Bao ve n e n tang hr taong cua D a n g ,
dau tranh p h a n bac cac quan d i e m sai trai, thu dich
HOC THUYlT GIA TRI THANG DU
VAN CON NGUYEN GIA TRI TRONG BOI CANH MOI
HOANG NGQC HAI* - HO THANH THUY**
Tu khi ra dM cho din nay, hgc thuyit gid tri thdng du bi cdc thi lue thu
^ch vd nhung ke biin hp cho su boc lot trong chd nghia tu bdn tap trung xuyin tgc, bop meo nhieu nhdt Hg cho rdng, "hgc thuyit gid tri thgng du cua C. Mdc da ldi th&i, chu nghia tu bdn hiin dgi dd thay ddi bdn chdt, khong con Id chi dp boc lot niea ", "hgc thuyit gid tri thdng du khong con mang ti'nh cdch mgng vd khoa hoc",...
Gia tri ly luan cua hoc thuyet gia tri thang dir
De tea Idi cho cau hdi: hgc thuyet gia tri thang du (GTTD) ciia C. Mac cd ldi thdi hay khdng, trudc het, can nam vung ban chat tu tudng cdt ldi cua hgc thuyet GTTD.
Hgc thuyet GTTD dugc hinh thanh teen CO sd hgc thuyet gia tri - lao dpng ma tryc tiep la viec phat hien ra tinh chat hai mat cua lao ddng san xuat hang hda. Viec phat hien ra tinh chat hai mat cua lao dpng san xuat hang hda cd y nghia to ldn ve mat ly luan, nd dem den cho ly thuyet gia tri - lao dpng mdt CO sd khoa hpc thyc su.
Trudc C. Mac, ngay ca nhirng nha kinh te hgc ldi lac cua trudng phai tu san cd dien, nhu A-dam Xmit va Da-vit Ri-cac-dd da khdng giai thich ndi vi sao cac nha tu ban teao ddi hang hda diing gia tri ma van thu dugc GTTD. C. Mac da khic phuc dupe nhirng nham lan, han che ciia trudng phai cd dien va lam cho hpc thuyet gia tri - lao ddng dat tdi sy hoan hi. Sir dung phuong phap dac thu teong nghien ciiu kinh te chinh tri la trim
tugng hda khoa hpc, C. Mac da tach GTTD ra khdi nhung hmh thai dac thu ctia nd, xay dyng nen hpc thuyet GTTD cua minh.
Cac nha kinh te trudc C. Mac thay dugc lao ddng tao ra gia tri, nhung khdng tach ra dugc lao ddng nao (cu the hay teuu tugng) tao ra gia tri. C. Mac cho thay, chi cd lao ddng trim tugng mdi tao ra gia tri ciia hang hda. Nhd phat hien ra tinh chdt hai mat cua lao ddng san xuat hang hda cimg vdi mdt loat nhung ket qua nghien ciiu khac: Vl lugng gia tei, cdu thanh lupng gia tri; ngudn gdc, ban chdt, chuc nang tien te; quy luat gia tri va tac ddng cua nd; mau thuan cdng thiic chung cua tu ban va dac biet la nhd phat hien ra gia tri su dung dac biet ctia hang hda siic lao ddng cd thudc tinh hit sirc dac biet la san smh ra gia tri ldn hon gia tri ban than nd va nhd phan biet dugc qua trinh lao dpng va qua trinh lam tang gia tri (qua trinh san xudt GTTD), C. Mac da vach r5 ban chdt
* TS. Hoc vien Chinh tn khu vuc I
** TS, Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia H6 Chi Minjj
Bao ve nen tang tu tudng cua Dang,... T<pp chf CAng s d n
ciia nen san xuat tu ban chu nghia (TBCN), thyc chdt cua qua trinh san xuat GTTD. Qua do, C. Mac lara ro GTTD dupe tao ra trong san xuat chir khdng phai la teong ITnh vuc luu thdng; luu thdng rat can cho qua trinh san xuat va thyc hien GTTD.
Tat ca thanh qua do, t^o nen co sd khoa hgc viing chdc giiip C. Mac giai thich dugc ngudn gdc thyc sy va qua trinh van ddng, biln tudng cua GTTD thanh lgi nhuan, lgi tiic, dia td teong san xuat, luu thdng, phan phdi; phan tich dugc ban chat ciia tu ban bat biln va tu ban kha bien... xay dyng nen hgc thuyet khoa hpc ve GTTD, vd tich liiy, ve tai san xuat va khung hoang kinh te... Vdi hgc thuyet GTTD, C. Mac da giai phau toan bd he thdng kinh te TBCN, bdc tean ban chat va ngudn gdc ciia cai ggi la hinh thirc "thu nhap" la lgi nhuan, lgi tiic va dia td.
Hgc thuyet GTTD cho thay rd ban chat va dac diem bdc lot ctia TBCN. Kinh te hang hda TBCN la sy phat teien cua kinh te hang hda gian don. Nhung, kinh te hang hda TBCN khac vdi kinh te hang hda gian don khdng chi ve lugng (hic la khdng phai chi khac d sd lugng ldn san pham hi thu hiit vao chu chuyen hang hda va hinh thai hang hda cua san pham ted thanh hinh thai thdng tri) raa cdn khac ve chat. Tren vu dai hang hda xuat hien mdt loai hang hda mdi la sirc lao dpng, do do, thi trudng hang hda (ndi chung) dugc bd sung bang mpt bd phSn dac biet la thi trudng siic lao ddng. Tat nhien, thi trudng siic lao dgng khdng phai do C.
Mac kham pha ra, vi ai cung biet den sy tdn t^i cua lao ddng lara thue teong cac xa hdi trudc TBCN. Nhung diera nhan la d chd, chi cd C. Mac mdi nhin thay lao dpng lam thue (hang hda siic lao dpng va chi tedn co sd san xuat hang hda, lao ddng hi tach khdi tu lieu san xuat (TLSX) mdi trd thanh lao dpng lara thud) la mdt nhan td ca ban lam cho tien
chuyen hda thanh tu ban va kinh te hang hda gian dan chuyen hda thanh kinh td hang hda TBCN - thdi dai mdi cua qua trinh san xuat xa hdi, thdi dai cua tu ban cdng nghiep.
Phuang thiic san xuat TBCN dugc xay dung tren co sd cua mdt hinh thiic bdc lot dac biet, tiic la hinh thiic chidm doat lao ddng ciia ngudi khac (lao dgng thang du) dudi hinh thai GTTD. Khac vdi pham tni
"lgi nhuan" vdn dugc nha tu ban yeu thich, GTTD bieu hien mgt each chinh xac nhu sau: 1 - La gia tri, tiic lao ddng vat hda; 2- La lao ddng thang du vat hda, la phan gia tei ddi ra ngoai gia tri siic lao ddng va bi nha tu ban chiem dung. Tir dd, dac diera bdc lot cua CNTB khdng phai la d sy tdn tai lao ddng thang du, raac dii dudi sy thdng tri cua tu ban, trinh do bdc lot dugc nang len rat cao, ma dac diem ciia nd la lao ddng thang du da hao phi mang hinh thai GTTD, cdn ty le gitra thdi gian lao ddng thang du va thdi gian lao ddng tat yeu thi mang hinh thai ty le giiia GTTD va tu ban kha bien. Quan he bdc lot hi vat hda, hi che lap dang sau quan he giira vat vdi vat. Vi the, su bdc lot trong chu nghTa tu ban (CNTB) la rat tinh vi va khdng cd gidi han.
Nhu vay, diem mau chdt cua hpc thuyet GTTD la:
Thic nhdt, chi cd lao dpng sdng mdi tao ra gia tri cua hang hda, tao ra GTTD. Ngudn gdc tao ra GTTD la siic lao dpng cua cdng nhan lam thud, chi cd lao ddng sdng (siic lao ddng dang boat dgng) mdi tao ra gia tri, trong do cd GTTD, ngudn gdc cua GTTD la sy tieu dimg siic lao dpng keo dai ngoai thdi gian tai san xuat ra gia tri cua nd;
Thie hai, GTTD la quy luat kinh tl teiyet ddi ciia phuong thiic san xudt TBCN, khdng cd san xudt GTTD thi khdng cd CNTB, GTTD la ngudn gdc ciia raau thuan co ban, ndi tai cua xa hdi tu ban (mau thudn giiia lao
Bao ve nen tang tu tudng cua Dang,... T a p chl Cdn0 s d n
ddng va tu ban, giiia giai cap tu san va giai cap cdng nhan), mau thuan nay ngay cang sau sdc, dua din su thay the tdt yeu CNTB bang mdt xa hpi cao hon.
Thic ba, chimg nao cdn che dp chiem hiiu tu nhan TBCN vl TLSX, cdn hang hda siic lao dgng, chirag nao ma ngudi lao ddng cdn phai them vao thdi gian lao ddng can thiet de nudi sdng minh mdt sd thdi gian lao ddng ddi ra de san xuat nhiing tu lieu sinh boat cho ngudi chiem hiiu TLSX, chimg do, hpc thuylt gia tri thang du ciia C. Mac van cdn nguyen gia tri.
Hgc thuyet GTTD cua C. Mac vdi nhiing npi dung cdt loi ndu teen, ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi da vap phai su phii nhan tu phia nhiing ngudi bien hp va bao ve CNTB.
Cdn nguyen gia tri trong dieu kien cua cuoc each mang khoa hoc - cdng nghe
Ngay nay, CNTB ducmg dai tuy da cd nhung budc phat trien mdi, cd sy dieu chinh d miic dp nao do ve che dp sd hiiu, quan ly va phan phdi, ve kien tnic thugng tang, nhat la ve he thdng phap luat va sy dieu tiet kinh te ciia nha nudc tu san ddc quyen,... de tdn tai va thich nghi vdi bdi canh mdi. Nhung hpc thuyet GTTD cua C.
Mac van cdn nguyen gia tri, bdi ban chdt bdc lot cua CNTB van hien hiiu, khdng he thay ddi.
Tic mia sau the ky XX, cudc each mang khoa hpc - cdng nghe hien dai phat triln vdi tdc dp nhanh, vdi trinh dp ngay cang cao.
Budc tien phi thudng cua cudc each mang nay ddn tdi viec xay dyng nhieu nganh cdng nghe cao, nhu cdng nghe hat nhan, cdng nghe dien tu, cdng nghe sinh hpc, cdng nghe vat lieu mdi va nhien lieu mdi, cdng nghe vii tru, cdng nghe thdng tin,... dac biet la thiic ddy sy phat trien cdng nghe thdng tin va sy ra ddi ciia thdi dai tm bpc.
Trong thdi dai "hau cdng nghiep hay
"xa hpi thdng tin" ngay nay, ly le ^Y^ ^^ f, bac bd ly luan GTTD cd ve "thuyet phyc"
hon. 6 cac nudc tu ban phat triln, muc sdng ciia dai da sd cdng nhan dugc nang cao hon trudc rat nhilu, mdt so cdng nhan da cd cd phieu teong cac xi nghiep, cdng ty tu ban, xudt hien tdng Idp trung luu ddng dao. Vi thi, nay smh luan dieu khdng cdn cd su
"phan bidt tu ban va lao ddng", "khdng ai bdc lot ai", CZNTB nlu cdn bdc lot thi chi bdc lot "ngudi may". Vi teong cac xi nghiep hien dai, ty dpng hda, qua trinh san ximt ra san pham khdng can hoac can rat it lao dgng sdng, iihung gia tri do cac xi nghiep nay tao ra tang gap bdi so vdi cac xi nghiep cd dien dimg rat nhieu cdng nhan,...
Nhung luan diem "mod me" ay qua that ciing cd sy hap dan, nhung chiing khdng bac bd dugc su that. Chu nghia tu ban mac dii cd nhiing budc phat trien radi, bien ddi ve lugng va chat cue bd, nhung ban chat bdc lot khdng he thay ddi.
Ngay nay, CNTB tuy cd nhung dieu chinh nhat dinh ve hinh thiic sd hiiu, quan ly va phan phdi de thich nghi d miic dp nao dd vdi dieu kien mdi, nhimg sy thdng tri cua OJTB tu nhan van tdn tai nguyen ven, ban chat hoc lot ciia nd van khdng hi thay ddi. Nha nuoc tu sau hien nay tuy cd tang cudng can thiep vao ddi sdng kinh te - xa hdi, nhung vl ca ban nd vdn la bd may thdng tri ciia giai cdp tu san. Nhiing khai niem va luan diem phan anh, dd cap nhiing su kien, quan he kinh tl - xa hdi mdi nhdt bao gid cimg hap dan ngudi ta.
Nhung chiing khdng bac bd dugc thyc tl la:
khdng phai lao ddng qua khii nhu may mdc, thilt bi ky thuat lam ra gia tri mdi, ma lao ddng sdng mdi lam ra gia tri mdi, lao dgng sdng mdi tao ra GTTD teong thdi dai kiii tl cdng nghiep trudc day da nhu vay, trong kmh tl tri thiic hien dai ciing vay.
Bao V? n e n t a n g t u t u d n g cita Dang,... Tnip chi C d n g s&n
Tuy nhidn, do trinh dp dat dugc cua van minh nhan loai va do cupc dau tranh ciia giai cap cdng nhan, raa mdt bd phan khdng nhd cdng nhan d cac nudc tu ban phat trien cd miic sdng tuong ddi sung tiic, nhung ve co ban, hp van phai ban siic lao dpng va van bi nha tu ban bdc lot GTTD. Chi cd dieu khac biet d chd, quy luit GTTD ngay cang phat huy tac dung raanh me trong dieu kien toan cau hda va kinh te tri thiic, song, ca che tac dpng ciia quy luat nay phuc tap hon, hinh thicc bdc lot GTTD tinh vi hon nhieu so vdi trudc day. Trong dieu kien hien nay, san xuat GTTD cd nhiing dac diem mdi:
Mpt Id, do ky thuat va cdng nghe hidn dai dugc ap dung rdng rai, nen khdi lugng GTTD dugc tao ra chii yeu nhd tang nang suat lao dgng. Vi8c tang nang suat lao ddng do ap dung ky thuat va cdng nghe hien dai cd dac diem la chi phi lao ddng sdng cho mdt don vi san pham giam nhanh, vi may mdc hien dai thay the dugc nhieu lao ddng sdng hon. Hon nira, nha tu ban thdng qua su dung d at cac thidt hi ty ddng hda, dem khoa hpc - ky thuat hien dai iing dung vdi quy md ldn vao san xuat, da nang cao rat nhieu lan nang suat lao ddng. Vi the, hg thue it cdng nhan hoac khdng thue cdng nhan dieu khidn may mdc raa van cd the gianh dugc GTTD nhieu hon. Su thyc dd ciing khdng the phu dinh ly luan gia tri lao dpng va nguyen ly ca ban ciia ly luan GTTD, hic la gia tri va GTTD d i u do lao ddng sdng cua ngudi lao dpng sang tao ra, lao ddng sdng la ngudn gdc duy nhat cua gia tej va GTTD. Cac yeu td san xuat khac (may radc, thiet bi, ky thuat, cdng nghe,...
ke ca ngudi may) deu khdng tao ra gia tei va GTTD.
Trong nen kinh te cdng nghiep trudc day da nhu the thi ngay nay, trong didu kien kinh te tri thiic ciing nhu vay. Ai ciing bidt, khoa hpc - ky thuat va thiet hi ty ddng hda, ciing
yeu td san xuat khac deu la san pham lao ddng va cd gia tri, deu thudc ve TLSX va dilu kien vat chat khdng the thilu trong qua teinh san xuat TBCN. C. Mac chua bao gid phil dinh "tac dyng quan trpng" ciia tu lidu lao ddng teong qua trinh san xuat. Khi teinh bay sy hinh thanh gia tri va lara tang them gia tri, C. Mac khang dinh tien de ciia nd la TLSX (nguyen lieu va tu lieu lao ddng) khdng thd thieu ciia san xuat GTTD.
Du may mdc ty dpng hda da tiiay the lao ddng tryc tiep va mdt bd phan lao ddng tei dc ciia con ngudi, nhung khdng thay the dugc dia vi lao dpng ciia con ngudi, cang khdng the thay ddi dia vi chu the ciia con ngudi trong qua teinh san xuat.
Do do, bdt cic lao dpng ndo, dii la lao dpng gidn dan hay lao dpng tri tue md khdng dugc trd cdng tuang ximg v&i gid tri md lao dpng do sdng tgo ra (sau khi trie cdc khodn chi phi cdn thiet) trong TBCN deu bi boc lot GTTD.
Hai id, ca cau lao ddng xa hpi d cac nudc tu ban phat trien hien nay cd su bien ddi ldn.
Hara lugng chat xara (sy dau tu tri tud cua cdng nhan, tri thirc, ky thuat lap trinh, nha khoa hgc phat rainh, sang che, nha quan tri va cdng nghe hien dai), nen lao ddng phiic tap, lao dgng tri tue tang len va thay the lao ddng gian don, lao ddng co bap, dan den lao ddng tri tue, lao dpng cd trinh dp ky thu^t cao ngay cang cd vai trd quyet dinh trong viec san xudt ra GTTD. Thu nhap chu yeu ciia nha tu ban trong dieu kien kinh te tri thiic ciing khdng phai cdng quan ly ma tir phan lao ddng thang du cua ngudi lao ddng lara thue, chu ydu la lao ddng tei tue, nha tu ban chiira ldy. Chinh nhd sii dyng luc lugng lao ddng nay ma ty suat va khdi lugng GTTD da tang ldn rdt nhilu.
Su dilu chinh cua CNTB dpc quyln nha nudc va cua CNTB dpc quyen nha nudc
Bao vp nen tang tu tuong cita Dang,.., Tpp chl W n f l j
qudc tl da lara cho su bdc lot GTTD mang tinh hai mat: vica tdng cuang, viea hgn chi.
Tang cudng vi cd radi trudng dau tu thuan lgi: cung cap TLSX, chi dan va dinh hudng qua trinh san xuat GTTD; didu chinh ddng chay GTTD tu ban hda,... Han che vi sii dung cac luat Ie, chinh sach de didu chinh khi sy bdc lot cua cac cdng ty tu ban "qua ngudng" cd the xay ra nguy co xung dot ve chinh tei va xa hdi. Ngay nay, sy dieu tiet phan phdi GTTD ciia cac nha tu ban qua thue, quy phiic lgi xa hgi, bao hiera xa hgi, trg cap that nghiep,... cung tao nen radt sd thu nhap nao dd cho ngudi lao ddng.
Sy xuat hien che dp sd hiiu hdn hgp vdi sy hien dien cua cac cdng ty cd phan, trong dd dai bd phan la sd hiiu tu nhan tu ban vdi mdt bd phan nhd cd phan ciia ngudi lao ddng da lam giara di mgt phan nao tinh gay gat ciia mau thuan giiia tinh chat xa hdi hda cao cua lyc lugng san xuat xa hdi vdi chd do sd hliu hr nhan TBCN vd TLSX. Trong ITnh vuc quan ly va phan phdi ciing cd nhiing dieu chinh dang ke. Viec cho ngudi cdng nhan dugc mua co philu, tham dy hdi nghi cd ddng, viec giam thilu thdi gian lao dpng trong man,... dudng nhu la chile van dieu ap, giam thieu mau thuan giira tu ban va lao ddng.
Nhung do la each nhin phien didn, khdng thay dang sau, phia trudc sy phat trien ay la gi. Trudc het phai thay rdng, CNTB da cd nhieu the ky phat teiln, banh xe van hanh ciia nd da Ian di trong mau va nudc mat ciia nhan dan lao ddng teen trai ddt nay. Te-ry I-go-Ie-tan - hpc gia ngudi Anh da nhan dinh: "Nhirng nudc tu ban hien dai la kit qua ciia mdt Iich sir nd dich, diet chiing, bao lyc va bdc lot mdt each ghe tdm"*'*. Lat lai cac trang lich sir ciia nd la se thdy nhiing gi ma che dp tu ban da ddi xir vdi ddng loai ciia minh. Vi chl dO thyc
dan xam luge ma cudi thi ky XlX, hang chyc teieu ngudi An Do, cac nudc chau Phi, Trung Qudc, Bra-xin, Triiu Tien, Nga, Vi?t Nam va nhilu nudc khac da chit do ddi, han ban, dich benh. Va ngay trong long cac nudc tu ban giau cd hien nay, ai dam chac mgi ngudi dan deu cd cudc sdng tdt dep?
Ndu khdng dinh dugc thi tai sao ngay tai nudc My hiing raanh, phat triln, hien dai, vln cdn tdn tai cac khu nha d chudt cua ngudi da den va ngudi nhap cu?
Ba Id, diera can luu y, xera xet quan he bdc lot cua CNTB ngay nay khdng chi bo hep trong quan he giiia nha tu ban va ngudi lao ddng lam thud d cac nudc TBCN, ma phai xera xet ca quan he thdng tri, bdc lot cua cac nudc phat trien vdi cac nudc k^m va dang phat trien, the hien d sy phan hda hai cyc: giau, ngheo ciia the gidi. Bdi vi, su bdc lot GTTD cua CNTB da mang "tinh quoc ti "
Ngay nay, trong dieu ki?n toan cau hda, CNTB ddc quygn nha nudc qudc te, thdng qua cac hinh thiic, nhu xuat khau tu ban, di chuyen lao ddng tu nudc nay sang nudc khac, viec banh trudng cua cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia, tinh trang bdt binh dang teong cac quan he thuang mai qudc tl, sir xuat hien cai ggi la chii nghia thyc dan kinh te, sy ap dat chinh sach giiia Ddng va Tay, giiia cac nudc giau vdi cac nudc ngheo,...
khidn cho vide san xuat GTTD mang tinh qudc te, dugc tu ban hda, dupe xudt khdu dl qudc te hda tu ban vdi su da dang cua cac hinh thiic san xuat ra nd.
Bon la, nhiing sy "dieu chinh" dl thich ling ciia CNTB tuy cd tac ddng tdi sy phat trien, song dua lai he qua xau la khoet sau them khoang each giiia giau va ngheo lam
{l)TeTiy Eagleton: Tai sao Mac dung?^f.i^<^ p , , tri-Hanh chinh. Ha N9!, 2012, tr.40 '
Bao v^ nen tang tu tudng oia Dang,.. T a p chi C p n g s d n
cho cac nudc ngheo ngay cang ngheo ban, cac nudc giau ngay cang giau hon. Tich tu tu ban va bdc lot cdng nhan la hai qua trinh thuc tl khdng tach rdi nhau. Dieu do dugc xac nhan qua sy thanh lap cac tap doan kinh tl khdng Id trdn co sd tang cudng bdc ldt bang nhirng phuong thiic mdi, qua nan thdt nghigp phd bien dang trd thanh hien tugng kinh nien. Mat khac, dieu dd ciing xac nhan cho hpc thuyet ciia C. Mac khi ndi rang di kem sy phat trien ciia CNTB la hien tugng tang tu ban bat bien (dung de mua TLSX) va giam tu ban kha bien (dimg dl raua lao ddng). Vi the "dpi quan hflu bj" trd thanh yeu td thudc ve ban chat cua CNTB. Sy phan cyc teong van de tai san ty nd la bieu hien ciia tinh trang bat binh dang xa hdi ngay cang tang d mdi nudc va tren pham vi the gidi. Cyc tich tu ciia cai va cyc tich tu ddi ngheo la hai mat ciia mgt ddng tien tu ban d timg nudc va teen pham vi the gidi. Theo bio cao cua Td chirc phi chinh phu Oxfara dugc cdng bd trong bdi canh cac lanh dao chinh tri va kinh te the gidi tham dy Dien dan Kinh te The gidi dien ra tai Da-vdt, Thuy ST tu ngay 21-1 din ngay 25-1-2019, 26 ty phii giau nhat the gidi dang nam lugng tai san tuong duong tdng tai san cua 3,8 ty ngudi ngheo nhat the gidi trong nam 2018. Bao cao tren cdn cho biet, udc tinh 1% ngudi giau nhat the gidi dang nam giii 42% tai san cua thi gidi; trong khi do, 99% dan sd cdn lai chi nam gitr 58% tai san the gidi'^'.
Hien nay, teong pham vi qudc gia, CNTB hien dai cd gang xay dung ragt he thdng phap luat da dang, phd cap tren cac ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng xa hpi, tao dieu kien cho qua teinh "dieu chinh" cua CNTB tu nhan ddi vdi cac qud trinh kinh te. De dieu hda cac mau thuan hien t^i ciia nd, CNTB t|p trung giai quyet cac van de kinh te nhdra thiic ddy
sy phat teien cua lyc lugng san xudt. Ddng thai nay dugc tien hanh trong sy ket hgp vdi viec nang cao siic canh tranh ciia san phdra va hieu qua san xuat, giam bdt chi phi xa hdi, md rdng mdi trudng canh teanh,... Vi the, viec nha nudc tu san d cac nudc cdng nghiep phat trien chiem hiiu va phan phdi tir 30% - 60% thu nhap qudc dan va su dung mdt phan tir sieu lgi nhuan thu dupe de tra cdng cho ngudi lao ddng de tao ra teong ngudi lao ddng mpt "do gidc " ve tinh trgng khdng bi bdc lot.
Nhirng phan tich tren day chua the ndi len tat ca nhiing mau thuan, xung dot ngay cang gay gat teong ldng xa hdi tu ban hien nay, nhung ciing da phac hpa dugc bice tranh khai quat ve nhirng hinh thiic bieu hien mdi ciia van de bdc lot cua tu ban ddi vdi lao dpng tren toan the gidi. Nhung, dii nhihig hinh thiic bdc lot cd bien tudng, tinh vi den miic nao chang nira thi ban chat bdc lot cua tu ban ddi vdi lao ddng van la bdc lot GTTD - tlie la bdc lot lao ddng sdng cua ngudi lao dpng chii khdng the bdc lot lao dpng "chet"
cua may mdc dugc. Do vay, ndi mdt each khac, hpc thuydt GTTD van cdn nguyen gia tri, CNTB van giii nguyen ban chat bdc lot cua nd.
Luan diera cua C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen vl chl dp ngudi bdc ldt ngudi teong xa hgi tu ban van giir nguyen gia tri khoa hpc. Mac dil da cd sy thay ddi va dieu chinh, song cd the khang djnh: bdn chdt bdc lot cua CNTB khdng thiiy ddi; khi ndo nhung mdu thudn trong long xd hpi tu bdn cdn tdn tgi thi khi dy, hoc thuyit GTTD vdn se mdi la dnh sdng chi dudng cho sic nghiep gidi phdng giai cdp cong nhdn vd lodi ngu&i khdi moi hinh thuc nd dich, dp buc, bdc lot cua CNTB. •
(2) https://vietnam.oxfam.org/press_release/b%
bdo-cao-oxfam-tgi-davos-loi'ich-cdng-hay-ldi-sdn-tir
