danh gia canh quan cho muc dich phat trien nong

VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOi DjA LY VEET NAM

DANH GIA C A N H Q U A N C H O M U C D I C H P H A T T R I E N N O N G , L A M N G H I E P VA DU L I C H T A I K H U V U C C O NUI DA VOI

T I N H N I N H B I N H

Truirng Quang Hdi', Nguyen An Thinh', Nguyin Thi Thiiy Hang'

SUMMARY

Landscape evaluation for agriculture, forestry and tourism development in the limestone mountainous region of Ninh Binh province

The article deals with the ecological economic approach in evaluating landscape applying in the limestone mountainous region of Ninh Binh province. Using six-steps flow chart of studying, determined: (i) Favourable landscapes for agricultural crop development, including pineapple, litchi, sugar cane, rice land use type and fish-rice land use type; (ii) Conservation and favourable landscapes for forestry developmeni; (iii) Favourable landscapes for tourism development, in accordance with development target of holiday tourism types, sightseeing, thematic and cultural tourism; (iv) Favourable landscapes for agriculture, forestry and ecotourism integrating development by computing formula of landscape functional index K,.

Based on these evaluating results, authentic conclusions of distribution, area scale of appropriate landscapes were drcnvn. At once, the results also sho^v that, in the study area, the contradiclion of environment and development M'cis represented strongly in the limestone mountainous area. This is ihe territory pregnant with karsts landscapes that were suitable not only lo natural conservation but also economic development.

MO DAU

Khu vuc cd mii da vdi tinh Ninh Binh nam d ria dong nam ciia dong bang song Flong, thudc lanh tho banh chinh cac huyen Nho Quan, Gia Vien, Yen Mo, Floa Lu, thj xa Tam Diep va thanh pho Ninh Binh, tdng dien tich 1420,7km". Vdi tinh dac thii ve tai nguyen thien nhien va canh quan mii da vol, khu vuc nay co the manh phat trien nong nghiep chuyen canh, xay dirng cac khu bao ve thien nhien va phat trien du lich sinh thai.

Cimg nhu cac vimg mii da vdi khac ciia Viet Nam, phat trien ben virng d khu vyc co niii da voi tinh Ninh Binh yen ciu dua tren ca sd kit hgp chat che giira phat trien nong. lam nghiep, du ljch sinh thai vdi bao ve canh quan. Trong dd, danh gia canh quan can dugc chii trgng thyc hien trong cdng tac dieu tra ca ban, tao ca sd khoa hgc cho djnh hudng sir dung hgp ly lanh tbi.

Danh gia kinh te sinh thai cac canh quan dugc lua chgn nghien ciru nham dua ra cac luan cir khoa hgc va thyc tien phuc vu tl cbiic lanh thd, phat triln tdng bgp cac nganh kinh te va bao ve thien nhien khu vuc co mii da voi tinb Ninh Binh.

1. PHUONG PHAP, CACH TIEP CAN VA QUY TRINH NGHIEN ClTU a) Phirong phap nghien ciiu

Cac phuong phap chinh sau day dugc sii dung d l thu thap va xir ly sd lieu;

Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Noi

Hgj nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 39

VIEN DIA L'Y - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA L'Y VIET NAM

- Phuong phdp kit cdt canh quan: tap the tac gia da lien hanh khao sat canh quan theo tat ca cac tuyen trong pham vi khu vyc nghien ciiu. Trong dd. khao sat chi tiet theo -i

lat cat canh quan chinb: (i) tuyin thdnh phd Ninh Binh - Hoa Lu: (ii) tuyen thdnh pho Ninh Binh - Djch Long - Vdn Long - Ddm Ciit - Kenh Gd: va (iii) tuyin thdnh phd Ninh Binh - Ciic Phirang - Ky Phu - Quynh Luv - Tam Diep. Tren cac lat cit. tien hanh nghien CU'U cau tnic dirng canh quan, dieu tra d tieu chuan, dao tren 100 phau dien dat de lay mau phan tich.

- Phuang phdp dieu tra sudiing ddt: phdng vin ban chinh thirc va dieu tra tren 400 philu sir dung dit tai cac hd gia dinh d bu>en Nho Quan. Hoa Lu. Gia Vien trong thdi gian 3 nam (2004-2006) nhim thu thap cac thong tin vl hien trang sir dung dat. ca cau thu nhap. tap quan san xuat. hieu qua trien khai thyc hien va cac chinh sach phat trien nong nghiep ndng thon mien mii. hieu qua kinh te cac loai binh sir dung dat.

