CAC THANH TO CUA VON XA HOI TRONG TUC NGU", CA DAO VIET NAM
NGUYEN THI BICH THUY"
Tom tdU Bdi vie't phdn tich bieu hien vd y nghia cua cdc thdnh td'vdn xd hgi thong qua cac cau tuc ngd, ca dao cua ddn tgc Viet Nam. Qua do, cho thdy ong cha ta da coi trgng nhiing tii tUOng, y niem tien thdn sdu xa cung nhii vai tro ciia vdn xd hoi. Nghien cdu ve vdn xd hgi trong tuc ngd, ca dao gop phdn dem ddn cdi nhin day du ve chieu ddi phdt trien cua khdi niim vd'n xd hgi trong nghien citu khoa hgc xd hgi hiin nay.
Tii khoa: Tuc ngU, ca dao; vdn xd hgi; long tin xd hgi;gid tri xd hgi; mang liidi xd hgi.
Abstract: Ideas of social capital have existed in idioms and folk poetry for long. This article analyzed the expressions and meaning of social capital in Vietnamese idioms and folk poetry. The study provided a comprehensive view of the development of "social capital concept in social sciences.
Keywords: Idiom; folk poetry; social capital; social trust; social value; social network.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 11/10/2018; Ngdy s^a bdi: 25/02/2019; Ngdy duyit ddng bdi: 27/4/2019.
1. Dat van de
Tuc n ^ , ca dao la phan phong phu trong van hoc dan gian cua Viet Nam. No mang nhiing gia tri ve mat tri tue, tinh cam va nghe thuat bieu hien. Do dac diem ngi dung va hinh thi5c ngan gon, co van, de nhd lai mang nhieu y nghia sau xa nen tuc ngQ, ca dao difdc nhan dan van dung, truyen mieng qua nhieu the he. Trong khi do, vo'n xa hgi la mot hinh thiic ton tai ciia
"vo'n", dildc cac ca nhan s i dung trong nhieu hoat dong. Vo'n xa hgi ton tai vo hinh nhUng lai c6 siic manh tiem an va nhieu nha khoa hoc da tho'ng nha't cho rang: thong qua viec sd. dung no mot each hdp ly thi cac giao dich kinh te se "giam chi phf va diln ra mot each thuan ldi hon.
Von xa hoi cua m6i ca nhan dUdc tich luy trong qua trinh xa hoi hoa thong qua sil tiidng tac gii3a cac ca nhan, difdc duy tri, phat trien va tao ra nhiing ldi ich ma ngUdi sd hiiu no mong muon. Von xa hoi la tap hop nhiing nguon lUc hien hflu hoac Q ] NHAN LUIC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
tiem tang, g§.n vdi viec co mot mang liidi ben vflng nhflng quan he quen biet hoac thiia nhan l^n nhau ft nhieu dfldc the ch§' hoa (Pierre Bourdieu, 1986). Von xa hgi dfldc ket tinh sau mot qua trinh gom co:
(1) Sii tin can lin nhau hay niem tin; (2) Sfl CO di CO lai hay sfl ho tfldng; (3) Nhflng quy tac hay hanh vi mau mflc chung; (4) Sfl ket hdp lai vdi nhau thanh mot mang Ifldi'^'.
Trong so' hdn 2.300 cau ca dao, tuc ngfl ma Vu Ngpc Phan (1994) sflu tam thi co khoang 100 cau ve vo'n xa hgi, chiem 4,3%.
Dieu nay cung cho tha'y, nhan dan ta tfl xa xfla da de cap kha nhieu de'n nhflng yeu to' ciia vo'n xa hgi. Trong cac cau tuc ngfl, ca dao ve von xa hoi thi co 5% cau noi ve long tin xa hgi, 10% ve sfl c6 di - co lai, 25% ve sii gan ket thanh mang Ifldi xa hgi, chiem '"' TS., Giang vien, Tracing DH Giao due, Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Npi, email; [email protected] '" Nguyin Ngoc Bich (2006), 'Von xa hpi va phat trien", Tgp chi Tia sdng, ad IS, tr.l3.
