su phdn ehia "ndi tu ngoai khdch" phdn minh. C) dd, khdng gian trang frgng nhdt, dep nhat danh thd td tign vd tigp khdch, chu nhan khiem tdn d gian sau, gian bgn; vira dap ling nhu cau van bda, tin ngudng; vira ndi kgt hien tgi va qua khii, ngudi sdng va td tien, gia dinh vdi hg hang thdn huu.
Anh nha c6 ciia dng Tran Nggc Khanh (huygn NhoTi Trach) 127
TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 Net dac tnmg d phan frang tri ndi
that Id nhiing biic cham duge bao luu nguyen ttang todn bd cac hgng muc frong nhd nhu: keo cdt, bao Iam than vgng, lign ddi, cdc tdm biic ban, khung cua, kham thd, cdc d khung d ddu vdch ngan... du trd thimg hay chgm lgng deu dugc the hien kheo leo, d l tai phong phii, ky phap da dang. Chu d l phd bign la: tii linh, nho sde, true tudc, bdt biiu, day la bda rdng, luang long tranh chdu, tiing ldc, mai, lan, cue, tnic, hoa dieu, Phat thu, dai thu quyen cd eham ndi ehii thg... dugc tgo tdc vdi trinh do khd cao. Ngay cdc radi ndi giiia hai keo ciing Id dip de cdc nghe nhan frd tdi. Khung cira hien tren radt nha va khung cira budng ludn ludn dugc cbgra ttd tinh vi kheo leo vdi nhung eanh hoa mem mai, nhiing trai luu, frai dao...
hay vdi nhung khudn bdng frong dudng net cbgra vd ciing tinh xdo. Dac biet nhung biic bao lara tmdc gian thd dugc chara long kheo leo vdi nhiing chim phugng, chira trT, tiing ldc, che thg, boa, raai, Clic, tnic... diu Id bilu tugng cua hgnh phiic, an khang, thinh vugng, trudng thg. Nghe thudt dieu khdc fren cde biic bao lam, liln ddi, duoi vi keo... ludn thg hien mgt ttinh do nghe thudt cao, raang dara dau an eiia nhiing cdnh thg cham ndi tieng d eudi thi ky XIX, ddu the ky XX. Nhilu nhd cd kbdng ehi don thuan la noi d vd sinh hogt bdng ngay raa cdn Id nhirng tac phdm nghe thuat kien tnic va dieu khac, xiing dang de dugc thudng ngoan.
3. Thu-c trgng bao ton va phdt huy gia tri nha d truyen thong cua ngudi Viet d Ddng Nai
Hon 310 nam vdi nhidu bien ddng ddi thay, nhung ngdi "nha ngdi cot cham" ciia thdi ky dau dinh cu, khai phd d Ddng Nai din nay hdu nhu khdng cdn hien hiiu. Trong hai eudc dau ttanh gianh dgc lap thdng nhdt ddt nude, nhieu ngdi nha tmyln thdng ciing bi tan pha nang ne. Den nhung nam 90 ciia the ky XX, dac bigt Id nhiing nam dau cua the ky XXI, ddi sdng cua ngudi ddn dugc nang Ign, lgi mdt Idn niia nhiing ngdi nha ed ttd thanh "ngn nhdn" cua vigc phd dd de ldy ddt xdy dyng nhd kilu mdi hodc bi cai tgo mgt cdch khdng thuang tigc cdc hgng myc ket cdu lara radt di tinh tdng thi, hoan ehinh, ray thuat eiia ngdi nha. Do khdng nam bat dugc ky thuat cua ldi kien tnic tmyen thdng eung nhu nhirng quan niem, ttiet ly nhdn sinh tigm an cua ldi kien tnic tmyen thdng nen da lara cho ngdi nhd mdt di nhiing gia tri ban dau ciia nd. Ciing khdng it tmdng hgp gia chii khdng cd khd nang gia cd tu sua ngn cir mac nhign dg cho nd bi hiiy hoai, xudng cap theo thdi gian. Gdn day, khdng rieng gi d Ddng Nai md nhidu dia phuang ttong cd nudc, cdc di tich kign true nha d dan gian tmygn thdng bi xudng cap mgt cdch nhanh chdng. Day Id dilu khd cd the ttdnh khdi do ngdi nha cd nign dai xay dung kha ldu, nguygn vdt li?u chu ygu duge lam tir gd lai chiu nhieu tac ddng cua thdi tiet nang mua, lii lut, mdi mgt nen do ben vihig ciia ngdi nha cd tmyen cung bi anb hudng. Them vdo do su tdc dgng khdng nhd cua chinb nhung thi he chu nhan sinh sdng frong ngdi nha. Chu nha tiiao da va xdy dyng lai nhd mdi bdng vdt lieu kign cd. Nhung phd biln nhat Id rat nhieu tmdng hgp gia chii cai
