Cac nhan to anh hu'dng den SI/ tham gia cua ngu'ofi dan
trong phat trien du Ijch nong thon
NGO THI HUYEN TRANG*
Tom tat
Muc dich cua nghien cffu nham phdt Men vd phdn tich sU dnh hudng cua cdc nhdn td den du dinh tham gia cua ngUdi ddn trangphdt trien du lich ndng thon. Nghien cffu dd tien hdnh khdo sdt 487 ngudi ddn tren dia bdn 2 tinh la Thdi Nguyen vd Bac Kgn, ke't qud thu duac 473 bdng khdo sdt hap le duac thu thdp vd dUa vdo phdn tich. Ke't qud nghien cffu cho thdy, cd 4 nhdn td: Lai ich, Rdo cdn, Quan diem, Chinh sdch cd mdi tuang quan ddng ke vdi Du dinh tham gia cua ngudi ddn trong phdt trien du lich ndng thdn.
Txi khoa: du lich ndng thdn, su tham gia cua ngudi ddn, cdc nhdn td dnh hudng Summary
The study aims to identify and analyze the influence of factors on people's participation in rural tourism development. A survey was conducted to 487 people in two provinces of Thai Nguyen and Bac Kan. 473 samples are valid and used for the analysis. The result reveals four factors having a significant correlation with Intention of participation in rural tourism
development, which are Benefits, Barriers, Opinions and Policies.
Keywords: rural tourism, people's participation, influencing factors
^
GlOfJ THIEU
Trong nhffng nam gan day, du lich ndng thdn dffde nhieu ngffdi bie't de'n, dac biet la khaeh du lieh qudc te, khaeh du lich thanh phd' mud'n trai nghiem cude sd'ng tai viing ndng thdn. Tai cac qud'c gia dang phat trien, du lieh ndng thdn ed the dffdc coi la cd hdi de cai thien cude sd'ng eiia ngffdi dan thdng qua eung cap viee lam, tang thu nhap, giup bao ve mdi trffdng va nang eao sff hieu biet. Dae biet, mud'n phat trie'n du lieh ndng thdn, ngoai sff hd trd eua chinh quyen, nganh du lieh, thi vai trd eua ngffdi dan, nha't la dff dinh tham gia cua ho cd ddng gdp rat ldn vao qua trinh nay.
CO sd LY THUYET VA PHU'ONG
PHAP N G H I E N CLTU
Cd sd ly thuyet vd mo hinh nghien ciiu de xudt
Khdi niem du lich ndng thdn
Khai niem du lich ndng thdn da manh nha eung vdi sff hinh thanh eiia nganh
dffdng sat d chau Au. Tuy nhien, de'n nhffng nam dau ciia thap nien 80 the' ky XX, du lieh ndng thdn mdi dffdc xem la mdt loai hinh du lich va phd bie'n d hau bet cac qud'c gia d chau Au, nhff: Phap, Hungari, Bungari, Ha Lan, Dan Mach, Thuy Dien... Luc bay gid, khai niem du lieh ndng thdn dffde quan niem tffdng ddng vdi cae loai hinh du lieh d ndng trai, du lieh di san, du lich xanh, du lieh nha nghi d ndng thdn... (Biii Xuan Nhan, 2009).
Nguyin Van Manh va Tran Huy Dffc (2010) dffa ra mot cai nhin khac ve du lieh ndng thdn. Theo dd, du lieh ndng thdn la "mdt tap hdp the' loai du lieh, dffa tren sff khae biet eiia tai nguyen thien nhien, nhan van, sff kien va san vat eiia ndng thdn de' thu biit khach du lich. Trong do, San pham du lieh ndng thdn = Sff khae biet ciia tai nguyen d lang que -i- Dich vu d lang que -I- San vat ciia lang que". Khai niem nay da ehi rd sff khae biet ciia du lich ndng thdn vdi cac loai hinh du lich khae. Theo dd, du lieh ndng thdn coi nen tang tai nguyen tff nhien la ye'u td' mau chd't tao nen loai hinb du lich nay.