SO 6-2019
NGUYEN THI BICH THUY ty le nhieu n h a t la cac c a u t u c ngfl, ca dao
vl gia tri xa hoi (60%). Nhfl v a y , ngUdi dan Vi6t Nam xfla r a t coi t r g n g cac gia t r i , chu^n mile, cac k h u o n p h e p quy d i n h cac hanh vi, flng xfl trong cuoc song c u a ho.
Tiep den, ho luon de cao sfle m a n h c u a sfl coket cong dong, cua sfl d o a n ke't, ke't h d p thanh mang Ifldi xa hgi m a n h m e . Sfl c6 di - CO lai va long tin xa hgi ciing dfldc ngfldi dan nhdc de'n khong it, c h i n h n h i i n g dieu nay se duy tri cho ho n h i i n g moi q u a n h e lau dai va tfl do co t h e d a t dfldc nhflng ldi I'ch. Bai viet se hfldng de'n x e m xet, p h a n tich mot each cu t h e cac t h a n h to' cua vo'n sa hoi qua viec chon loc, p h a n tich cac cau tuc ngfl, ca dao cua n h a n d a n t a .
2. Vo'n xa h o i q u a t u c ngiJf, c a d a o Viet Nam
2.1. Long tin xd hdi
Vo'n xa hgi co cac t h a n h to' nhfl cac mang lu6i, long tin, sii ke't hop va c a m k e t do'i vdi cac phuc ldi va chia se cac gia t r i cua cong dong/xa hgi. K h o n g chi ci vflng nong thon ma cac cong dong do t h i , vo'n xa hpi cung CO tam q u a n trong. Dfldc h i n h thanh va phat trien dfla t r e n long tin/sfl tin cay, do ben vflng cua vo'n xa hgi tfly thuoc vao mat do tiidng t a c / q u a n h e gifla cac ca nhan, cac n h o m xa hgi.
Long tin xa hgi la n i e m t i n vao sfl c h i n h tnic, dang tin c^y cua ngiidi k h a c . Long tin xa hoi dfla t r e n cac t r a i n g h i e m trflc tiep vdi nhflng ngUdi k h a c v a co lien q u a n den nguon vo'n xa hgi. H a y noi each k h a c , long tin, do tin cay c h i n h la cd sd, dong thcfi la dgng liic bao d a m sii p h a t t r i e n b e n vflng ciia von xa hgi. "Do t i n cay a y chi co the dUdc xay dflng t r e n cd c a u n h i i n g lien he minh bach co g&ng t h o a m a n nhflng quyen loi kha t h e c u a mgi t h a n h p h a n
^Dg cong d6ng t r e n cd sd thfldng Ifldng,
•lol thoai"'^'. Dudc h i n h t h a n h v a p h a t S^B-zoig
t r i e n dfla t r e n long tin/sii tin cay, do ben vflng cua von xa hgi t u y thugc vao m a t do tfldng t a c / q u a n h e gifla cac ca n h a n , cac n h o m xa hgi.