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 tao lai ket cdu huyin thdng theo xu
hudng hien dai, xay dyng radi nhieu hang muc, thara chi cbi giu lgi bd khung nhd nhu: thay ngdi am duong bdng ngdi tay bode tdn gia ngdi, mi rae bang sdt; van vdch bang tudng ggch; thay cdt gd bdng cot bg tdng hoac gid gd; ngn lot ggch men... hogc xay dyng mdi phdn nhd dudi theo hudng tdn thdi, dap ung nhu cau sinb boat tien nghi hon. Viec thay mdi mgt cdch ty do, tily tign ttong dieu kien nguyen vat lieu gd (nhat Id nhihig chung loai gd quy) khan hiera, gid thdnh khd cao da phdn ndo ddp iing dugc nhu cau trudc radt vg noi tni ngu vd bdo ve nhiing hang muc, nhiing ygu td nguyen gdc cdn hien hiiu, nhung ddng thdi ciing cbinh nd da pha vd di tinh nguyen thg vdn da dugc bd eye rat bdi hda, tinh te frong cau tnic cua nha tmyen thdng Vigt. Nhiing ndm gan day hien tugng mdt sd ddi tugng san tim mua nhiing ngdi nha gd cbgra, kign tnic dep vdi gia thanh kha eao ciing la nguy CO gdp phan lam mat di nhanh chdng sd lugng nha ed d Ddng Nai. Nhd cd Id cdng trinh ddn dung, mang tinh thira ty, khdng it nha trd thanh tir dudng eita cd ddng hg nen rdt nhgy cdm frong van de quan ly, sii dung. Ve raat tam ly, phdn ldn gia chu rat e ngai khi cd sy can thiep quan tam bdo tdn cua ehinh quygn dgn ngdi nha ciia hg ngn la trd ngai ldn frong cdng tde bdo tdn nha ed tmygn thdng cung nhu viec pbat buy gid tri ciia nd frong quang dai qudn chiing.
(3 Ddng Nai cdng tac nghien eim, bdo tdn va phdt huy tde dung nhd co dan gian tmyln thdng la edng viec cdn khd mdi me. Tmdc thyc trgng nhd ed dang cd nguy CO mai mdt nhanh chdng, ttudc bit
phdi ed sy phdi hgp chat che, ddng bd giiia chinh quygn, chu nhdn ngdi nhd vd sy quan tam eua edng ddng xa hgi; frong dd vai frd cua gia chu Id hgt siic quan frgng. Bdo ton nhiing ngdi nhd tmyen thdng Viet la dieu het siic te nhi, khd khan. Nhung dg gin giii va quang ba nhiing gid tri van bda tmyen tbdng chiia dyng trong edc ngdi nha ndy thi dii cd kbd khan may ciing can phai thye hien vi dd la frdch nhiem cua chii nha vd cua toan xa hdi.
Ve lau ddi, viec giai thich, van ddng cho ehii nha hieu ve nhihig lgi ich, y nghTa cua cdng tac bao tdn cac ngdi nhd ttuyin thdng Viet ddng thdi bign soan phd bign nhiing tdi lieu hudng din cdch bdo tri, sira ehiia nhd tten tinh than bao tdn cho ddi tugng chii nha va tten phuang tien, thdng tin dai chiing la het siie quan frgng.
Ddi vdi ehinh quygn dia phuong, can cd kg hoaeh thdng ke, danh gid xdc dinh gid tri cua eae loai hinh nhd tmygn thdng Viet de dua vao dien cdn bdo tdn, xgp hgng di tich theo lugt dinh de ed dii CO sd phdp ly tning tu, tdn tgo, phat huy tdc dyng eua loai di tich ndy. Ddi vdi nhiing ngdi nhd ehua hdi du dieu kien de xep hgng di tieh, can ddng vien, giiip do, hd ttg cho chu nhan vg phuang phap, kinh nghiem frong viee bao qudn, siia chua dung theo quy trinh cua nhiing ngdi nha cd. Hang nam chinh quyen cdn ddnh ra mdt khoan ngan sdeh de giiip eae gia chu ttong cdng tdc bdo quan thudng xuygn nhu chdng radi mgt, sira chu'a nhd.