Ke thffa ke't qua ciia cac edng trinh nghien effu trffdc day, theo tae gia, khai niem du lieh ndng thdn dffde hieu khai quat la: Du lieh ndng thdn la loai hinh du lich dien ra d ndng thdn, thu biit du khach bang eac tai
*ThS., Tri/dng Dai hoc Kinh te va Quan trj kinh doanh Thai Nguyen I Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhan bdi: 05/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 05/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 16/10/2018
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HINH 1: MO HINH NHAN THCfC VE DU LjCH CUA NGdCil DAN
Nhan thiic cac tac don^
tich arc ciia du lich
png hO cac rao can 3hat trien du Ijch
•DIC d l 5 i nhiri yiau hpc cii^
nguoi dan dia phucmg I
Loi ich ca nhan tiit
^hat trien du Ijch j
Ngudn: Perdue va cong su" (1990) HINH 2: MO HINH VE CAC NHAN TO ANH HddNG DEN SCf THAM GIA
CUA NGdCJI DAN TRONG QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN DU LICH
Sv 'Siam gia cua ngaai dan trong phat trien du lich
Ngu6n; Mguyen Qudc Nghi, Nguyen Thj Bao Chau, Tran Ngpc Lanh (2012) HINH 3: MO HINH NGHIEN CCfU DE XUAT
Loi ich
R i o ejn
Quan diem
Chinh s^ch
> Du' dinh tham gia ciia ngiroi dan
Nguon: De xuat cua tac gia
nguyen san cd, nhff: da't dai, eon ngffdi, gia tri van hda lich sff... vdi muc dich dem lai ldi nhuan theo hffdng ben vffng cho cac ben ed lien quan.
Cdc nhdn tddnh hudng de'n sU tham gia cua ngUdi ddn trong phdt trien du lich ndng thdn
Perdue va eac cdng sff (1990) da dffa ra md hinh nhan thffc eiia ngffdi dan ve phat trie'n du lieh (Hinh 1), trong dd, bie'n mdi dffde dffa vao nhff viee ung hd cac rao can phat trien du lich. Ngoai ra, md hinh nay edn lap day khoang trdng ly thuye't bang each dffa them bie'n gia la cae ldi ieh ca nhan tff boat ddng tham gia du lich. Dieu nay cho tha'y, nhan thffe ddng gdp mot vai trd vd eung to ldn trong viee phat trien du lieh va dae biet nam trong quan die'm la ling hd sff phat trie'n dd.
Md hinh nay thffe chat vin dffa vao ly thuye't trao ddi xa bdi de' dffa ra ke't luan cud'i eung, bang viee so sanh giffa cae ldi ich ed dffde khi phat trie'n du lieh vdi cae
rao can va cae tae ddng tieu effe khi tham gia, sau dd dffa ra quye't dinh. Dieu nay cho tha'y, nhan thffe la nhan to quye't dinh de cho ngffdi dan ed hay khdng dong y phat trien du lich dia phffdng.
Cdn Nguyen Qud'c Nghi, Nguyen Thi Bao Chau, Tran Ngoc Lanh (2012) da s^
dung md hinh Binary Logietic de chi ra 5 nhan to' tac ddng de'n sff tham gia cua ngffdi dan vao quan ly du lich dd chinh la: trinh do hoc van, quy md hd gia dinh, md'i quan he xa hdi, thu nhap gia dinh va nganh nghe truyen thd'ng. Trong do, nhan td' quy md hp gia dinh cd tac ddng manh nha't de'n quye't dinh tham gia vao hoat ddng quan ly du lieh. Theo dd, eac nhan to' nay dffdc Iffdng hda nhff sau: Trinh dp hpc van; Quy md hd gia dinh, Thu nhap eua gia dinh, Nganh nghe truyen thdng, Md'i quan he xa hdi (Hinh 2).
Dffa vao eac ly thuye't ndi tren, tac gia de xua't md hinh nghien cffu nhiT Hinh 3 gdm 4 nban td': Ldi ich, Rao can, Quan diem cua ngffdi dan, Chinh sach cua Nha nffdc.
PhUOngphdp nghien cdu
Qua trinh dieu tra ehinh thffc diTdc thffe hien tff thang 04/2017 den thang 06/2017 dd'i vdi ngffdi dan sd'ng d nong thdn tren dia ban 2 tinh la Thai Nguyen va Bae Kan. Vdi phffdng phap chon mlu tdng the, 487 phie'u dffde phat ra va thu ve 482 phie'u (dat 98.97%). Trong sd482 phie'u thu ve ed 09 phie'u bi loai do khong hdp le. Ke't qua cd 473 (97.1%) phie'u h(?p le dffde sff dung lam dff lieu cho nghien cffu ehinh thffe (Bdi vie't sff dung edch viet sd thdp phdn theo chudn qudc te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
Nhdn td Lai ich cd duac tff viec tham gia vdo hogt ddng phdt trien du lich
Bang 1 cho tha'y, danh gia cua doi tffdng nghien cffu ve nhan to ldi ich co gia tri trung binh dao ddng trong khoang tff 3.37 de'n 4.00, dat mffe trung binh. Cu the, ngffdi dffdc hdi danh gia ve quan diem "Tang ky nang quan ly eua ngiicli dan dia phffdng" vdi mffe die'm tha'p nhat (X = 3.37) va quan die'm "Tham gia vao cae boat ddng ed lien quan de'n du lich"
vdi mffe die'm cao nha't (X = 4.00). Dieu nay eho tha'y, nhan thffc cua ngffdi dan ve ldi ich ldn nha't cd dffde khi tham gia vao boat ddng phat trie'n du lieh chinh la nham tang them tinh than, y thffe va gan ke't eua edng ddng dia phffdng trong qua
82
T^- . . < . . i r>,fhioKinhte
trinh tham gia vao phat trien du lieh ndng thdn tren dia ban cung nhff dffdc tham gia vao eac boat ddng ed lien quan de'n du lich tai dia phffdng.