Ldng tin xa hgi dtldc nguoi Viet Nam duy tri t h o n g qua cac mo'i quan he giao tiep, q u a ddi song sinh hoat hang ngay, cac c a u ca dao, tuc ngfl nay chie'm 30% trong nhflng cau b a n ve long tin xa hoi. Ngifdi d a n cho r a n g co tin tUdng, ton trong ngUdi k h a c thi ngUdi khac mdi tin tudng, ton t r g n g minh: Trgng ngUdi ngUdi lgi trgng thdn, Khinh di khinh lgi, nhU lan tron quang'-^K Viec giu "chfl tin", tao dflng sii tin t u 6 n g cua nguoi khac doi vdi minh r a t q u a n trgng: Ndi ldi thi giu lay ldi, Bitng nhu con budm ddu rdi lgi bay^^K Bcli minh CO ton trong, tin tfldng ngUdi khac thi ngiidi k h a c mdi tin tfldng lai minh. Nhfl vay, long t i n xa hgi doi vdi n h a n dan can thiet dg tao r a ne'p song gan gui, t h a n thie't, doan k§'t, tfldng trg lan n h a u . Ngfldi xfla da biet tac d u n g sau xa cua long tin xa hgi nhfl mot loai von xa hgi, tao dflng sii gSn ke't gifla con ngfldi vdi nhau, tfl dd trd t h a n h mot nguon Iflc kinh te cho hg. Bdi vay mdi c6 cau; Bdi anh tin bgm mdt bo, Tin bgn mat vd ndm co mdt minU''\ Sii tin tfldng co tac d u n g nhfl mot nguon Iflc, dgng Iflc trong ddi so'ng lao dgng, nhflng cd khi dat niem tin "nh^m chd" cung se tao r a nhiing he qua khon Ifldng. Dd chinh la mat b a n che cua long tin xa hgi. Xay dflng long tin xa hgi la dieu can thiet de cd t h e phat trien, t u y nhien can phai xem xet, can nhae n e n xay dflng long tin dd b dau, vdi ai.
'^' Le Dat (2006), ''Dan chu va von xa hpi", Tgp chi Tin s a n ^ (13), t r . 2 3 - 2 4 . ^ ^ , . - , .,
<* Ma Giang LSn (2009), Tuc ngii ca dao Viet Nam, Nxb Van hpc, Ha Noi.
''' Ma Giang Lan, Sdd. _ '-» Vu Ngoc Phan (1994), Tuc ngii ca dao dan ca Vift Nam - in Un thd mUdi, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha No..
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
CAC THANH TO CtJA VON XA HOI.
Khong chi trong sinh hoat hang ngay ma trong linh vflc buon ban, ngiidi dan ciing de cao sfl tin tiicfng, tin cay nhau.
Trong so' cac cau ca dao, tuc ngfl ban ve long tin xa hgi ma Vu Nggc Phan (1994) sflu tam thi cd tdi 50% cau de cap de'n long tin trong lam an, buon ban. Ngfldi dan cho rang lam an, buon ban can that tha, va sfl tin tfldng, tin cay trd thanh mot dgng liic, mot nguon liic de viec lam an, buon ban cua ngiidi dan dien ra thuan ldi, suon se:
Quen mat dat hdng^^^ hay Tin nhau budn bdn ciing nhau, Thiet hgn, hdn thiet trUdc sau nha ldi. Hay gi Wa ddo kiem ldi, Mdt nhd dn udng tgi trdi rieng mang. Theo chi nhOng thdi gian tham, Pha phoi thUc gid tim dadng doi nhau. Cua phi nghia cd gidu ddu, d cho ngay that gidu sang mdi ben'-'^\ De buon ban, lam an thanh cong cdn phai tad dfldc long tin gifla con ngiidi vdi nhau. Doi vdi ngiidi dan khi buon ban thi cd sfl tin tfldng nhau, nhil the viec lam an mdi cd the ton tai mot each lau ben.
Ne'u cd "gian tham", "pha phdi thflc gia" vi do la nhflng "cua phi nghia", cd giau cung khong ben. Buon ban phai tin tfldng nhau, that tha, trifdc sau nhil mot thi luc dd
"giau sang mdi b^n". Neu chi cham cham Ifla dao de kie'm ldi, thu Idi cho ban than thi cung CO ngay phai tra gia, bdi cua phi nghia, do'i tra thi khong ben.
