NGUYEN MINH NGUYET Hoc vien Bdo chi vd Tuyen tmyen TRUONG QUANG HAI Viin Viit Nam hpc vd Khoa hpc phdt trien
Tom t5t: Ha TTnh la tinh co nhilu dilu kien thuan Ipi de phat trien cay cao su va tren thuc te loai cay nay da dugc trong d mot so khu vuc vdi tong dien tich gan 9.800 ha. Ket qua danh gia thich nghi sinh thai cac loai canh quan cho phat trien cay cao su d Ha TTnh cho thay; dien dch co muc danh gia rat thich nghi Id 7.658 ha, miic thich nghi trung binh la 24.506,5 ha. Nhu vay, dien tich trong cao su hien lai con rat it so vdi tiem nang san cd d dia ban nghien curu. Vi the, day chinh la ca sd khoa hpc de md rpng dien tich trdng cao su, nang cao thu nhap cho ngucri dan Ha TTnh.
Tir kboa: canh quan, cay cao su. Ha TTnh I.M6DAU
Cao su la mdt trong nhiing loai cay cdng nghiep dai ngay dem lai gia tri kinh te cao tren dia bdn ca nude ndi chung vd 6 Ha TTnh ndi rieng. Mac dii mdi dugc trdng d Ha tiiih tir nam 1997 nhung do gia tri kinh te cao nen chen tich cao su hien nay tang rat nhanh. Nam 2011, tdng dien tich cao su dat 9.770 ha, dien tich khai thac mii la 2.305 ha (tang ban 4,5 ldn so vdi nam 2006) vai san lugng dat 2.305 tdn (tang khoang 9,5 ldn so ven nam 2006) [4], [6]. Trong dinh buong phat triln cdc loai cay chti lyc den nam 2020, Ha TTnh du kiln md rgng ddng ke dien ticb ciia loai cdy nay len 23.207 ha [7]. Chinh vi the, viec danh gja thich nghi sinh thai cdc loai cdnh quan {CQ) cho phat trien cdy cao su d6 xdc lap cxr sd khoa hgc nhdm md rdng hem dien ticb trong cao su la mdt yeu cau cap thidt.
2. PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
D6 danh gia miic do thich nghi sinh thai cua cac loai canh quan cho phdt triln cay cao su a Ha TTnh, tac gia da sii dyng mdt sd pbuong pbap nghien ciiu cbii ylu nhu sau:
- Phuong phap danh gia miic dp tbich nghi sinh thai: Day la phuang phap rdt quan tipng tiong ddnh gid CQ theo budng tiep can kinh te sinh thai, dac tnmg ciia dja ly ty nhien ling dyng. Ket qua ciia danh gid nay la pban loai CQ tbeo miic dp tbich hgp ciia chiing doi vdi cdy cao su, la ca sd ddng tin cay de dua ra nhimg gidi phdp biiu hieu nhdt nhdm su dyng hgp ly tai nguyen. Vdi lanh thd nghien ciiu, phuang phap danh gia thich nghi sinb thai dugc lya chpn Id phuang phdp nhdn cac diem thanh pban va quy trinh ddnh gia tiiyc hien qua cac budc; (1) Xdc dinh ddi tugng \a myc tieu ddnh gia -^ (2) Danh gia rieng -^ (3) Danh gia tdng bgp -> (4) Pban hang thich nghi sinh thai [3], [4].
- Phuong phap ban dd va he thdng tin dia ly dugc sii dyng de thilt kl co sd dft li§u vd thanh lap ban do pban hang tbich nghi cho cdy cao su d dia ban nghien cuu.
Tap chi Khoa hoc \a Giao due, Tnrcmg Dai hoc Su pham Hug ISSN 1859-1612. So 04(28)/2013: tr. 48-54
DANH GIA CANH QUAN CHO PHAT TRIEN CAY CAO SU 0 HA TINH
- Phuang phap phdng vdn dugc sir dung de tham tra lgi dia ban trdng cao su tir nhiing nha qudn ly so vdi ban do phdn bd cao su ma nhdm tdc gid thu thap dugc.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Xdc dinh muc dich vd lua chgn 6ora vi ddnh gid
- Myc dich ddnh gia la xac djnh miic dp phii hgp cua cac loai CQ cho phat trien cdy cao su a Ha TTnh. Tren ca sd nghien ciru sy phdn hda ciia cac yeu td thanh tao CQ d Ha TTnh cung nhu pban ticb cac he thdng phan loai CQ cua mgt sd tac gia trong va ngoai nude [2], chiing toi da tien hanh xay dung he thdng phdn loai CQ cho lanh thd Ha TTnh (ty I? 1/100.000) gdm 5 cdp: Phy he CQ -* Kilu CQ — Ldp CQ ^ Hang CQ -* Loai CQ. Theo h6 thdng phdn logi nay, Idnh thd Ha Tmh thugc phy he thdng CQ nhiet dai gid miia, cd miia ddng Ignh, phdn hda cd tinh quy ludt thanh 1 kieu CQ, 3 ldp CQ, 23 hangCQva 109 loai CQ.