- Phuong phdp phdn tich vd ddnh gid canh quan: sir dung cac cbi tieu phan tich, danh gia su pbii hop cua dang khai thac sii dung lanh thd trong dieu kien tu nhien, nhan sinh von la thudc tinh ciia canh quan. Sau kbi phan loai canh quan. da thuc bien danh gia canh quan theo cac budc danh gia thich ngbi sinh thai, phan tich bieu qua kinh te. tinh ben vung moi trudng va xa hgi de lua chgn he thong sir dung dat hgp ly.

b) Cach tiep can va quy trinh nghien cuu

Thuc chit danh gia canh quan la danh gia long bgp cac dja long the cho muc dich cu the [4]. Vdi ban chat la dja long the day dii. nen canh quan dugc sir dung danh gia cho nhieu muc dich nhu nong. lam. ngu nghiep. nghi dudng, xav' dung,... Q Viet Nam. hudng danh gia canh quan dugc tich bgp trong hau bet cac cong trinh nghien ciru canh quan d cac iiiu'c do khac nhau: ly luan va thyc tien danh gia canh quan theo tiep can kinh te sinh thai [2. 4], phuc vu su dung bgp ly tai nguyen va bao ve moi trudng [1], phat trien cay trdng dai ngay [5], phat trien du Ijch ben vung [10],... Tren the gidi, danh gia canh quan dugc de cap den trong mgt so cdng trinh nghien ciru sinh thai canh quan, theo hudng ly luan va phat trien cac md hinh danh gia [12. 13, 17] hoac phuc vu cho cac muc dich cu the nhu duv tri dn dang sinh hgc [8, 14], phat trien du Ijch sinh thai [15], quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien [16],... Tuy nhien, hau bet cac cdng trinh nay mdi chi dirng lai d mirc do danh gia cho tirng muc dich sir dung rieng biet [5, 10, 16]. Mdt sd cdng trinh d Viet Nam da phat trien thanh cong hudng danh gia kinh te sinh thai cac canh quan tren co sd tich hgp cac budc danh gia thich nghi sinh thai, phan tich hieu qua kinh te, tinh ben vung mdi trudng va xa hdi [2, 4], nhung chua giai quyet dugc trgn ven bai toan danh gia cho muc dich phat trien tdng hgp va lien ket cac nganh kinh te. Chinb vi vay, djnh hudng tdng bgp va lien nganh cbi cd the dugc thyc bien d budc djnh hudng sir dung bgp ly canh quan theo phuong phap lua chgn. Viec van dung mo hinh dinh lugng dl xay dyng cdng tbirc tinh he so chirc nang canh quan la mdt trong nhung hudng giai bai toan danh gia tich hgp phuc vu phat trien tdng hgp va lien nganh.

Tren ca sd gidi han pham vi danh gia cho phat triln nganh ndng, lam nghiep va du ljch d mgt khu vyc niii da voi cu the thugc tinh Ninh Binh. tap thi tac gia dl xuit mgt quy trinh danh gia canh quan dya tren tiep can kinh tl sinh thai, bao gdm phan tich cac ngudn luc tu nhien va kinh te xa hgi co anh hudng den phat triln cac nganh (budc 1), phan tich cau triic canh quan theo hirdng phan kieu va phan viing canh quan (budc 2). Sau do, ca sd dii' lieu va ban do canh quan dugc sir dung lain diu vao dl danh gia cho cac loai binh sir dung dat ndng nghiep (budc 3), danh gia canh quan bao ton, phdng hg va tai sinh riing

40 Hdi nghi Khoa bgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi, 3010

VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM

(budc 4). danh gia theo muc lieu phat trien du lich nghi dirdng, tham quan ngim canh. du lich chuyen de va du ljch van hoa (budc 5). Cuoi cimg, cong thirc linh he sl chirc nanij canh quan dugc sir dung de danh gia kha nang phat trien long hgp cac nganh nong. lam nghiep va du ljch ciia timg tieu vimg canh quan (budc 6). Cac kit qua nay la co sd khoa hgc quan trgng phuc vu djnh hudng to chirc lanh thd theo muc tieu phat trien bin vung (hinh 1).

XACDINllPtlAM VI NGIiltN c i i u

Pham vi khoa hoc: !

" \—^!

Danh gia canh quan , phuc vu phat trien i kinh te va bao t6n '

Pham vl khong gian:

Khu VU'C CO nui da vol tinh Ninh Binh

Bir&c I:

Phan tich cac ngu6n lye

'^

c

Bir&c 2:

Phan tich caiih quan

Danh gia cnnh quan cho phat triun nong

TlfeP CAN KINH T 6 SINH THAI - Thich nghi sinh thai - Hieu qua kinh t l - Bin vOng moi tru'ong - Ben vOng xa hoi

Bir&c 4:

Ddnh gid cnnh quan r h n Inm nnhil in vn

Buoc 5:

Odnh gia cilinh quan cho Dhdt triun du

KiviK 6:

D^nh gia csnh quan cho phat then T O N G N Q P CAC

N G A N H N O N G , LAM

NGHIEP V A D U LICH

phan vung

Hinh 1. Sa do quy trinh ddnh gid cdnh quan khu vuc cd mii da vdi tinh Ninh Binh

2. DAC DIEM CAC NGUON LlTC VA SlT PHAN HOA CANH QUAN a) Cac nguon lure tur nhien va kinh te xa hoi

Khu vyc cd nui da vdi tinh Ninh Binh co cac gia trj quan trgng ve canh quan, tai nguyen thien nhien va di san van hda. Trong khu vuc, dja hinh karst tren da vol tuoi Trial, thong trung, he tang Ddng Giao (Fadg) la thanh tao pho bien nhat. Khi hau co sy phan boa dja phuong theo 2 tilu vimg khi hau: tilu viing khi hau mii da vdi va viing doi thugc Bac Gia Vien, tieu vimg khi hau miln mii Ciic Phuang - Nho Quan va phia tay nam Tam Diep. He thong sdng cd mat do trung binh (0,58 km/km^) vdi song chinh la song Day va song Hoang Long. Thd nhudng gom 6 nhdm dit: dit phii sa, dat glay, dat than biin, dat den, dat xam va dit xdi mon tra sdi da. Khu vyc cd dien tich Idn rirng kin thirdng xanh mua am nhiet ddi dugc bao tdn trong cac khu rirng dac dung. Nguon lye ty nhien tao ra cac thi manh phat triln nganh ndng nghiep da dang vdi cac vimg chuyen canh nong nghiep chinh, phat triln du Ijch dya tren cac danh lam thing canh va di tich ljch sir van boa ndi tiing (eo do Hoa Lu, khu du Ijch Tam Cic - Bich Dgng, Vudn QuIc gia Ciic Phuang, Khu Bao tdn thien nhien dit ngap nude Van Long).

Dac dilm kinh t l xa hdi eiia khu vyc co niii da vdi tinh Ninh Binh bj cbi phii manh me bdi cac dilu kien ty nhien, tao ca hgi cimg nhu thach thuc ddi vdi phat Uien ben vung. Vdi nhu'ng tilm nang vl ty nhien nhu vay, nhung khu vuc nay lai co xuat phat diem thap hon so vdi cac khu vyc khac thugc ding bing sdng Fling. Quy md nen kiiiii te nho be do la mgt khu vyc thuin ndng, t> le hang boa xuit khiu va dich vu thu ngoai te

Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n tb&S-Hd Ndi. 2010

VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM

dat 10% GDP (so vdi trung binh ca nude cbi dat 39°o). chuven ddi ca cau kinh te cham 111].

b) Dac diem phan hoa canh quan

Khu vyc nghien ciru nam trong kilu canh quan rirng nhiet ddi cay la rdng thuong xanh mua miia. dugc phan chia thanh 3 phu kieu. 11 hang. 22 loai va 67 dang canh quan (Kit qua De Xa\ khoa hgc trgng dilm cip DHQG Ha Ngi. ma sd QGTD.04.1 I). Trong do, dang canh quan la don vj co sd phan anh sy phan hoa chi tilt trong loai canh quan. la doi tugng cua cac muc lieu irng dung thyc tien nham khai thac su dung hgp ly lanh tho.

Qua phan tich dac dilm phan b l cd quy luat ciia cac don vj phan loai canh quan. da phan chia ra 6 tieu vimg canh quan:

- Tieu V img canh quan dong bang Yen Mo (I) - Tieu vimg canh quan karst Trudng Yen (2) - Tieu V iing canh quan dong bang Gia Vien (3) - Tieu vimg canh quan karst Van Long (4) - Tieu vimg canh quan dong bang Nho Quan (5) - Tieu vimg canh quan karst Tam Diep (6) 3. DANH GIA CANH QUAN

3.1. Danh gia canh quan cho phat trien cac loai hinh sii' dung dat nong nghiep Dang canh quan la don vj ca sd dugc chgn de danh gia vdi yeu cau viec sir dung phai dat hieu qua kinh te cao. Danh gia canh quan dugc thyc hien qua cac budc xac djnh doi tugng va muc tieu danh gia. danh gia thanh phan, danh gia tdng bgp va phan hang thich nghi sinh thai. Cac cbi tieu danh gia bao gdm: dieu kien nhiet - am (nhiet do trung binh nam. lugng mua nam, do am khong khi trung binh nam, do dai miia kho) va dieu kien tho nhudng (loai dat, do doc, tang day, thanh phan ca gidi va kha nang thoat nude).

Diem danh gia tc'-g bgp dugc tinh loan theo cdng thirc trung binh nhan cac diem danh gia thanh phan;

S, ='^a„.a,,...a,„ (1) Trong do: S,; diem danh gia tdng hgp ciia loai hinh sir dung dat thir i; a,i, a,2,... aj„:

diem danh gia thanh phan doi vdi loai hinh sir dung dat thir i; n: tdng sd cbi lieu dua vao danh gia.

Thang diem phan hang cac mirc thich ngbi dugc tinb theo cdng thirc khoang each deu:

M, = — X (5, m a x - 5 , min) (2)

Trong dd: MJ: khoang each diem phan hang ddi vdi loai hinh sir dung dat thir i;

S,max: diem danh gia cao nhat ddi vdi loai hinb sir dung dat thir i; S,min; diem danh gia thap nhat ddi vdi loai hinh sir dung dat thir i; H: sd cap phan bang (H =3).