Nhdn^ td Rdo cdn khi tham gia vdo phdt trien du lich
Bang 2 eho tha'y, vdi nhan toRao can khi tham gia vao phat trie'n du lich dffde ngffdi dan danh gia d mffe diem tff 3.50 de'n 4.04, dat mffe trung binh. Trong dd, quan die'm "Thie'u he thd'ng phap luat phu hdp" cd mffe die'm tha'p nha't (X = 3.50) va quan die'm "Thie'u sff phd'i hdp giffa ngffdi dan va eac ed quan quan ly" (X = 4.04) dffde ngffdi dan danh gia d mffe die'm eao nha't. Nghia la rao can ldn nha't de ngffdi dan ed the tham gia vao hoat ddng quan ly phat trien du lich ndng thdn hien nay dffdc ngffdi dan danh gia ehinh la sff phd'i hdp cua ehinh quyen dia phffdng va eac cd quan quan ly vdi ngffdi dan.
Nhdn td'Quan diem ngUdi ddn ve phdt trien du lich
Danh gia chung eua ngffdi dan ve viec tham gia vao boat ddng phat trie'n du lieh ndng thdn eho tha'y, sd' Iffdng ngffdi dan cd the tham gia va chae chan se tham gia vao boat ddng phat trie'n du lich ndng thdn chie'm 41.1% (< 50%). Con sdnay cho thay, ngffdi dan van edn nhieu do dff trong viee eung ehinh quyen dia phffdng phat trien du lieh tai edng ddng. Tff dd, chinh quyen dia phffdng can the hien rd vai trd eiia minh hdn nffa trong viee de xua't nhffng ehinh sach hd trd ngffdi dan ciing nhff cdng tac tuyen truyen nham lam cho ngffdi dan hie'u va ung hd hdn nffa du lich ndng thdn.
Ben canh dd, danh gia cua ngffdi dan ve phat bieu "Tdi se hffdng ldi khi tham gia vao phat trien du lich" vdi ke't qua 42.4% (< 50%) ngffdi dan ddng tinh. Ke't qua nay cho tha'y, ve cd ban ngffdi dan da danh gia dffdc ldi ieh khi tham gia vao phat trien du lieh dia phffdng, song de' con sdnay tang len trong tffdng lai vdi ky vong ngffdi dan hieu nhieu hdn nffa ve ldi ieh trong viee tham gia vao phat trie'n du lich se can sff nd Iffe rat ldn tff chinh quyen dia phffdng eung nhff sff hd trd eua Chinh phu trong viee xay dffng he thd'ng chinh sach ve du lich ndng thdn.
Trong khi dd, danh gia eua ngffdi dan ve trach nhiem vdi boat ddng phat trie'n du lieh tai dia phffdng cho thay, 53.5% ngffdi dan eho rang, minh se ed mdt chiit trach nhiem dd'i vdi boat ddng phat trie'n du lieh tai dia phffdng. 21.4% ngffdi dan eho
BANG 1: DANH GIA CHUNG CUA DOI TCfdNG NGHIEN CCfU VE NHAN TO Ldi ICH
Quan di^m
Ngu'di dan co trach nhiem hdn vdi &\i phat trien du lich Du'dc tham gia cac khoa dao tao ve quan ly du lich nong thon Du'dc tham gia vao hoat dong quy hoach/ra quyet dinh Tham gia vao cac hoat dong cd lien quan den du lich Tao viec lam cho ngUdi dan dia phu'dng
Tang thu nhap cho gia dinh
Tang ky nang quan ly cua ngu'di dan dia phu'dng
Giup ngu'di dan co the giii gin du'dc van hoa truyen thong Tang Slf gan ke't cua cong dong
Tang cifdng kien thu'c va nhan thu'c ngu'di dan dia phu'dng ve quan ly du lich
Valid N (listwise)
N 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 473
Nho nhdt
Ldn nhdt 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
TB 3.79 3.88 3.54 4.00 3.71 3.94 3.37 3.74 3.94 3.77
BANG 2: DANH GL^ CHUNG CUA DOI TCTdNG NGHIEN CCTU VE NHAN TO RAO CAN Quan di^m
Quan ly la do Nha nifdc chi dinh, ngUdi dan khong dUdc tham gia Thie'u Slf phoi hdp giu'a ngifdi dan va cac cd quan quan ly Thie'u thong tin cung cap cho ngu'di dan trong quan ly Ngifdi dan thie'u chuyen mon nghiep vu
Thie'u he tho'ng phap luat phil hdp
Thie'u nguon life co chat lu'dng cho hoat dong quan ly Chi phi dao tao cho ngiTdi dan trong quan ly cao
Slf thd d cua cac cd quan quan ly trifc tiep ve phat trien du lich Nhan thu'c cua ngu'di dan ve hoat dong quan ly con thap Valid N (hstwise)
N 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 473 473
Nho nhdt
Ldn nha't
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
TB 3.66 4.04 3.77 3.90 3.50 3.93 3.84 3.73 3.75
BANG 3: DANH GIA CHUNG CUA DOI TCfdNG NGHIEN CCfU VE NHAN TO CHINH S A C H C U A NHA Nddc
Quan diem
Nha nifdc mong muon ldi nhuan t\i hoat dong du lich difdc chia se rong rai tdi ngu'di dan dia phifdng
Chinh quyen dia phu'dng can kiem soat sif phat trien du lich nong thon
Ngifdi dan khong difdc phep tham gia vao hoat dong phat trien du lich nong thon
Quy trinh phat trien du lich do Nha nu'dc phu trach va thifc thi Valid N (listwise)
N 473 473 473 473 473
Nho nhdt 1 1 1 1
Ldn nhdt 5 5 5 5
TB 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.85
Mcucir Afc)! qud ;j>'ian tich so ne
rang, minh can phai ed trach nhiem vffa phai trong boat ddng phat trie'n du lieh tai dia phffdng va 15.3% ngffdi dan danh gia rang, minh phai ed trach nhiem nhieu trong viec phat trie'n du lich tai dia phffdng. Nhff vay, ve ed ban ngffdi dan van chffa nhan thffc rd rang dffdc ldi ieh khi phat trien boat ddng du lieh tai dia phffdng.
Nhdn td Chinh sdch cua Nhd nUdc ve phdt trien du lich Bang 3 cho tha'y, danh gia ciia ngffdi dan ve nhan td Chinh sach ciia Nha nffdc dao ddng tff 3.85 de'n 3.90, dat mffe trung binh. Trong dd, ngffdi dan the' hien sff ddng tinh tha'p nhat vdi quan diem "'Quy trinh phat trien du lich do Nha nffdc phu trach va thffe thi", eac quan diem edn lai dffde ngffdi dan ddng tinh eao hdn.
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83
Dieu nay eho tha'y, can ed sff phd'i hdp chat che giffa ehinh quyen dia phffdng vdi ngffdi dan nham quan ly phat trie'n du lich ndng thdn, song song vdi viec kie'm soat sff phat trie'n va dinh hffdng theo hffdng tich cffc hdn cho du lich tai edng ddng.
MOT SO DE XUAT
De' gia tang dff dinh tham gia eiia ngffdi dan trong phat trie'n du lieh ndng thdn, theo ehung tdi, can thffe hien ed hieu qua cae giai phap nhff sau:
Mot la, tdng cudng lai ich cd duac tff viec tham gia vdo hogt ddng phdt trien du lich ndng thdn. Cu the, can cd sff hd trd ban dau dd'i vdi nhffng ngffdi mdi tham gia lam du lich, nhff: tff van dau tff, tff van ky thuat san xua't, kinh doanh, td chffc tap hua'n, md cac Idp dao tao, bdi dffdng ve kie'n thffc, ky nang... giup hp ed eac ky nang can thie't de' cung cap eac san pham du lich cdng ddng mdt each td't nha't. Ben canh dd, trie'n khai cac hoat ddng hd trd eho ngffdi dan dia phffdng, nhff:
ehuyen chd khach, hffdng dan du lieh, san xua't va ban cac san pham thu edng my nghe, eung cap Iffdng thffe, thffe pham...
Chinh quyen dia phffdng can nghien effu de dffa ndng dan tham gia nham tao them gia tri mdi bang chinh tai nguyen "ndng thdn" cua hp de' phat trie'n cac dich vu, trong dd ed dich vu du lieh de trffc tie'p phue vu cho cac khu cdng nghiep, khu vui chdi, giai tri... Ben canh dd, can xay dffng ed che'phan chia ldi ieh hdp ly, hai hda giffa eac ehu the', dd'i tae eung tham gia lam du lieh va dan cff tren dia ban.
Hai Id, hgn che nhffng rdo cdn khi tham gia vdo phdt trien du lieh ndng thdn. Mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhan can ban can trd sff tham gia ciia edng ddng dan eff vao cae boat ddng phat trie'n du lich la do hp khdng cd ed hdi, dieu kien tham gia. Vi vay, can cdng khai, minh bach eac thdng tin ve quy hoaeh, ke' hoach, chinh sach phat trien du lich de' cae edng ddng dan cff trong vung chu ddng tham gia. Chinh quyen cae cap, nha't la cap ed sd can td chffc eac didn dan de' nhan dan tham gia ddng gdp y kie'n cae quy hoaeh, ke hoaeh phat trie'n du lich tren dia ban. Can duy tri eac kenh giao tie'p va
trao ddi thdng tin thffdng xuyen, giiip cho cae thanh vien edng dong va eac ben lien quan tha'y dffdc hp ehinh la ehii the quan trpng tham gia vao qua trinh ra quyet dinh eho de'n qua trinh thffe hien cac dif an du lich.
Ba Id, ndng cao nhdn thffc cua ngudi ddn ve du lich ndng thdn dffdc thffc hien thdng qua cac phffdng phap, nhff: Tham tffng hd, chuyen trd va lang nghe tam tiT ciia ngffdi dan; Ndi ehuyen bang each thao luan nhdm; To chffc cae chuTcfng trinh tap huan cho ngffdi dan. Ben canh dd, nang eao nhan thffe eua ngffdi dan bang viee ke't hdp phffdng phap giao due, tuyen truyen va phffdng phap kinh te.
Bdn Id, hodn thien chinh sdch cda Nha nudc ho tra phdt trien du lich ndng thon.
Theo dd, Nha nffdc can hoan thien viec quy hoach du lieh eho tffng dia phiTcfng va tang cffdng quan ly nha nffdc de thiic hien eac quy hoaeh da dffde phe chuan, tranh tinh trang lam an manh miin, lam eho du lich ndng thdn kem tinh ben vi^ng.
Xay dffng cac md hinh du lieh d nong thdn phu hdp vdi cac dia phffdng khac nhau nhff md hinh trang trai hoac mo hinh du lich theo quy md lang nghe de du khaeh ed the tham gia cac boat dong cua lang nghe.
Xay dffng cd che thu hut nguon von trong dan de dau tff phat trien du lich, thtfc hien xa hdi hda cdng tae bao tdn, tdn tao di tich, thang canh, cae le hdi, cac hoat ddng van hda dan gian, cae lang nghe...
pbuc vu phat trien du lieh. Khuye'n khich cac thanh phan kinh tetham gia boat dong kinh doanh du lieh. Dae biet la khuyen khieh, tao dieu kien thuan ldi eho ngiTcti dan tham gia dau tff phat trie'n eac nganh nghe gan vdi chffdng tnnh phat trien du lieh eua dia phffdng. •
TAI LIEU THAMKHAO
1. Ngityln Qud'c Nghi, Nguyen Thi Bao Chau, Tran Ngpc Lanh (2012). Cae nhan td anh hffdng de'n quye't dinh tham gia td chffc du lieh edng ddng cua ngffdi dan tinh An Giang, Tap chi khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hoc Can Tha, sd 23b (2012), trang 194-202
2. Nguyin Van Manh, Tran Huy Dffc (2010). Phat trien du Hch ndng thdn de thue day hien dai hda ndng thdn d Ha Ndi, Tgp chi Du lich VietNam, sd thang 11/2010
3. Biii Xuan Nhan (2009). Phdt trien du lich ndng thdn d nUdc ta Men nay, truy cap tff http://
www.tapchieongsan.org.vn/Home/Nghiencuu-Traodoi/2009/1350/Phat-trien-du-lieh-nong-thon- o-nuoe-ta-hien-nay.aspx
4. Perdue, R. R. et al. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), pp 586-599
5. Zhang, Y. (2009). Personal factors that influence residents' preferences about community involvement in tourism planning. Master in Physical Education and Recreation, Indiana University