- Don vi dugc lira chgn de danh gia cho cdy cao su d Ha TTnh la 109 loai CQ. Day chinh Id dcra vj CQ ca ban, cd ddy dii nhiJng ddc tnmg cua mdt dja tdng thi, la ddi tugng nghien cim phu hgp cho vi6c danh gia. Ddng thdi, nhdm tdc gia dd so sdnh loai CQ vai ban do dat de lay cac chi sd ve do ddc, tang day, thdnh phdn ca gidi... im the ciia cac loai CQ.
3.2. Lira chon va phan cap chi tieu ddnh gid a. Xdc dinh nhu cdu sinh thdi ciia cay cao su
Cay cao su (ten khoa hgc: Hevea brasiliensis thupc hp Thdu Ddu: Euphorbiaceae) cd nhu cdu sinh thai nhu sau [1]: Cdy cao su cd the ti-dng tren cdc logi dat khdc nhau, song rdt thich hgp vdi nhdm dat dd tren bazan, ddt vang dd tren dd macma baza din trung tinh, giau mim, tai xdp, thodt nude... Loai cay nay tbich hgp vdi nhiSt dp trung binh tir 25''C - 30''C, phat tiiln tdi uu d 25''C, nhiet dO >40°C va <10"C cay bj khd heo, ryng chdi nggn va ngimg tdng tiirdng. Dp cao tiiich hgp nhdt dl tidng cay cao su la dudi 200 m bode ddc <5 , tir 5° - 9° phdi tidng theo dudng ddng miic vd chdng xdi mdn, tidng cay phii ddt. Ddt c6 tdng day >100cm la dat yeu cdu, thanh phdn ca gidi thjt tiung binh den set nh? la rdt tbich hgp ddi vdfi cao su. Lugng mua trung binh thudn lgi cho loai cdy ndy phat triln la khodng 1500-1800 mm vdi dieu kien phan bd deu trong ndm vd sd ngay mua 100 - 150 ngay/ndm. Dilu kien khd ban dnh hudng xdu din qua trinh sinh ti^'dng, lam cho cao su rung la.
b. Lua chpn vdphan cap chi tieu
Cdn CUT vao nhu cdu sinh thai ciing nhu dac diem cua cdc Ioai CQ lanh tho, tac gid lya chgn 8 chi tieu chinh de phdn cdp:
1. Loai ddt: (i Ha TTnh cd 17 logi ddt chu ylu la: Ddt cdn cat (Cc), ddt cat ven bien (C), ddt mdn (M), ddt phen (Sj), ddt pbii sa dugc bdi hdng nam (Pb), ddt phii sa khdng dugc bdi hang nam (P), dat xdm phat trien tien da mdcma axit (Ba), ddt xam phat trien tren da cdt (Bq), dat dd vdng tien da set (Fs), ddt do vang tien da macma axit (Fa), ddt vang
nhat tren da cat (Fc}), ddt nau vdng tren phu sa co (Fp), ddt do vang hi bien ddi do trdng Ilia nude (FI), ddt mun vang do tren da set (Hs), ddt mim vang dd tren da mdcma axit (Ha), ddt tiiung lung do san phdm ddc hi (D), ddt xdi mdn tra sdi da (E).
2. Do ddc: Do ddc be mat ddt d lanh thd Ha Tinh dugc phdn ra 4 cdp: do ddc dudi 3", do ddc tir S^-S", do doc tir 8°-l 5", dp ddc tren 15°.
3. Tdng day; D6i vcri lanh thd tinh Ha Tmh dd day tdng ddt dugc chia lam 5 tap: tren 100cm, tu 70 - 100cm, tu 50 - 70cm, tii 30 - 50cm va dudi 30cm.
4. Thanh phdn ca giai: thdnh pban ca gidi dugc chia thanh 5 cap; cat, cat pha, thit nhe, thit trung binh vd thit nang.
5. Nhiet do trung binh nam: theo sy pban hda sinb khi hdu, lanh thd Ha Tinh phan thanh 4 cdp nhiet do: > 23'^C, 20 - 23^0, 18 - 20'*C vd < 18''C.