Sau budc danh gia thich nghi sinh thai, cac chi sd phan tich chi phi - lgi ich (CBA) la gia trj hien rdng (NPV) va ty suit Igi ich-chi phi (BCR) [3] dugc sir dung de linb toan tren cac miic do thich ngbi sinh thai ciia canh quan, theo cdng tbirc:

42 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc lan th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010

VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DI4 LY VIET NAM

^ / i - C Npy = > —'-

t'^ 0->'•)• BC R f:1(\ + ry-'

z -^-

t r d + /•)'-'

(3)

Trong do: r: be so chicl khau; t; chu ky kinh lc ciia loai hinh sir dung dat dugc danh I'ia; B,: thu nhap nam ihir I; C,; dau Ur luim llui l.

c a c loai hinh sir dicing dat lira chgn danh gia hi cay dira, vai, mia. loai hinh su dlln^

dat chuyt;n hia va liia-ca kc-t bgp, dugc phan thanh cac mirc do rai thich nghi (SI), ihich nghi trung binh (S2), kem thich nghi (S3) va khong thich nghi (N). Kit qua da xac dinh dugc cac canh quan thuan lgi cho pluit trien nong nghiep (bdng I): dien lich cac canh quan thuan Igi nhat ( S l ) cho phat trien cay dira ki 10.870ha, dat N P V Irung binh 29,61 trieu dong/nam; 1.116 ba phat trien vai Ihuan lgi nluit ( S I ) vdi NPV dat 42,083 Irieu dong/ha/nam; 2.640ha phat trien mia thuiin Igi nhat ( S l ) vdi NPV dai 18,15 trieu dong/ba/nam; loai hinh sir di,ing dat chuyc-n hia co 39.190 ha phat Irien thuan lgi nhit ( S l ) ; trong khi do loai hinh sii dung dat liia-ca cbi co 866 ba phat Iricn thuan Igi nhai (SI) vdi NPV dat 4,7 trieu dong/ha/nam. Ket qua luiy dugc the hien tren cac ban do phan bang mirc do thich nghi sinh thai ty lc 1:100.000.

Bdng 1. Kit qud ddnh gid cdnh quan ddi vol cdc logi hinh sir dung ddt ndng nghiep

Loai hinh sii' dung

d i t

Ky hieu

Rat thich nshi

Sl

T i i i c h nghi t r u n g binh

S2

Kem thich nghi

S3

Khong thich nghi

Cay dira

18

10.870 • 7,65% ¹⁵

9.253 6,51% 27

11.700 110.247 -77.61%

Ciiy vai

"l: .116 0,78% 23

22.160 15,60%

8.542 -6,01% ²⁷

110.252 77.61%

Cay mia

5 2.640 1,86%

2.478 1,74% 31

26.700 ^{I 8,79°/}

27

10.252 77,61%

Chuyen

ilia 39.190 ^-27,59% 1.166 0,82%

2.817

-1,98% ³³

98.897 - 6 9 . 6 1 % Lua-ca

866 0,61%

i l l 1,98%

38,930 27,40% 58

99.463 - 70.010 0

(Trong do: n^: sd dang canh quan thich nghi vdi loai hinh sir dung dat thir i d mirc do thich nghi sinh thai j ; a,j: dien tich thich nghi ddi vdi loai hinh sir dung dat thir i d mirc do thich nghi sinh thai j ; r,,: ty le % dien tich thich nghi so vdi dien tich lu nhien kinh thd ciia loai hinb sir dung d i t thir i d mirc do thich nghi sinh thai j)

3.2. D a n h gia c a n h q u a n cho m u c dich bao ve va p h a t trien riing

Flien nay, khoang 6 0 % t i n g dien tich rirng d khu vyc co mii da vol tinh Ninh Bmh dugc quy hoach vao rirng dac dung, bao g I m V u d n Q u I c gia Ciic P h u a n g (11.350 ha), Khu rirng van boa-ljch sir Hoa Lir va Khu Bao t i n thien nhien d i t ngap nude Van Long (5.550 ha) [11]. Day la nhirng khu vuc co cac canh quan niii da voi vdi do da dang sinh hgc cao, nhieu loai thyc vat dac hiru va quy hilm, can thilt dugc danh gia tiem nang.

Hgi ng-hi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n th&S- Ha Ngi 2010 ⁴³

VIEN DIA LY - VTEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM

Nguyen tac "bao ton ciu triic" dugc lua chgn de danh gia canh quan phuc vu bao Ve Va phat trien riing tai khu virc nghien cuu. vdi muc tieu tao ca sd quan ly. bao ve. bao ton. phuc boi trang thai cao dinh ciia cac he sinh thai tu nhien [8. 14]. Sii' dung cac chi tieu sinh thai ve do che phu riing, v j tri phong bd (doi vdi phdng hd), tinb nguyen trang, tinb da dang va ylu to thyc vat dac hiru (doi vdi bao ton), v'eu td sinh thai canh (ddi vai phuc hoi rimg) da xac dinh dugc:

- Cdc cdnh quan uv tien phdng hg: 10 dang canh quan dugc danh gia cd gia trj phong bg cao (mirc PI), 24 dang canh quan eo gia trj phong bd trung binh (P2), 3 dang canh quan phdng hd thip (P3) va 40 dang canh quan cd gia trj phdng hg rat thap (PN).

Trong dd, canh quan phong hg cao (PI) cd dien tich 17.800 ha (chilm 12,53% tong dien tich ty nbien), cbii yeu la cac dang canh quan d vj tri phong hg xung yeu, tham thyc vat CO do che pbii cao. thudng phan b l tren cac dinh phan tbiiv' thudc khu vyc Ciic Phuong, Hoa Lu va Van Long. Cac dang canh quan co gia trj phong bg trung binh chiem dien tich 41.410 ha (29.15%). Dien tich cac dang canh quan phdng hd thip chilm dien tich It nhat (11.264 ha. tirong duong 7,93%). Cac canh quan phdng hg rit thip cd dien tich 71.596 ha. chiem tdi 50,39% tong dien tich tu nhien (hinh 2a).

- Cdc cdnh quan uv lien bao tdn: xac dinh dugc 10 dang canh quan bao ton cao (mirc PI). 2 dang canh quan bao tin trung binh (mirc P2). 10 dang canh quan bao ton thap (P3), 45 dang canh quan co mirc bao tin rit thip (PN). Cac dang canh quan bao ton cao chilm dien tich 24.251 ha (17,07%). co be sinh thai rirng nguyen sinh, da dang sinh hgc cao va chira dung loai thyc vat dac hiru. Trong nhom nay, cac canh quan niii da vdi d Nubn Quoc gia Ciic Phuong (thugc lieu vimg canh quan karst Tam Diep) cd 1.944 loai thuc vat thugc 912 chi, 219 hg, 86 bg va 7 nganh thyc vat bac cao vdi nbieu loai thyc vat quy nhu kim giao {Podocarpus fleiiryi), chd chi {Parashorea chinensis), mun (Dio.spyros mun), gu lau (Sindora tonkinensis), sen mat (Dasillipe pasquieri), tau (Vatica odorata), dinh huong {Caryophyllus aromaticu.s) [6]. Cac canh quan mii da vdi d Khu Bao tdn thien nhien dat ngap nude Van Long (thugc tieu vimg karst Van Long) cd 457 loai tbirc vat bac cao co mach thugc 327 chi, 127 hg. trong do cd 9 loai dugc ghi vao Sach Dd Viet Nam la khoa ca an (Aristolochia indica), nghien {Burretiodendron hsienmu), lat hoa (Chukrasia tabularis), thien tue da vdi {Cycas miquelii), cdt toai bd (Drynaria forlunei), chan danh (Eonymus incertus), rau sang (Meliaiitha suavis), khuylt la thdng (Psilotum nudum), hoan nan tan (Stiychnos iinibellata) [9]. Cac canh quan niii da vdi d Khu rirng van boa-ljch sir Hoa Lu (thugc tieu viing karst Trudng Yen) chira dyng 577 loai tlurc vat bac cao, trong dd co 10 loai thyc vat quy hiem dugc ghi trong Sach Dd Viet Nam {Cycas balansae, Stemona saxorum,..). Cac canh quan bao tdn trung binh cd dien tich it nhit (2.529 ba. tuong duong 1,78%). Cac canh quan bao tdn thip cd dien tich 12.971 ha (9,13%). Cac canh quan bao ton rit thip chilm tdi 102.319 ha (72,02%), phan bo d khu vyc dong bang (hinh 2b).

- Cdc cdnh quan uv tien phuc hdi rimg: cip phan bang cd kha nang phuc hoi rirng cao (PI) gom 21 dang canh quan, dien tich 18.526 ba (13,04%), cd kilu tham thyc vat thir sinh va dieu kien lap dja thuan Igi phat triln rirng. 13 dang canh quan dugc danh gia d cap CO kha nang phuc boi rimg trung binh (P2), dien tich 35.631 ba (25,08%). Cip cd kha nang phuc hii rimg rit thip (PN) chilm dien tich 87.913 ba (61,88%), gom 33 dang, chii yeu la trang co thir sinh nhan tac hoac cac kieu nuoi trong nhan tao (hinh 2c).

44 Hdi ngbi Khoa bgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n tb&S - Hd Ndi, 2010

VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA L'i' VIET NAM

120 '

W

W

30 Ijhin lia

178

1 1

IM 1 J

l'2

71 5')6

11 26.1

.•_.

_{P3 I'N}

1 2 0 '

00

60

j l ) chin lla

2-1 251

n

I'I 2 529

l'2

102 319

12 971

i l l

I'j I'N

90

60

30

0 d u n Ii3

18 526

n

8 7 9 1 3

3 5.U31

j •

'-^'' m

m

m m

(a) (b)

Hinh 2. Kit qud ddnh gid cdnh quan cho cdc muc dich (a) phong hd; (b) bdo tdn; (c) phuc hdirung

3.3. Danh gia canh quan cho muc dich phat trien du Ijch

Du Ijch la nganh kinh te quan trgng va phat trien nhanh d khu vyc nghien ciru. Nam 1995, doanh thu tii' du ljch ciia tinh Ninh Binh chi dat 9.842 ti dong, lugng khach du ljch 180.500 ngu'di, trong do 73.000 khach quIc tl, 107.500 khach ngi dja. Din nam 2006, doanh thu tirdu ljch dat 85.337 ty ddng, khach du ljch tang den 1.263.356 ngudi (485.600 khach quoc te va 777.756 khadi ngi dja) [11]. Trong 7 khu du ljch dugc quy hoach den nam 2010 ciia tinh Ninh Binh, khu vyc mii da voi co 6 khu (khu du Ijch Tam Coc - Bich Ddng va Cd dd Hoa Lu; khu du ljch trung tam thj xa Ninh Binh; khu du lich Vuon Qudc gia d i e Phuang, Ky Phii, hd Ddng Chuang; khu du ljch suoi nude ndng Kenh Ga - dgng Van Trinh, Van Long, cbiia Djch Long; khu du ljch phdng tuyen Tam Diep - Bien Son;

khu du Ijcli hd Yen Ddng, Yen Thang, ddng Ma Tien, cira Than Pbii). Dac trung ve tai nguyen du lich d khu vuc nay la sy ket hgp gifra tai nguyen ty nhien va tai nguyen nhan van va phan bd tap trung d Hoa Lu, Tam Coc - Bich Dgng, Ciic Phuong. Day la mgt thuan lgi cho binh thanh cac khu du ljch Idn, sire hap dan du khach cao, co kha nang canh tranh dugc vdi cac trung tam du Ijch khac.

Danh gia canh quan khu vyc co mii da vol tinh Ninh Binh cho muc dich phat trien du Ijch dugc thyc hien theo quy trinh 3 budc: phan chia cac tieu viing canh quan da hoac chua phat trien du Ijch (budc I), phan loai cac nhan td thuan lgi va ban che doi vdi phat trien du ljch (budc 2), danh gia tong hgp mirc do thuan Igi ciia canh quan doi vdi du ljch (budc 3). Miic do thuan lgi dugc danh gia tren pham vi tieu vimg canh quan, dua tren cac bac phan chia: cac tilu vimg rit thuan lgi (PI), kha thuan lgi (P2), thuan lgi trung binh (S3), kem thuan lgi (N) (bdng 3).

Bdng 3. Kit qud diinh gid tdng hop cdnh quan cho muc dich phdt trien elu lich

Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi, 2O10 ⁴⁵

VIEN DIA LY - VTEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI D I A LY VTET NAM

(Trong do logi hinh du lich ihich hap phdi trien: P1...PN: cdc mirc do thudn loi ddi vdi phdt trien du hch) Nhu vay. theo muc tieu phat triln cac loai hinb du Ijch ngbi dudng, tham quan ngam canh. du ljch chuyen de va du ljch van boa, tieu viing canh quan karst Trudng Yen va Tam Diep dugc danh gia a cap rat thuan lgi (PI); tieu vimg canh quan karst Van Long dugc danh gia kha thuan lgi (P2): cac tieu vimg canh quan ddng bang Yen Md va Nho Quan thuan lgi trung binh (P3); tieu vimg canh quan ddng bang Gia Vien kem thuan lgi nbit(PN).

3.4. Danh gia canh quan cho phat trien tong hop cac nganh nong, lam nghiep va du lich

Su phan hda cau triic canh quan da dang d khu vyc c6 mii da vdi tinb Ninh Binh quy djnh tinh da dang ve chirc nang phat trien kinh te ndng, lain nghiep va du ljch. He so chiic nang canh quan dugc sir dung xac djnh tdng bgp tinb thich hgp ciia canh quan ddi vdi phat trien kinh te theo hudng lien nganh. dugc hieu la kha nang ciia mgt tieu vimg canh quan cho phep sii' dung cac dang boat ddng phat trien khac nhau. Ban chat ciia phuong phap danh gia nay la phan loai canh quan theo miic do thich hgp ddi vdi phat trien nhieu loai hinh kinh te. Thira ke ket qua danh gia canh quan ddi vdi tirng muc dich phat trien ndng nghiep, lani nghiep va du Ijch, day la budc danh gia tiep theo dc xac djnh hudng phat trien tdng hgp cac nganh trong lanh thd.

He sd chiic nang canh quan dugc xay dung dya tren quan be giua tdng sd cbirc nang ciia lanh thd va cbirc nang ciia tirng lieu viing canh quan, theo cdng tbirc:

K,^-^ = f{E,A,F.T) v D i O < K t < l .. (4)

^ ll"

Trong do: K, Id he so chuc ndng cua ingl lieu vimg cdnh quan; Cj,,, Id tdng sd chirc nang ciia lanh thd, Cjp Id long so chirc nang cua ingl lieu vimg cdnh quan; E: chirc nang phdt irien long hop cdc

nganh kinh te: A: chirc nang ndng nghiep: F: chirc ndng lain nghiep; T: chirc nang du lich.

Theo ket qua danh gia canh quan doi vdi tirng nganh, ddi vdi khu vyc cd niii da voi tinh Ninh Binh, cac chirc nang phat trien kinh te va bao tdn dac thii bao gdm:

- Chuc nang ndng nghiep, Cfp(A) = 2; (Ai) phat triln cay dai ngay (dua, mia, vai);

(A2) phat trien loai binh sii' dung dat chuyen lua va liia - ca ket hgp.

- Chirc nang lam nghiep, C|p(F) = 3; (F,) phdng hg, (F,) bao tdn; (F3) phuc hoi rung.

- Chirc nang du ljch sinh thai, Cr|,(T) = 4; (T,) du ljch nghi dudng; (Tj) tham quan ngam canh; (T3) du ljch chuyen de; (T4) du ljch van hda.

4 6 Hdi nghi Khoa bgc Dia ly Toan qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010

V I E N D I A L Y - V I E N K H O C N V I E T N A M H O I D I A LY V I E T N A M

C.iilriKI(A) rhtfp(<0,26) I i'l'runf, binh (0,26-0,.'i)

^ ^ C n o (0,51-0,75)

UJjlU'l rao (0.76-1,0) 0 S,n lOltm Nrr

Cii tri K 1(1 J [ ll'ha'p(<0 26) I iTfunf.blnh (0 26-0 5) [5;||Ca<>(0,.Sl 0 7'^

a|'DRa-ta,o(07«.10) » -•« > ' > ^ '

GUaiKifr) I iThfl'p (<0,26) [THTning binh (0,2fr-0,.5) M\C^o (0,.51-0,75)

i M l c i o (0,76-1,0) " S.» H"™ •

GiilriKlfr)

|rhjrp(<o,26) L 2 I Trim); binh (0,26-0,.'i)

'^'] 010(0,51-0,7.5)

||lIOl«ftc.o(0,7.Kl,0) " , _ J ; 1 .

Hmh 3. Cdc sa do he sd chirc ndng cdnh quan cua khu vuc cd nui da vdi tinh Ninh Binh:

(a) ndng nghiep: (b) ldm nghiep; (c) du lich; (d) ndng, lain nghiep vd du Tich (Ky hieu I..6: cdc lieu vimg canh quan: (I) lieu vimg Yen Md; (2) lieu vimg Trirdng Yen;

(3) lieu vimg Gia Vien; (4) lieu vimg Vdn Long; (5) lieu vimg Nho Quan; (6) lieu vimg Tain Diep) Ket qua tinh toan va phan hang dugc the hien tren so' do he sd chirc nang canh quan (hinh 3a-d), cho phep xac djnh dugc nbirng the manh rieng de phat trien mgt hay nhieu nganh kinh te eiia mdi tieu vimg canh quan dya tren tiem nang ty nhien va kinh te xa hgi:

- Cac tieu vimg canh quan mil da vol (Trudng Yen, Van Long, 'Fam Diep) co tiem nang Idn nhat de phat trien tong hgp kinh te ndng, lam nghiep va du ljch (K|(E) = 0,78-^0,89) (/;//;/; 3d), dua Ircn nganh nong nghiep trdng cay dai ngay va cay luong thuc (K,(A) = 0,5+1,0) (hinh 3a), bao ton va phat triln rirng (K,(F) = 0,67+1,0) (hinh 3b), phat trien ca 4 loai hinh du ljch ngbi dudng, tham quan ngam canh, du ljch chuyen de va du ljch van hda (K,(T) = 0,75+1,0) (^Z?//;/? ic;.

- Cac tieu vimg canh quan ddng bang (Yen Md, Gia Vien, Nho Quan) co nhieu tiem nang phat triln tdng bgp cac nganh kinh tl nong nghiep va du tjch (K,(E) = 0,22+0,44) (Idnh 3d), do cd thi manh trong cay luong thyc (K,(A) = 0,5) (hinh 3a), du Ijch nghi dudng, du Ijch ngim canh va du ljch van boa (K,(T) = 0,25+0,75) (to?/? 3c).

Cac ket qua danh gia cbi ra rang, trong lanh thd nghien ciru, mau thuan giQa bao ve moi tru'dng, bao ton thien nhien vdi phat trien kinh t l dugc the bien rd nhat trong cac canh quan mii da voi. Tren thyc te, cac canh quan nay da dugc quy hoach bao ton cac khu rirng nguyen sinh co do da dang sinh hgc cao (Vudn Quoc gia Ciic Phuang, Khu Bao ve thien nhien dat ngap nude Van Long, Khu rirng van boa-ljch sir Hoa Lu) nhung lai cd nhieu the manh de phat trien nong nghiep va cac loai hinb du lich dua tren tai nguyen ly

Hgi ngbi Khoa bgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ngi 2010 47

VIEN DLA LY • VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI D I A LY VIET NAM

nbien. Hoat dgng du Ijch khong ben virng, phat triln cac he canh tac ndng nghiep khdng theo quv hoach, khai thac da lani vat lieu xay dyng. san ban, khai thac lam san trai phep, chay riing va chan tha gia siic bira bai chinh la nhirng nguyen nhan thach thirc sy phat triln bin virng d khu vuc co mii da vdi tinh Ninh Binh ndi rieng, cac vimg niii da voi d Viet Nam noi chung.

KET LUAN

- Tinh dac tbii vl ciu tnic ciia canh quan khu vyc co niii da vdi tinb Ninh Binh quy djnh viec su dung lanh tbi theo hudng uu tien phat triln ndng nghiep, bao tdn va phat trien rirng. phat trien du Ijch sinh thai.

- Danh gia canh quan theo tilp can kinh tl sinh thai cho nhung ket luan xac thuc ve dac dilm phan bd, quy md dien tich ciia cac canh quan thich hgp vdi cac loai hinh phat trien. Moi khu vyc lanh tho chi toi uu cho mdt s l loai hinh su dung nhat djnh va moi dang boat dgng phat trien kinh tl cd thi phii hgp vdi nhieu khu vyc nhung d mirc do khac nhau.

- cac kit qua nghien ciru cho.thiy sir dung he sd chirc nang canh quan cd nhieu uu thi, da giai quylt dugc bai toan danh gia canh quan theo muc dich phat trien tdng hgp va lien ket cac nganh kinh te.

' • . i • •••

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyin Thugng Himg, Nguyin Nggc Khanh (1997). Co sd canh quan hgc cua viec sir dung hgp lv tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve mdi trudng lanh thd Viet Nam. NXB Giao due, HaNgi. 160tr.

2. Truong Quang Hai, Nguyin An Thjnh va nnk (2006). Xac lap md binh be kinh te sinh thai phuc vu phat tr:ln bin vung viing dem cac khu bao ve thien nhien. Tap chi Khoa hgc, sd T.XXll, Noi. Dai hgc Quoc gia, HaNdi. tr. 39-48.

3. Truong Quang Hai, Nguyin Thj Hai (2006). Kinh t l mdi trudng. NXB DHQG Ha Ndi. 286 tr.

4. Nguyen Cao Huin (2005). Danh gia canh quan. NXB DHQG Ha Ndi. 156 tr.

5. Nguyin Dinh Ky, Nguyin An Thjnh va nnk (2005). Md hinb tich bgp ALES-GIS trong danh gia thich nghi sinh thai ddi vdi cay trdng. Tap cbi Khoa hgc Dat, so 23/2005, HaNdi.tr. 97-102.

6. Phiing Nggc Lan, Nguyen NghTa Thin, Nguyen Ba Thu (1996). Tinh da dang thyc vat d Cue Phuong. NXB Ndng nghiep. Ha Ngi. 186 tr.

7. Pham Trung Luang (2000). Du Ijch sinh thai nhirng van de ly luan va thyc tien phat triln d Viet Nam. NXB Giao due. Ha Ndi. 250 tr.

8. Primack. R.B. (1999). Ca sd sinh hgc bao tdn (Ngirdi djch; Vd Quy va nnk). NXB Khoa bgc va Ky thuat, Fia Ndi.

9. Vu Trung Tang (cbii bien) (2004). Dat ngap nude Van Long - Da dang sinh hgc, van de khai thac va quan ly cho phat trien ben vung. NXB Ndng nghiep. Ha Ngi, 352 tr.

10. Nguyen An Thjnh, Nguyen Thj Hai (2005). Xac djnh sire chua du ljch phuc vu quy

4 8 Hdi nghi Klioa bgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n tb&S - Hd Ndi, 2010

VIEN DIA LY VIEN KHOCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM

hoach phat trien du ljch ben vung huyen vimg mii cao Sa Pa. Ky yen Hgi nghj Khoa hoc vl Moi tru'dng va Phat trien ben virng. VNU, NEF va CRES. NXB Khoa hgc va Kythuat, HaNdi. ir. 421-427.

11. UBND tinh Ninh Binh (2006). Du thao chuong trinh phat trien ben virng tinh Ninh Binh (Chuong trinh nghj sy 21 cap dja phuong tinb Ninh Binh). Ninh Binh.

12. Blankson, E.J., B.Fl. Green (1991). Use of landscape classification as an essential prerequisite to landscape evaluation. Landscape and Urban Planning Journal, Vol. 21.

pp. 149-162.

13. Gomez-Sal, A., Juan-Alfonso Belmontes, Jose-Manuel Nicolau (2003). Assessing landscape values: a proposal for a multidimensional conceptual model. Ecological Modelling Journal, Vol. 168. pp. 319-341.

14. blunter, M.L., Jr. (ed.) (1999). Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems.

Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 246p.

15. Lacitignola, D., 1. Petrosillo, M. Calaldi, G. Zurlini (2007). Modelling socio- ecological tourism-based systems for sustainability. Ecological Modelling Journal, Vol. 206. pp.191-204.

16. Liu, J., William W. Taylor (2002). Integrating landscape ecology into natural resources management. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 22p.

17. Reynolds, K.M., P.F. Flessburg (2005). Decision support for integrated landscape evaluation and restoration planning. Forest Ecology and Management Journal, Vol.

207. pp. 263-278.

Hdi ngbi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n th&S-Hd Ndi, 2010 49