Hdi Pja 'y y^ Tai nguyen M6J trumig Thira Thien H u i Hgj Dia ly Vict Nam
Danh gia tidm nang tai nguyen thien nhien vung ban dao Ca Mau
TrSn Ha P h m m g ^ Nguyin Thanh Hung'' Abstract
The evaluation of natural resources potenliality in the Ca Mau peninsula
The Ca Mau peninsula placed in a dynamic and developmental economic regions, adjacent to the southern key economic region. Ihe most active developmeni area in Vietnam; and next to many South East Asian countries (Thailand, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia, Phillipines. Indonesia, etc). However, the economic developmeni in Ca Mau region still tend to exploh the natural potential for agriculture -forestry -fishery; the imesmentfor traffic insfrastructiire, electricity, irrigation still limited; export agriculture products are mainly crude and preliminary; budget for develop the economic still low and not attraci the FDl fund, capital of the other economic components to invest and develop the industrial zone, the processing agncullure and forestry products zone, etc Therefore, ibis process was not created a breakthroughl developmeni, commensurate with the potential and advantages of a region with rich and diversity natural resources Moreover, the present condition of climate change and sea-level rise, the Ca Mau peninsula would be the most affected area.
The article introduces the assessment of potential natural resources in the Ca Mau peninsula, in order to use and exploh rationally natural resources, particular in terms of the impact of sea level rise, climate change, contributing to sustainable development and economic - social in Ca Mau Peninsula
LGICtt THIEU
Ban dao Ca Mau (BDCM) vung dat cue nam ciia td qudc, mgt viing lanh thd dugc bdi dap sau ciJng eua chau tho sdng Ciru Long hien dgi. Vimg BDCM dugc gidi hgn bdi sdng Hgu d phia Bac va Ddng Bac, kinh Xang Rach Sdi d phia Bac va phan cdn lgi liep giap vdi bien Ddng va Vjnh Thai Lan.
Viing cd tiem nang, Igi the ciia viing dai ire cd tai nguyen tu nhien da dang va phong phii. Tuy nhien, phat trien kinh le d vimg BDCM cho den hien nay, van cd xu hudng la khai thac tiem nang ty nhien phuc vu cho ndng - lam - ngu nghiep; dau tu ket cau ha tang giao thdng, dien, thiiy Igi cdn ban che;
san pham ndng nghiep xuat khau chu yeu la dgng thd va sa che chiem ty trgng ldn; vdn dau tu cho phat trien kinh te cdn thap va chua thu hiit dugc vdn FDI, vdn ciia cac thanh phan kinh te khac trong nude de dlu tu phat triin khu cdng nghi?p, khu che bien ndng, lam san. Dgc biet hien nay trong dieu kien biln ddi khi hau va nude bien dang thi vimg Ban dao Ca Mau se la noi chiu anh hudng bat Igi rat Idn. D I djnh hudng cho viec sir dung va khai thac hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien, gdp phan phat trien on dinh va bin virng kinh te - xa hdi viing Ban dao Ca Mau viec danh gia tiem nang lai nguyen thien nhien ciia viing Ban dao Ca mau la can thiet trong dieu kien cd sy tae ddng ciia nude bien dang, eiia bien ddi khi hgu.
2. TU" LIEU VA PIIU'CfNG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU 2.1. Khu virc nghicn ciiu
Viing BDCM trong nghien ciru nay, vl mgt hanh chinh (Hinh 1) bao gdm : tinh Ca Mau, tinh Bac Lieu va 3 huyen eiia tinh Kien Giang (An Bien, An Minh, VTnh Thugn).
i len Dja ly Tai nguyen TPIICM
' Caquan dat dien Viin Khoa IIQC va Congngli? I'lel Nam lai TPIIdl
DIA LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM
Hgi Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thira Thign Hui Hoi Pja ly VijtWi
Tdng dien tich ty nhien loan viing la 941.517 ha, chiem khoang 24% dien tich Ddng bang song Ciru Long (DBSCL). Dan sd hien ed la 2.279.718 ngudi (mat do dan sd: 254 ngudi / Km^, bang 59%. mat do dan sd binh quan d DBSCL) trong do, nhan khiu nong nghiep : 1.859.542 ngudi (chilm 82% dan sd).
Ban dao Ca Mau cd 373 km dudng bd biln, trong do chilu dai bd biln Ddng la 205 km, bd biln Tay dai 168 km. Biln Tay thuc chat la mgt vimg vinh. Do man eua nude bien Ddng thudng xuyen ldn hon biln Tay khoang 1- 1,5 %o vi biln Ddng true tilp giap vdi Dgi Duong. Bien Tay la mgt vjnh tuang ddi kin, do dd nude ngol tii luc dia dd xuIng dugc luu giu' lau ban. Vi the xu hudng chung ciia van chuyin man la tir biln Ddng sang bien Tay.
1 linh 1. Sa dd vi tri ban dao Ca Mau trong DBSCL 2.2. Tulicu siirdyng
- Ban dd dja hinh ti le 1:100.000 cd he tga do va he quy chilu quoc gia hicn hanh VN-2000.
- Cac tai lieu, sd lieu, van ban ed lien quan.
2.3. Phuong phap nghicn ciiu - Bien hgi cac tai lieu
- Phan tich va danh gia ed he thdng.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Tai nguyen vj the viing Ban dao Ca Mau 3.1.1. Vi thi dia kinh tc
Viing BDCM cd vj tri giap bien kha dac thii, lien ket ve khdng gian vdi cac vi tri khac ciia niroc ta, da tgo nen mgi vi the quan trgng trong khu vyc, Trong do, cd the nhan thay :
- Biin Ddng la luyen hang hdi quan Irgng ihdng thuang giua An Do Duang vd Thdi B'niii Duang. Hau hit cdc nude trong khu virc chau A - Thdi Binh Duong diu co cdc hoat ddng ihuang I'igi hdng hdi rdt mgnh me iren Biin Ddng. Cho nin. Bien Ddng dugc coi la con duang huyil mgch chieu hrgc di giao thong thuang mgi vd van chuyin qudn su qudc te Trong 10 tuyin dudng biin qudc te ldn nhdt thi gidi hien nay, co 5 tuyen di qua Biin Ddng hoac cd lien quan din Biin Dong.
' Vjnh Thai Lan cd lim quan trgng dac biel, theo Quylt dinh s6 18/2009/QD-TTg phe duyel Quy hoach phat trien viing bien va ven biln Viet Nam tliuge vinh Thai Lan din nam 2020. Mgt trong nhung nhiem vu trong thdi gian tdi la xay dyng hanh lang kmh tl biln vinh Thai Lan tir Nam Can (Ca Mau) den Rgeh Gia (Kien Giang), tirng budc hinh thanh viing ddng lyc quan trgng d ven biln circ Nam Td qudc; Trien khai xay dung tuyln true giao thdng ven bien qua 3 nude Viet Nam - Campuchia - Thai Lan ket ndi vdi true kinh te Nam Ninh (Trung Qudc) - Lang San - Singapore.
Hoi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6, Thanh phd Hui. 9/2012
H^iPia 1^ va Tai nguyen Moi tru-ong Thii-a Thien Hue Hpi Dja ly Vict Nam
3.1.2. Vi the dia chinh tri
Trong Ijch sii, Bien Ddng nhieu lan la trgng diem ciia nhung cudc tranh chip quoc tl gay go, quyet liet. Ngay tir thi ky XIV - XV, Tay Ban Nha da tdi day tranh gianh nhung vimg dit mau md d Philippines, Indonesia. DIU Ihl ky XVII din cudi thi ky XVIII la dl qudc Ha Lan; the ky XIX, XX la Phap, Nhat, My lan lugt banh trudng, xam chiem hoac gay chiln tranh chdng mdt so nude quanh khu vyc Biln Dong. Do qua trinh lich sir tdn tai ban mgt tram nam nay, cimg vdi su phat triin cua luat phap qudc te ve bien va dgc diem dia ly cua Bien Ddng, nen giira cac nude trong khu vye cdn tdn tai mgt si van de tranh chap hoac chua thing nhat cin dugc giai quylt tren cac viing biln va thIm luc dia.
Dac biet, tir nira cudi the ky XX den nay, cudc chgy dua tim kilm, kliai thac dlu lira va cac ngudn iiguyen lieu chien luac d Bien Ddng cang lam cho vin de tranh chip chii quyin d day them gay gat va phirc tap.
Vict Nam nam ben bd Tay ciia Bicn Ddng, la mdt bien ldn ciia Thai Binh Duang, cd dien tich khoang 3.448.000 km2, dugc bao bgc bdi 10 nude va viing lanh tho (Viet Nam, Trung QuIc, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Brunei, Thai Lan, Cambodia, Singapore va Dai Loan); la mgt trong 6 bien ldn nhit ciia the gidi, cd vj tri quan trgng ciia ea khu vuc va the gidi.
Vdi chieu dai bd bien cua BDCM khoang 400 km nhu hien nay, tir thdi khai hoang lap lp, bd bien nay vdi eii'a sdng Ong Ddc da la cua ngd Ihdng thuang huyet mach cua ca khu vyc Ddng Nam A.
Minh chimg cho dieu nay duoc the hien qua cac hien vai do dam tau, dugc khai quat tgi vimg biln mui Ca Mau cd nien dgi 1.723 - 1.735. Qua cac hien vat, ed the khang djnh xua kia da cd con dudng giao thuang hang hai qudc te khdi phat tir Trung Qudc, di qua viing bien Viet Nam trong dd ed miii Ca Mau.
Quan dao gdm 5 hdn dao nam sat nhau : Hon Khoai, Hdn Tugng, Hdn Sao, Hdn Ddi Mdi, Hdn Khd (Hdn Da Le) vdi tdng dien tich 5,7 km". Trong do. Hdn Khoai noi len uy nghi va hiing vT, trai dai theo hudng Ddng BIC - Tay Nam. Hon Da Le nam vl phia Ddng Nam Hdn Khoai d 8''22'8"vT do Bac, 104°52'4" kinh do Ddng, da dugc chgn lam mdt diem chuan eiia dudng ca sd diing de tinh chieu rgng lanh hai ciia luc dja Viet Nam. Tren Hdn Khoai cd tram ra da va nggn hai dang, nam trong he thong den bien Can Gid - Cdn Dao - Phii Qudc. Hai dang Hon Khoai la mdt trong nhirng nggn den dugc xay dung thudc logi sdm d Viet Nam, duac ngudi Phap xay ngay 25 / 05 / 1920.
Nhu vgy, cd thi ndi viing BDCM, mac dii la vimg dat cdn non tre, ma da trai qua cae bien ddng trong lich sir khai pha viing Nam Bg, tdn tai va phat trien den ngay nay, vdi nhung dac thii neu tren, da la mgt dau vl dja thi chinh tri ciia mgt viing d eye Nam eiia Td quoc.
3.2. Tai nguyen di kem 3.2.1. Tai nguyen sinh vat
- Ngay 26/05/2009 Uy ban Dilu phdi qudc tl chuang trinh eon ngudi va sinh quyin ciia UNESCO da thdng qua vice cdng nhgn Mui Ca Mau vao danh sach cac khu dy trii sinh quyin thi gidi (DTSQ).
Khu DTSQ Mui Ca Mau bao gdm Vudn quoc gia Mui Ca Mau (huyen Nggc Hiin) va Vudn quoc gia U Minh Hg (huyen U Minh) thugc tinh Ca Mau. Toan khu vuc cd quy md tren 370.000 ha vdi 3 vimg la : viing loi gin 17,330 ha, vimg dem tren 43.300_ha va viing chuyin Ijcp gin 311.000 ha.
Tai day ed 4 dae trung sinh thai chinh la : he thong diln thi nguyen sinh tren dll bai boi; he thing chuyen tiep cac he sinh thai dac trung tir rirng ngap man sang rirng tram ngap nude nggt theo miia; la
DIA LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM
Hgi Dja ly vii Tai nguyen Moi IrjoTig Thira Thicn Hue H^i^jajy—IL-i
viing bai de va nudi dudng con non cac loai thuy hai san cho ca viing bien rgng Idn (ke ca vjn ^li Lan); va nai luu dlu tich cu dan diu tien ciia ngudi dan di cu tir cac vimg mien trong ca nuac ve ay.
Tgi Vudn qudc gia Mui Ca Mau cd 13 loai thu, trong do cd 2 loai nim trong sach dd the giuili Khi dudi dai, Vogc bgc va 4 loai cd trong sach dd Viet Nam. Cd 74 lo^i chim thugc 23 hg cung 28 loi chim di tni tir cae nai tren thi gidi, trong dd cd nhilu loai quy hilm.
- Phia Vudn quoc gia U Minh Ha cdn la nai bao tdn than biin vdi quy md tren 6.000 ha, du? i hinh thanh hang nghin nam, cd nhilu tac dung vdi mdi trudng va cuge sdng cua ngudi dan ^^°^^}^
vuc Tgi day cd 58 loai thugc 21 ho chim, trong dd cd nhieu loai quy hiem; cd 26 loai thugc 12 loai k sat, trong dd 2 logi cd trong sach dd thi gidi va 7 loai cd trong sach dd Viet Nam. Nai day hi?n co 1 loai thu thuge 9 hg vdi 1 loai cd trong sach dd thi gidi va 3 loai cd trong sach dd Vi?t Nam.
- Rirng dgc dung Vd Vai. Day la mdt dia chi nghien cuu ly tudng, mdi nam cd tdi hang tran nha khoa hgc qudc ti din nghien ciru tgi khu rirng dac dung Vd Dai, huyen U Minh, tinh Ca Mau.
Khdng chi cd gia tri kinh tl cao, khu rirng cdn cd gia trj nghien cim khoa hgc dan^tin cay. Tinl Ca Mau hien cd hon 150.000 ha rimg nude man va rirng viing nude nggt, trong dd Vo Dai la ririit nguyen sinh cd gia tri nhit, dang dugc quan iy, bao ve tdt. Khu rimg rgng 3.600 ha, dgi dien cho h?
sinh thai rimg U Minh Ha phong phu va qui hilm, la nai bao tdn ngudn gen cua dgng, thuc vat S6IIE trong he sinh thai rirng tram.
Kit qua khao sat cho thiy khu rirng nay cd 78 loai thyc vat thugc 65 chi va 36 hg, trong do co 11 loai cay gd quy nhu tram, cay mop, cay biii. Ngoai ra, rirng cdn cd han 160 loai dgng vgt thugc 66 hg va 27 bg, vdi 90 loai chim va nhilu loai bd sat quy hilm nhu U-an, ran, ky da, tac ke, te te.
- Khu vyc U Minh Thugng (thugc Khu DTSQ Kien Giang) thugc he sinh thai rirng iing pheu, hi?n nay da dilu tra dugc 250 loai thuc vat, trong do 243 loai da dugc djnh danh, cd 8 loai rit hilm va 71 loai hiem cd.
- Rirng ngap man Nam Can - Nggc Hiin va ven biln Tay trai dai 250 km dgc bd biln, c6 kha nang bao ve su xdi mdn va tao ra mgt he sinh thai ven bien tren mgt dien tich khoang 5.200 km , am dd rat giau va phong phu sinh vat bien. Vudn qudc gia Mui Ca Mau (45 km^) nim trong h? sinh thai nay. Rimg ngap mgn ty nhien vdi uu thi eiia cay Rhizaphora apiculata nguyen thiiy bao phu toan bp di?n tich rimg, tuy nhien chiing bj phd huy trong chien tranh va bi khai thac thanh dat nong n^i?P ^^
nudi trdng thuy san.
d phia Tay cua khu vyc Dlt Miii la khu rimg ngap man Bai Bdi (56 km^), dugc xem la khu bao v^ nghiem ngat phuc hdi rirng ty nhien.
- Dgng vgt phii du vimg ven bien Tay thugc BDCM deu la nhimg loai cd ham lugng dinh dudng cao, la thirc an cua nhCmg loai thiiy san co gia trj kinh te, khdng cd nhirng loai dgc hgi. Chi sd da dang Margalef cua dgng vgt phii du kha cao, trung binh la 19,9.
Xet tren ca sd chudi thiic an ciia thuy vyc, vdi nguon thii-c an kha phong phii va da dgng, wc thuy vyc viing ven bien Tay - BDCM thugc loai giau dinh dudng nen cd the phat triin nghe nuoi trong thuy san man - Ig va nude nggt. So vdi vimg phia Nam BDCM, dg man thich hgp cho viec nudi cac ddi tugng man Ig, cdn d vimg ven biln Tay cd su sai khac tuang ddi ldn ve thanh phan loai cung nhu chi sd da dgng sinh vat trong hai miia, chiing td dieu kien sinh thai kem on djnh han, kha nang rui fo trong nuoi trdng cun^ ldn hon, vi vay phai chgn ddi tugng nuoi va miia vy nudi cho thich hgp. Can chii trgng nudi cac ddi tugng nggt - Ig nhu ea, ddng vat than mim, tuy thu nhap khdng cao nhung g'^
dugc mdi trudng ben vung, it hi riii ro.
Hoi nghi Khoa hqc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thir 6, Thdnh phd Hui, 9/2012
H^iPia I j va Tai nguygn Moi trirdng ThiJra Thicn Hue H$i Dja ly Vigl Nam
- Song dudi tan tham thue vat ngap man la khoang 1.600 loai sinh vat, trong dd cd nhilu thiiy
^ c san chi sdng g i n bd vdi rimg ng^p man. Ngoai ra, rimg nggp man cdn cung cap cac vat lieu hda phim diing lam thudc nhudm, lie lam mu, son ta,...ban than rimg ngap man la hire tudng t u nhien bao v | bd bien khdi x6i Id va la bg lgc t y nhien cac chat 6 n h i l m tir ngudn luc dja do sdng mang ra; la noi cu tni va u a m nudi cac i u triing ciia cac loai thiiy hai san. Cac nghien ciiu da chi ra r i n g , san lugng khai thac thuy san trong rimg ngap man ^ le thuan vdi d o phu ciia tham thyc vat ngap mgn. Vi t h i , c6n rimg nggp mgn thi cdn tdm ca, cdn chd d y a sinh k l ciia cgng dong ven b i l n , dac biet la cdng ddng ngheo.
- Riing ciia Bgc Lieu, chii y l u la rirng phdng hg, c h i l m khoang 4.657 ha, dd la rirng ngap man, (ingphen co nang suat sinh hgc cao, bao gom hdi doan cua Dude va Tram.
- Bien Bgc Lieu dai 56 km, dien tich v u n g b i l n khoang 40.000 k m ^ Ddng vat biln bao gom 661 loii ca, 319 gidng thugc 138 hg, trong d o n h i l u loai cd trS lugng va gia trj cao n h u tom, ca hong, ca ggc, ca sao, ca thu, ca chim, ca dudng,.. T d m b i l n co 33 loai khac nhau, cd t h i danh bat h a n 10.000 tan/nam. TrS lugng ca day va ca ndi hon 100.000 tan/nam, cd t h i trd thanh nai xuit, nhap k h i u Uye tilp.
- Vudn nhan c6 Bgc Lieu rgng khoang 230 ha, chay dai tren 11 km di qua 2 xa Hiep Thanh va VTnh Trgch Ddng, thugc thj x3 Bgc Lieu, tinh Bgc Lieu. Theo ldi k l cua nhirng ngudi dan noi day, vudn nhan Bac Lieu da dugc trdng tren tram nam trudc. Theo truyin thuylt, dng T r u a n g Hung la ngudi diu tien mang 2 gidng nhan Su-bie va Tu-huyt tir Trung Qu6c sang trong tren d l l giong cat Bgc Lieu. Gidng Su-bic cho trai to, vd mdng, c a m day, rat therm va nggt. Cdn giong Tu-huyt trai nhd, hat nhd, nhung com day, vj nggt.
- V u d n Chim Bgc Lieu con dam net thien nhien hoang da, each thi xa Bgc Lieu 6 km v l hudng Biln, thugc dja phan xa Hiep Thanh, thj xa Bgc Lieu. T h e o t u lieu cua khu bao tdn thien nhien Vudn Chim Bgc Lieu, dia danh nay x u i t hien each nay khoang 100 nam, liic d o la tham rirng ngap mgn ven bien rat phong phii va da dgng, vdi he sinh thai ngap man ty nhien. V u d n Chim la mgt p h i n tham rirng con sdt lgi ven Bien D d n g d o sy bdi ly t y nhien nen ngay cang xa bien hon. Vao nam 1962, V u d n Chim d u g c mgt hg dan quan ly cham sdc bao ve va khai thac chim non. Sau do, chinh q u y i n dja phuang sdm nhgn thiic V u d n Chim la tai san thien nhien quy hiem nen da cd sy dau t u tirng b u d c .
V u d n chim Bgc Lieu la nai c u tni cua khoang 46 loai chim, trong dd cd mgt loai chim d u g c ghi vao sach Dd n h u Giang Sen, C d c D e n h d . . . , 109 loai thyc vat thugc 90 chi ciia 46 hg : 150 loai dgng vgt. trong dd cd 58 loai ca, 7 loai ech nhai, 10 loai cd vii, 8 loai bd sat va mgt sd dgng vat khac ciing song chung'trong mgt quan the da dgng, the hien cao tinh da dang sinh hge rat can d u g c bao tdn va phat trien. V u d n Chim Bac Lieu la nai lam td quan trgng ciia nhieu loai chim n u d e , dien hinh la cac loai le le, cd, dice, vgc, c d n g cge, quam den va nhieu loai chim khac.
3.2.2. T a i n g u y e n p h i s i n h v a t
+ Tai nguyen bien: Dien tich vimg bien Ca Mau rdng tren 71.000 km , do sau trung binh tir 30 den 35 met; trong Idng bien cd nhieu loai tdm ca, dudi them lue dja c6 t r u lugng dau khi va khi ddt rat ldn, CO kha nang khai thac trong nhieu nam. Bien Ca M a u cd vj tri trung tam d u d n g bien trong vimg Ddng Nam A va sat vdi d u d n g bien quoc te, rat thuan Igi cho phat trien kinh te bien.
+ Tai nguyen du lich: Miii C a Mau cdn la noi du Ijch va tham quan giai tri ly t u d n g cho du khach trong va ngoai n u d e .
T h i mgnh ciia Bgc Lieu la du lich sinh thai, du Ijch bien vdi cac canh quan thien nhien n h u vudn chim, v u d n m h a n , . . . va nhirng di tich Ijch s i i - van hda n h u : thap cd VTnh Hung, N g c Nang, den
DjA LY BIEN VA HAI D A O VIET NAM 139^
Hoi Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi tru6ng Thiia Thicn Hui Hyi Dja ly Viyt IS
thd Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, nha luu niem cd nhgc sT Cao Van Liu, he thdng dinh chiia,..gin hen cac le hgi ciia tgc Viet, Khmer, Hoa.
+ Tai nguyen khoang san
- Than biin : Cd 01 md ldn d U Minh Thugng, 01 md va 05 diem quang d Vj Thanh, Hda Hin Long My, My Tii va Nam Can. Md U Minh Thugng ed ngudn gdc dim liy. Than biin d Hda Hung My Tu cd ngudn gdc long sdng ed. Theo danh gia ciia Sd Lam Nghi?p tinh Minh Hai (1989), dicn li chiia than biin d U Minh Ha la 62 km2 va tai nguyen khoang 58 trieu tin. Than bim d Nam Can dir thanh tgo trong dim liy ven biln hien dai, chira nhieu set nen chat lugng kem, trii lugng du bao khoa 10 trieu tin. Than biin, phd biln d U Minh Thugng va U Minh Hg, da phan hiiy hoan loan, cho day nl ldi 3 m, cho mdng nhit 0,3 m, trung binh tir 1 - 2 m. Trir tucmg khoang 300 tricu tan. Chii lugng chui cua than nhu sau : do tro khd 9,8; do im phan tich 15,7; chit boc klio 56,17; luu huynh 0,25; nhict nai 4.562 calo; ty trgng 1,43. Ngoai vice diing nung gach, than bim U Minh cdn cd the diing lam phan bon lugng .N = 1,9-2,8; P2O5 = 0,1 - 1,5.
- Da vdi vd sd. Tgi Gidng Da cd ldp da voi vd so cirng ehac dai 600 m, rgng 400 m, day khoai 1 m. Thanh phan chii yiu gdm CaO = 30,12 - 38,99 %; Mg = 0,71 - 0,88 %; P2O5 = 0,28 - 0,47 "/
Trii' lugng khoang 120.000 m^. Cd the diing de san xual phan bdn.
- Set ggch ngdi. gdm 4 md ldn, 40 md Irung binh va 9 md nhd, phan bd chii yen d phin phia Ba eiia BDCM, dgc theo Quoc Ig sd 1 tir Bac Lieu di Cai Nude va mgt sd d ria phia Nam U Minh Ha. Ca md dlu dang dugc khai thac sir dyng. Hau hll eac lap set phan bo trong cac tram lich song bii (amQiv^i). Dai bg phan cac than set nam sat mat dat, ldp phii mdng, ed be day pho bien tir 1 - 1,5 IT ca biet day den 8 m; cd chieu dai tir 1.000 - den 5.000 m; chieu rdng lir vai tram den vai ngan met. Ta nguyen du bao chung ciia set la 104 tricu m^. Cac md deu dang dugc kliai thac sir dyng.
- Da magma : Lam vat lieu xay dyng gom 1 md granit nhd d Da Bac. Cd the khai thac lam di che, da dp lat, day la mgt dien Ig da gdc khong ldn giua viing dat yeu menh mdng d sat bd bien vinl Thai Lan nen dugc bao v? nguyen ven.
3.3. Bao ton tu* nhicn
Vimg dat BDCM vdn ndi tieng nhilu song ngoi kenh rgch. Tir thud khai thien lap dja da c6 moi quy lugt thiiy trieu dgc thii. Mdi ngay cd hai con nude rdng, nude Idn; mdi thang cd hai con nude kein, nude rong. Dinh dilm ctia nude rong la ngay 15 va ngay 30; dinh dilm ciia nude kem la ngay 10 va ngay 25 hang thang tinh theo am Ijch. Con nude ldn trong con nude rong thi Iran bd; con nude rong trong con nude kem thi nhii'ng ddng sdng can kiet, phai day. Khi nude rdng, thi lal ca cac dong song CLing dd ao ra bien, khi nude ldn thi tat ca cac cira sdng ddn nude bien trd vao. Chinh quy lugt nay da lam cho tat ca nhirng ddng sdng mdi ngay dugc thay nude sach. Va do dd, vice quy hogch phat trien kinh te xa hgi cho vimg dat nay cung cin tinh den viec bao ve nghiem nggt quy luat ty nhien nay, dieu do cung la de bao ton cac he sinhh thai tu nhien v6n cd ciia viing dat nay, tat nhien dd la yeu tl bin virng.
- Nude bien ddng
Cac ket qua ngliien ciru vl ihiiy van cung cho thay xu thi gia tang ciia myc nude trong khoang thdi gian tir 1978 - 1998 (chua xet din cac dao dgng nang ha ciia dja hinh). Myc nude trung binh nam tang cao 6 cm tai trgmCa Mau trong khoang thdi gian 1978-1994 so vdi 1995- 1998, tang 19 cm tai trgm Nam Can trong khoang thdi gian 1981 - 1994 so vdi 1995 - 1998 va tang 4 cm tgi trgm Ganh Hao trong khoang thdi gian 1981 - 1994 so vdi 1995- 1998.
Hdi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn Ihu 6; Thdnh phd Hui. 9/2012
jjgj gja 1^ va Tai nguyen M6i trufrng Thiia Thicn Hui ^ Hgi Pia ly Viet Nam
Dilu nay cung phii hgp vdi nhirng nghien ciru trudc day, da xac djnh xu the thyc dang cua myc nude ven biln Viet Nam trong han 30 nam qua la khoang 2 - 3 mm/nam d eac ddng bang Idn (Pham Hoang Lan, Nguyen Nggc Thuy va CTV, 1996) va cung la xu hudng chung ciia loan cau, dugc ehirng minh bdi kit qua ciia nhilu cdng trinh khoa hgc qudc le.
Theo cac ket qua nghien ciiu ciia [1] Vimg BDCM, la viing chiu anh hudng ciia thiiy trieu la chinh, do cd cac cdng ngan man lam cho thiiy trieu khong vao sau trong ngi dong, myc nude trong dong quanh nam tuang doi thap, ngap lut chi xay ra d phan dien tich gan sdng Hau trong thdi gian ngin.
Vung BDCM cd mgt true cap nude nggt duy nhat tir song Hau la kenh Quan Lg - Phung Hiep bi xam nhap man nghiem trgng. Tat ca eac viing san xual ciia Kien Giang, Ca Mau, Bac Lieu deu chiu tac dgng ciia man.
Man xam nhgp sau nhat tir 2 phia bien Dong, bien Tay, dudng ranh man nggt kha ro. Sy hinh thanh khu nude la tap trung chii yeu d dau ngudn sdhg Cai Ldn, Cai Be.
NBD ed the lam anh hudng den viec cap nude sinh hogt cho cac vimg nong thdn ven bicn eting nhu tinh da dang sinh hge trong viing nay. Man xuit hien sdm va ket thuc tre anh hudng den thdi vu va nang suat cay trdng viing ven bien.
Cac vitng trung sac man giira BDCM (My Thanh, Bae Thanh Tri, viing triing tir sdng Cai Ldn den Ca Mau). Rirng U Minh se thicu nude nggt; Viing Nam Ca Mau, chiu anh hudng nang ne nhat eua NBD, nhat la phan ngoai de.
Cac viing triing trung tam BDCM chju anh hudng ciia ngap trieu, ngan man nghien trgng, se trd thanh nhirng viing sac man, tieu thoai nude kho khan, Xoi Id manh viing bd bien Ganh Hao, Rach GIC, Ong Ddc - Rach Gia.
Tren ca sd do can ed eac giai phap : Xay dyng, ciing cd de bien, de sdng, uu tien bao ve cac viing sat td; Tang cudng cac true lieu thoat, cdn tieu thoai; Day manh viec trdng rirng ngap man bao ve bd, he thdng rirng lan bien viing dat miii; Quy hogch khai thac vimg bai bdi mot each hgp ly va khoa hgc de md rgng dat dai; Di ddi true cap nude len phia thugng luu, lgi dung viec gia tang mire nude, luu lugng dd vao ngi ddng do NBD, day nude xudng he thong song Cai Lon - Cai Be, de dugc cai lao bang each lam cong hg luu, tir day nude dugc chuyen xudng phia Nam, Ddng Nam,
3.4. An ninh, quoc phdng va chii quyen quoc gia
BDCM thudc DBSCL, nen cung mang nhirng net dgc thii chung ciia DBSCL ve mat an ninh qudc phong va chii quyin qudc gia, BDCM, mot trong nhirng dong bang ria chau thd rgng va phi nhieu d Ddng Nam A va the gidi, la mdt vimg dat quan trgng, co the manh ve san xual luong thue, nuoi trdng - danh bit thiiy - hai - san va vudn - cay an trai nhiet ddi phong phii, da dang. BDCM cd bd bien dai iren 400 km, khoang tren 100.000 km^ viing kinh le dae quyen, giap bien Ddng va vinh Thai Lan, rat thuan Igi cho phat triin kinh tl bien, BDCM nam giua mdt khu vyc kinh te nang ddng va phat Iriln, liin kl vdi viing kinh tl trgng diem phia Nam, viing phat trien nang dgng nhat Viet Nam ben canh cac nude Ddng Nam A (Thai Lan, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippin, Indonesia,..); mdt khu vyc kinh tl nang dgng va phat triin la nhiing thi trudng va doi lac dau tu quan trgng. BDCM nam trong khu vuc cd dudng giao thdng hang hai va hang khdng quoc te quan trgng, giu'a Nam A, Ddng Nam A cung nhu Chau Uc va cac quan dao khac trong Thai Binh Duong. Vj tri nay hit sire quan trgng cho giao luu qudc te.
D!A L-Y BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM
H$i Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thira Thicn Hui Hoi Dja ly Vift Na
3.5. Dinh hudng quan ly va phat triin 3.5.L Hien trang quan ly va quy hoach phat trien
Thyc tl, phat triin kinh tl d viing BDCM cho din hien nay, van cd xu hudng la khai ihac ticn nang tu nhien ndng nghi?p hi^n cd; dlu tu kit ciu ha ting giao ihdng, dien, ihuy lgi cdn hgn che; sai pham nong nghiep xuit khiu chti yeu la dgng thd va so chi chilm ty trgng Idn; von dau tu cho pha triin kinh tl cdn thip va chua thu hut dugc vdn FDI, von ciia cac thanh phan kinh tl khac trong nua diu lu phat triin khu cdng nghiep, khu chi biln ndng, lam san,..Vi vay, chua tgo dugc budc phat Uiei dgt pha, tuang xiing vdi tilm nang, lgi thi eiia viing dit tre cd tai nguyen sdng, biln da dgng va phonj phu.
Ngay 8 thang 5 nam 2009, Bg Ndng nghiep & PTNT ban hanh Quyet dinh sd 1336/QD-BNN- KH, Phe duyet Quy hogch thiiy Igi vimg Nam Ban dao Ca Mau. Theo dd, Muc tieu ciia quy hogch nham khai thac, sii dung tai nguyen nude hgp ly, phii hgp vdi phat trien giai dogn trudc mat va khong mau thuin vdi lau dai, dap irng yeu ciu san xuat ndng nghiep, lam nghi?p, ihiiy san va cap nude sgch, ve sinh mdi trudng ndng thon, giam thicu thiol hgi do Ihien tai gay ra, gdp phan phat trien kinh te - xa hgi viing BDCM dn djnh va bin vung.
Ngay 09/10/2009 Thu tudng Chinh phii da ban hanh Quylt djnh sd 1581/QD-TTg vl phe duyel Quy hoach xay dung vimg dong bing sdng Ciru Long den nam 2020 va tam nhin den nam 2050. Viing dong bing sdng CCru Long (DBSCL) bao gdm toan bg ranh gidi hanh chinh ciia thanh pho Can Tho va 12 tinh : Long An, Tiln Giang, Bin Tre, Dong Thap, VTnh Long, Tra Vinh, Hgu Giang, Sdc Trang, Kien Giang, Bgc Lieu, Ca Mau va An Giang vai di?n tich ty nhien khoang 40.604,7 km , dudng bien gidi vdi Campuchia khoang 330 km, dudng bd bien dai tren 700 km va khoang 360.000 km^ bd bicn thugc chu quyen. Myc tieu ciia quy hoach la phat huy vai trd, vj the va tiem nang ciia Viing theo mo hinh da cue tgp trung ket hgp cac hanh lang kinh te do thj, vdi thanh pho Can Tha la do thi hat nhan trung tam ciia vung.
Tam nhin din nam 2050 viing DBSCL sS la viing ndng san ldn trong mgng ludi san xuit loan cau; la viing kinh te phat trien nSng dgng, ben virng, cd mdi trudng dau tu thugn lgi; cd dicu ki^n va chit lugng sdng dd thi va ndng thdn cao; la trung tam van hoa - Ijch sii va du lich, djch vu am thyc ldn vdi cac viing ndng, lam sinh thai dac thii; cd canh quan va moi trudng tdt.
Theo Quylt djnh 492/QD-TTg ngay 16/04/2009 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu, phe duyet De an thanh lap viing kinh tl trgng dilm (KTTO) viing DBSCL, gom 4 tinh, thanh phd tryc thugc Trung uang la : thanh phd Can Tha, tinh An Giang, tinh Kien Giang va tinh Ca Mau. Dinh hudng phat triin ciia viing KTTD DBSCL dugc xac dinh la trung tam Idn ve san xuat lua ggo, nudi trdng, danh bit va chi bien thiiy san, trung tam nang lugng ldn ciia ca nude, cau noi trong hgi nhap kinh tl khu vyc.
Tren ca sd do, Bg Ke hoach - Dau tu dS xac dinh 6 van de ndi bat cin dugc quan tam dimg muc trong qua trinh dieu phoi, bao gdm : Xay dyng ddng bg ket cau hg ting; phat triin ndng nghiep cdng ngh? cao; phdng chdng d nhiem, bao ve mdi trudng; trac ddi, cung cip thdng tin va xay dyng ca die phdi hgp giij-a cac dia phuang.
3.5.2. Djnh huvng phat trien kinh te-xa hgi den 2020
Vuan ra bien, khai thac va bao ve bien la sy lya chgn cd tinh chit song cdn ciia dan tgc Vicl Nam. Hgi nghj lin thir 4 Ban Chip hanh Trung uang Dang (Khoa X) da ra Nghi quylt vl "Chiln luac bien Viet Nam din nSm 2020" nham nhanh chdng dua nude ta trd thanh mgi nude manh vl biln.
trong dd dl ra cac muc lieu va nhung giai phap chiln luge xuit phat iir yeu ciu va dilu kicn khacli Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Toan qudc ldn ihu 6; Thdnh phd Hui, 9/2011
H8i Dja ly v^ Tai nguyen Mfii trufrng Thira Thicn Hue Ilgi Dja ly Vi$l Nam
quan cua sy nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qudc Viet Nam thdi ky hdi nhap sau rdn^ vao nin kinh tl the gidi. Nude ta cd quan he thuang mai song phuang vdi tren 100 nude, quan he dau lu vdi tren 60 quoc gia va viing lanh thd; tham gia cac td chirc qudc te nhu Ngan hanh thi gidi (WB), Quy tiln te quIc tl (IMF), Hiep hdi cac nude Ddng Nam A (ASEAN), Diln dan hgp tac kinh tl chau A - Thai Binh Duang (APEC),_Td chuc Thuong mgi the gidi (WTO)... Tdi day, cac hogt dgng hgp tac song phuang, da phuang dicn ra se rgng ldn Irong nhicu ITnh vyc ca vl kinh te, qudc phdng, an ninh va doi ngogi... Trong dd, hogt dgng tren bien se dien ra vdi quy md va cudng do ldn ban, thuan lgi xen lan thach thirc.
Hien nay, da hinh thanh ihanh khu kinh te bien Nam Can, la khu vyc cd sy phat trien tong hgp cac nganh, nghe bicn nhu hgu can nghe ea, cdng nghiep gan vdi van lai bien, cang bien, du Ijch bien, nghien ciru khoa hgc ve bicn,...
Phat trien ndng nghiep theo hudng da dang hoa san phim, tham canh dya tren Igi thi ciia timg viing; hinh thanh cac viing chuyen canh cd nang suat, chat lugng cao, dac bicl la h'a
Phat trien nudi trdng th'jy san (gan vdi he ihdng ihiiy Igi da muc lieu) v^ j-ang cudng ehl biln nong, thiiy san. Ket hgp chat che giira san xual vdi bao ve mdi trudng sinh ihai ti-iig khu vye, trudc hit la viing rirng ngap mgn ven bien cua viing BDCM.
Phat trien mgnh edng nghiep, nhat la cdng nghiep vira va nhd. Tang cudng khai thac tiem nang khi dot viing Tay Nam de phat trien cdng nghiep khi - dien - dgm. Phat trien co hicu qua cac khu cdng nghiep, van tai bien. Ticp tyc nang cao nang lyc san .xuat. che bicn va chat lugng hang ndng thiiy san xuat khau, vat lieu xay dyng, phat irien mgnh cong nghiep ca khi phuc vg ndng - ngu - nghiep.
Phat trien thuang mai, djch vu, du lich, nhal la du Mch sinh thai, sdng nude,...Diiu tu Idn cho dao tao nhan lyc, ddi mdi may mdc, thiet bj, dua ticn bg klioa hgc vao san xuat.
Xay dung chien luge bicn, tang cudng tiem lyc mgi mat de khai thac \a khdng che bicn; irong ITnh vyc khai thac tai nguyen, can cd kc hoach bao ion lai nguyen Ircn dat lien va vung bien ciia nude ta, va tap trung nd luc va dau lu khai ihac tai nguyen iren dgi duang.
KET LUAN
Viing BDCM cd tietn nang tai nguyen thicn nhicn da dang, chiu tac ddng ciia ca trieu bien Ddng lan bien Tay; da dang ve ca cau va md hinh canh tac ndng nghiep va thiiy san. Can dugc dau tu dimg myc nham khai thac tdi da tiem nang, Igi the ciia viing. Kinh le bicn la mgt dinh hudng diing cho vimg BDCM, trong the lien ket vdi cac dia phuang khac trong viing DBSCL va hgp tac vdi dia phuang khac trong ca nude, trudc hit la viing Tir Giac Long Xuyen, Ddng Thap Mudi, mitin Ddng Nam Bg.
Day manh chuyin dich ca cau theo hudng giam nhanh i\ trgng nong nghiep, tang ty trgng cdng nghiep va dich vy ca trong GDP va ca cau lao dgng.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ncuyln Sinh Huy (2010) Nghien ciru ca sd khoa hgc va de xuat cac bien phap irng phd cho ddng bang sdng Ciru Long dam bao vice phat trien ben virng trong dieu kien bicn doi khi hau - nude biln dang. Trudng Dai hgc Thuy Igi. Bd Ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn.
2. Nguyin Thanh lliing va nnk. (2000). Dieu tra. danh gia thyc trang xam nhap man va nhirng dien biln tu nhicn - kinh tl - xa hdi lien quan den xam nhap man viing ban dao Ca Mau. Phan Vien Dia LytgiTP. Hd Chi Minh
DjA LY BIEN VA HAI DAO VIET NAM
Hoi Dja ly va Tai nguyen Moi trirong Thira Thien Hud ^ J j g j j ^ " '^ ^'j!.
3. Vudn Qii6c gia Mui Ca Mau. Hpi nglij Khoa iioc va Cong nghe nam 2007, Vicn Siiili lipc NWil Vien KHCNVN. NXB. Khoa hpc Tir nhicn va Cong ngh?, 2008.
4. Nguyin Ngpc Hoa (Chu bien) va nnl(. (1996). Dia cliit va Khoang san to An Bicn - Soc Tran]
le 1/200.000. Ban da Dia chit va Khoang san Vi?t Nam, Cue Dja chit Vict Nam, lla Noi, 1996, 5. Nguyin Ngoc Hoa (Chti bien) va nnk. (1996). Dja chit va Khoang san to Bac Lieu - Ca Mau.i 1/200.000. Ban d6 Dja chit va Khoang san Vict Nam, Cue Dja chat Vict Nam, 1 la Npi, 1996.
6. Khu dir trO sinh quyin tinh Kien Giang. UBND tinh Kien Giang - Uy Ban QuSe Gia UNESCO VietNam, HaNpi, 2005.
7. Website eiia UBND cac tinh, thanh ph6 lien quan den viing nghicn ciru.
8. Cac van ban cua Nha nuoc, Chinh phii.
Ildi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Toiin quoc lan Ihir 6; Thiinh pho Hue. 9'20i'