6. Lugng mua tnmg binh nam: theo bdn do phdn hda sinb khi bau, lanh thd Ha TTnh pban thanh 3 cdp lugng mua: tren 2500inm, tir 2000-250(hnm va dudi 2000mm.
7. Sd thang khd: d Ha TTnh sd thang khd dugc chia thanh 4 cap; khdng cd thdng khd nao, cd it hon hogc bang 2 thang, cd 3 - 4 thdng khd va tren 4 thang khd.
8. Khd nang thodt nucjc: Lanh tbd tinh Ha TTnh dugc chia thanh 4 miic dg ve khd nang thoat nude vdo miia mua lii; kha ndng thoat nude tdt ddi vdi dia hinh mii va doi; khd ndng thoat nuac trung binh ddi vdi cac khu vyc g ven chdn mii, chdn ddi; khd nang thoat nude kem ddi vdi khu vuc thung lung; ngap lyt ddi vdi cdc khu vuc dia hinh triing, ao hd...
Cdc chi tieu sinh thai dugc phan cdp theo mirc dg thich nghi cbo cay cao su d Ha T^ib nhu 6 bang 1.
Bang I. Phdn cdp muc dp thich nghi cua cdc chi tieu sinh thdi ddi v&i phdt trien cdy cao su d tinh Hd TTnh
Cac chi tieu I. Loai dat 2. Dp doc 3. Tang day (cm) 4. Thanh phan co gidi 5. Nhiet do TB nam ("C)
6. Lugng mua (mm) 7. So thang kho (thang) S. Kha nang thoat nuac
Cap thich nghi Rat tbich
nghi (3 diem) Fs.Fp 0-3»,3-S°
> 100 Thit nang
>23
>2500
<2 Tot
Thich nghi trung binh (2 Hiim)
Fa, Fq 8-15°
70- 100 Thit ttung binh
20-23 2000 - 2500
2 - 3 Tnmg binh
It thich nghi (1 Hiim)
Ba,Bq 15-20°
50-70 Thit nhe 18-20 1500-2500
3-4 Kem
Khong thich nghi (0 diim) D, P. Pb. Ha. Hs,
Cc.C, Sj.M.E 20-25", >25°
<50 Cat pha, cat
<18
- -
Ngap lut
DANH GIA CANH QUAN CHO PHAT TRIEN CAY CAO SU 0 HA TINH
3.3. Danh gid va phan hang mirc do tbfch nghi
Viec ddnh gia thich nghi sinh thai dugc tien hanh bang pbuong phap tinh tmng binh nhan vdi sd chi tiSu sinh thai cu the cho timg doi tugng. Diem timg chi tieu dua vao danh gid thich nghi dugc ldy tir bang chuan danh gia rieng (bang 1). Gia tri diem tnmg binh nhan ciia 8 chi tieu se cho ket qua danh gia tdng hgp ciia tiing logi CQ.
Miic dp thich nghi co gia tri diem nhu sau: rdt thich nghi (3 diem), thich nghi tnmg binh (2 dilm), it thich nghi (1 diem) vd khdng thich nghi (0 diem). Trong qud trinh ddnh gid, nhihig y^u td gidi ban ma cay cao su khdng the vugt qua dugc coi la nhihig ySu td khdng thich nghi (cd diem tuang iing la 0 diem). Neu mpt loai CQ ndo dd cd mdt chi tieu dugc danh gia la khong thich nghi thi bai toan trung binh nhan sS cho ket qua la 0 diem va dugc xep luon vao hgng khong thich nghi (N). Cac loai CQ cd ket qua tinh trung bmh nhdn Idiac 0 dugc tien hanh phan hang theo cdc mirc tbich nghi (SI, S2, S3).
Khoang each diem cua mdi miic thich nghi trong thang di6m phdn hgng thich nghi dugc tinh theo cong thixc:
AX = H Kit qua la;
- Miic it thich nghi (S3): cd dilm danh gid 1,00 - 1,66.
- Miic thich nghi tmng binh (S2): cd dilm danh gid tii 1,67-2,33.
- Miic rdt thich nghi (SI): co dilm danh gia tii 2,34 - 3,00.
0 Ha Tinh cd din 83 logi CQ dugc xIp hang khdng thich nghi (do cd nhung yeu td gi6i hgn ma cay cao su khdng the vugt qua). Cdn lgi 26 logi CQ duoc phdn hang thich nghi nhu bang 2.