Ngdnh bdo tdng, qudn ly di tieh can phdi hop chgt che vdi chinh quyen dia phuong quan ly edc ngdi nha tmyen thdng tren
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 dia ban de ed thdng tin, kip thdi xir ly,
gidi quylt cae van de anh hudng din ngdi nha, ddng thdi hang ky ngn cd cdc hinh thicc dgng vien khen thudng cho nhiing gia dinh cd edng gin giii va tdn tao tdt di tich noi minh d. Mdt ygu td ciing cdn thilt nua la tao dieu kien cho cac chu nha di tham quan nbiing ngdi nha da dugc tning tu, tdn tgo tdt de dgng vien tinh than ddng thdi cd digu kien de hgc hdi them kinh nghiera trong viec bao tdn ngdi nhd ciia rainh. Dac biet, d Ddng Nai ed nhieu nha d tmyen thdng Viet dep nbu d Tan Trigu (VTnh Ciru), Hiep Phudc, Phudc Thien, Phii Hgi (Nhan Traeh),.. nen can ed ke hoach boat ddng du lich thu hut du khaeb den tham quan nha ed qua dd lam tang them y thue bao tdn ciia chu nhd, tang thu nhap eho gia ehu, quang bd, bdo tdn tdt duge cac di san nay.
Mat khde, thuc bien cdc de tdi nghien ciiu khoa hgc vg kien tnic nha cd tmyen tbdng Viet radt cdch todn dien, hoan cbinh cung Id vdn dg quan frgng de de suat bao tdn phat huy cdc gia tri kien triie ky - my thudt sac sao vd biet bao triet ly nhan sinb ve vil try can khdn, dao ly lara ngudi, thuat ddi nhan xu thg thdng qua cdc eau lien ddi, hoanh pbi, cac hga tigt hoa van trang tri, each thice bay tri, sy tdng hda giiia ngdi nhd vdi mdi tmdng xa hdi xung quanh.
Tmdc tiln trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda d Ddng Nai rdt nhanh nhu hien nay da va dang hinh thanh cae khu dd tbi mdi cung vdi ldi sdng hien dai, thay ddi ldi kiln true nha d vd ciing ddng nghia vdi sy mat di cdc gid tri van hda eua nhimg ngdi nhd cd tmyen thdng Viet neu khdng sdm cd nhirng chu truang, chlnh sdeh gin giii, bdo tdn tich eye cho di san van hda ddc ddo nay eua dia phuang.
O Ddng Nai, nhieu ngdi nhd cd khd tieu bigu dgn nay gdn nhu vdn giii dugc nguygn trgng cua thdi mdi xay dung nhu nhd cua: dng Ddo My Thign (Phii Hgi - Nhon Trgch dyng trudc 1900); dng Nguygn Van Sao (phudng Buu Hda, Bien Hda - dung khoang 1890); dng Nguyin Van An (phudng Thdng Nhat, Bien Hda - dung trude 1900); ba Nguyen Thi Hda (xa Hiep Hda, Bien Hda - dung khodng 1879); dng Phan Van Sdi (Hiep Phudc, Nhcm Trach - dung tmdc 1900); ba Ma Thi Tam (Phii Hdi, Nhan Trgch - dung trude 1890); dng Nguyen Van Hao (Thanh Phu, VTnh Cuu - dung 1916)...
Den nay, nhimg ngdi nha cd tmygn thdng hien hihi d Ddng Nai that su la vdn di san van hda quy gid ciia dia phuang rat can quan tdm nghign ciiu, bao tdn vd phat huy cdc gia tri vdt chat vd tinh than.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Huynh Van Tdi (chu bien) (2001), Dia ehi Dong Nai tap V, Nxb. Tdng hgp Ddng Nai.
2. Trdn Quang Toai (2006), "Nhd cd Nhon Trgch", Xua vd Nay, Sd 253-254, tt.50-51.
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TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016 ISSN 2354-1482 3. Bdo tang Ddng Nai (2013), Nhimg ngdi nhd ed tieu biiu & Ddng Nai, Nxb.
Ddng Nai.
4. Ban Quan ly Di tich danh thdng tinb (2012), Kiin true nhd ed Ddng Nai, Tdi lieu in luu hanh ngi bg.
THE ANCIENT HOUSE OF THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE IN DONG NAI PROVINCE
ABSTRACT
Bien Hoa-Dong Nai has had a more than 300-year history of establishment and development. This process has witnessed a long standing history of residential community who have had cultural exchanges and influences with one another. Housing expresses thoughts, feelings, and living concepts of Vietnamese people living in a new land. The architectural forms, layouts, conventional rules of daily activities, the age of the ancient houses have actually become a precious cultural heritage. Indeed, the ancient houses in Bien Hoa-Dong Nai have a cultural and historic value typically ofthe land and its people here, a heritage hidden deeply in the cultural layers of many generations of Vietnamese people.
Keywords: old house, modern house, architecture, culture, folklore, cultural heritage, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai