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Hinh 1. Bdn dSphdn hgng thich nghi cho cdy cao sudHd Tfnh Bang 2. Phdn hang mirc dp thich nghi sinh thdi ciia cdc hgi cdnh quan
dot v&i cdy cao su & Hd TTnh Ph£n bang
Rat thich nghi (SI) Thich nghi trung binh (S2) It thich nghi (S3)
Si loai CO 7 17 2
Loai CQ 38, 50,57, 67, 72, 73, 86 29, 40,41, 44,45, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62,
63,68,71,74,75,89,90 76,87
Dien tich (ha) 22383,9 24674,4 6989,0
Nhu vgy, trong 26 loai CQ dugc phdn bang mirc dp tbich nghi sinh thai ddi vdi cay cao su cho thdy; cd 7 loai CQ dugc xIp vao hang thich nghi rat thich nghi (SI) vdi dien tich 7.658 ha; cd 17 loai CQ cd miic do thich nghi tinng binh (S2) vdi dien tich la 24.506,5 ha; cd 2 loai CQ a miic ciQ it tiiich nghi (S3) vdi dien tich 1.538,6 ba.
3.4. Kiln nghi djnh h i r ^ g khong gian phdt triSn cdy cao su 6- Hd Tinh a) So sdnh kit qua ddnh gid v&i hien trgng phan bo
Viec so sdnh kit qua ddnh gia tiiicb nghi sinh thai cac CQ vdi hien trgng phdn bd cay cao su cbinh Id ca sd d l dinh hudng kbong gian phdt tiien cay cao su d Ha TTnh.
Bang 3. So sdnh hien trgng phdn bd cdy cao sua Hd Tinh vdi kit qua ddnh gid thich nghi sinh thdi cdc CQ
Ket qua d&nh giS Mirc do
Ihich nghi SI S2 S3
Loai CQ
38, 50.57, 67, 72, 73, 86 29,40,41.44.45,54,58, 59,61,62.63,68,71,74,
75, 89,90 76,87
Dien tich (ha)
21.608 24.506,5
1 538,6
Hifn trang phan bo Lodi eg
38,50, 72 41,45, 54,58,62
0
Diin tich hien trang
(ha) 3211 6566 0
Hien trang so vol tiem nang(%) 14,9 26,8 0 Tir bdng 3 cho thdy, hien cao su dang dugc trdng g cac loai CQ 38, 41, 45, 50, 54, 58, 62, 72 vdi ch6n tich gdn 9.800 ha, phan bd chii yeu 6 huyen Hucmg Khe, Ky Anh, Huang Son... Ddy la nhOng logi CQ vira cd cac chi tieu sinb thdi thich hgp vai cdy cao su, lai thudn tien ve dudng giao thdng, thi trucmg tieu thy. Thyc tl, ngudfi dan da khdng sii dyng cdc logi CQ a hang khdng thich nghi (cd nhihig nhdn to sinh thai hgn che) cho muc dich phat trien cdy cao su. Nhimg khu vuc dua vao khai thac la nhung khu vuc thupc miic danh gia rat thich nghi hoac thich nghi trung binh (SI, S2) (bang 2). Nhu vgy, ngudi dan mm cbi sir dyng dugc 14,9 % di6n tich cd diem danh gid rdt tiiich nghi (SI), 26,8 % dien tich cd diem danh gia thich nghi trung binh. Ddy la ca sd khoa hgc dl ma rpng dien tich cay cao su.
h) Muc tieu phdt triin cdy cao su & Hd Tinh: Din ndm 2020, dien tich trdng cao su ciia tinh dat 23.207 ha cao su, du kien khai thac 15.000 ha, sdn lugng 15.000 tdn mu khd, giai cjuyet viec lam cbo 10.000 lao ddng [5]; Md rgng dien tich trdng cao su, chii trpng chuyen ddi dien tich rimg ti^ng kem hieu qua, rimg ty nhien ngheo ki$t cd dilu kien thich hgp sang trdng cao su, dien tich cdn lai duoc khai thac tir quy ddt chua sir dung [6], [7].
c) Klin nghi: Cdn cir vdo ket qua kiem chiing, hien trang su dyng cac logi CQ ciing nhu myc tieu phat trien cdy cao su ciia Ha Tinh din nam 2020, tac gia dua ra nhihig djnh hudng nhu sau: can tiep tyc duy tii dien ticb ti-dng cdy cao su a cac loai CQ hien dang
DANH GIA CANH QUAN CHO PHAT TRIEN CAY CAO SU Ct HA TINH
khai thdc, ddng thdi phai md rpng them dien tich d- cdc loai CQ 29, 40, 41, 45, 59, 61, 63, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 86, 89, 90. Nhftng loai CQ nay phan bo cbu yeu a cac huyen Huang Son, Vu Quang, Huong Khe va Ky Anh, d dp ddc <8'', tdng day >70cm, cd nhiet dp va lugng mua thudn lgi cho su phdt trien cua cdy cao su.
4. K £ T LUAN
Danh gid thich nghi sinh thai cac logi canh quan nham xac lap ca sd khoa hpc de phat trien cay cao su la yeu cau cap thiet ciia Ha TTnh. Don vi dugc lya chgn de ddnh gid cho lanh thd Ha TTnh de phyc vy cho vi^c phat trien mdt cdy cao su la 109 loai CQ. Quy trinh ddnh gia, phdn hang thich nghi sinh thai dya tien ca sd ddc tinh cdc loai CQ va nhu cau sinh thai cua cay cao su vai phucmg p h ^ tinh dilm tdng hgp bdng bai todn trung binh nhdn va quy trinh danh gia theo Nguyin Cao Hudn [4].
Kit qud danh gid va phan hang thich nghi sinb thdi cua cac loai cdnh quan ddi vdi cdy cao su the bien tren ban do ty le I/IOO.OOO. Cy the: miic do khong tbich nghi cd 27 logi CQ vdi di6n tich 79.374,7 ha; miic dp rdt thich nghi (SI) cd 7 loai CQ vdi dien tich 7.658 ha; miic dp thich nghi trung binli (S2) cd 17 logi CQ voi dien tich la 24.506,5 ba;
miic dp it thich nghi (S3) co 2 loai CQ vdi dien tich 1.538,6 ha.
Ha TTnh Id tinh cd nhieu dieu kien thuan Igi de phdt trien cao su. Tren eg so ket qua danh gia va dinh hudng phat tiien cdy cao su cua tinb den nam 2020, chiing tdi de xudt cdn phat trien va hinh thanh cdc vimg nguyen lieu cao su a loai CQ 29, 38, 40, 45, 50, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 72, 63, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 86, 89, 90. Viec ma rpng dien tich cdy cao su nhdm khai thac nhiing lgi the tir nhien la hudng di diing ddn nhdm ndng cao ddi sdng cua nguai ndng dan ciia Hd TTnh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Bp Nong nghiep va phat triln ndng thon (2008). Cdm nang sir dung ddt ndng nghiep, NXB Khoa hpc va Ky thuat. Ha Npi.
[2] Ph?im Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thugng Himg, Nguyen Ngpc Khanh (1997). Ca sd cdnh quan hgc ciia viic sir dung hgp li tai nguyen thien nhien. bdo ve moi trudng lanh thd Viil Nam, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi.
[3] Pham Hoang Hai (2004). Ddnh gid cdnh quan trong dia ly (phucmg phdp ddnh gid thich nghi cdc ddi tuang dia ly), Bai giang Cao hpc. Ha Npi.
[4] Nguyin Cao Hudn (2005). Ddnh gid cdnh quan (theo hudng tiip can sinh thai), Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
[5] Sd Nong nghiep va Phat Uiln ndng thdn (2010). "Ki hogch 5 ndm 2011 - 2015 ngdnh Ndng nghiip vd Phdt tnen nong thon Hd Tinh ". Ha TTnh.
[6] UBND tinh Ha Tinh (2008). Bdo cdo tdng hgp Quy hoach ldng thi phdt triin kinh li • xd hpi tinh Hd Tfnh den ndm 2020, Ha Ttnh.
[7] UBND tiah Ha Tinh (2013). Quyil djnh vi viec diiu chinh. bd sung Quy hogch phdt triin cao su tren dia bdn linh Hd Tfnh giai doan 2010 - 2020 (sd I8II/QD-UBND ngdy 24/6/2013). Ha TTnh.
Title: ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE TO DEVELOP THE RUBBER TREE IN HA TINH PROVINCE
Abstract: Ha Tinh province has favorable natural conditions for growing the rubber trees. In fact, this tree kind has been growing in some areas of Ha Tinh with an area of nearby 9.800 ha.
The result of landscape assessment has shown that the most appropriate area for the mbber tree is 7.658 ha, Uie average appropriate area is 24.506,5 ha. This is the scientific basis to expand the area of the mbber tree, bring a high income for local people.
Keywords: landscape, rubber trees. Ha Tinh
ThS. NGUYEN MINH NGUY$T Khoa Kinh te, Hpc vien Bao chi va Tuyen tmyen DT: 0934 224 969
TRUONG QUANG HAI
Vien Viet Nam hpc va Khoa hoc phat triln