Tuy nhien, sfl tin tfldng, do tin c^y khong phai xay dflng mot each nhanh chdng ma can phai qua thdi gian. Cd khoang 20% cau ca dao, tuc ngfl ve long tin xa hgi ciing bay to nhflng kho khan cua viec tao diing long tin: ThUc lau mdi biet dem ddi, d lau mdi biet Id ngUdi co nhdn^^\ So'ng cung nhau, cung chia se nggt bfli, cung trd giflp luc khd khan hoan nan,... mdi cd the biet long ngfldi "e6 nhan"
hay khdng, luc do mdi co dfldc sfl tin tiidng
vdi nhau. Bdi ngfldi dan cho ring: Bo at lan xudng vUc sdu. Md do mi&ng cd, udn cdu cho vaa. Sdng sdu cdn cd ke do. Long ngudi nham hiem ai do cho cung'-^^- Song sau, vflc tham con cd th^ do, chfl long ngfldi sau can, nham hiem nhfl th§' nao thi khong t h i do dfldc, ma chi co th^' song vdi nhau lau dai mdi co the hieu va tin tfldng nhau dfldc.
2.2. Sucddi-cdlgi
"Von xa hgi dfldc xem la mot dang "von"
dfldc set hflu bdi cac thanh vien cua mot nhdm hay mang Ifldi xa hdi"^^"*. Do vay, von xa hgi cung cd nhflng dac trflng cd ban cua "vo'n" nhfl "tich luy", "dau tfl" va "sinh ldi". Tinh tich luy dirdc the hien d cho cac mdi quan he xa hoi dfldc tad thanh va diigc tieh luy qua thdi gian de tao thanh vo'n. Vi vay, vo'n xa hgi doi hoi phai cd mdt sii dau tfl, it nha't la ve thdi gian de duy tri va phat triin cac mo'i quan he. Tfl do, cac ldi ich vat cha't va tinh than va cac ca nhan mong ddi se dfldc san sinh thong qua sfl tfldng tac gifla cac ca nhan trong cuoc song hang ngay. Ngoai ra, vo'n xa hdi cdn CO dac trflng cua mot "tai san cong cong"
ma moi thanh vien ciia mot nhdm hay mang liidi xa hgi c6 the ti^'p can dfldc va huy dgng cho cac muc dich rieng cua minh. Day la mot dac trflng de phan Met vo'n xa hgi vdi cac loai von khac.
Sfl cd di - cd lai la mdt ye'u to' then cho't cua von xa hgi. Nd gdp phan giflp cho cac ca nhan xay dflng, duy tri va phat triin nguon vdn xa hgi cua hg. De tao diing vo'n
"^' Ma Giang Lan, Sdd.
'•'* Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd.
"*' Ma Giang Lan, Sdd.
'"' Via Ngoc Phan, Sfirf.
""> Bourdieu, P. (1986), "The Forms of Capital", m Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J.G.Richardson, New York- Greenwood, pages 241-258.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 6-2019
NGUYEN THI BICH THIJY xa hoi bien nd thanh nguon Iflc xa hoi, tao
diD^ sfl tin tfldng, tin cay lin nhau thi can phai CO sii eo di - eo lai mot each thfldng xuyen, lien tuc, can phai thfldng xuyen xay dling, thfldng xuyen boi dap cho cac moi quan hg xa hgi. Neu mflc do quan he thua tM sii g&i ket cua mang Ifldi xa hgi se mong hoac giam dan. Trong ddi song, sfl chia se, quan tam, sfl giup dd, tin tfldng khong chi den tfl mot phia. Muon xay dflng md'i quan h6 lau dai, muon cho moi quan h$ do trd thanh mot nguon Iflc xa hoi thi can phai eo sa "diu tfl" ciia ca hai phia.
Cuoc soi^ la sfl can bang gifla "cho" va
"nhan", nhfl vay moi quan he xa hoi mdi lau ben. Khdng the chi moi "nhan" va ciing khong the chi moi "cho", cin phai cd sil dung hda gifla "cho" va "nhan" co nhfl v|y ngfldi nao ciing thoai mai, mdi "toai long nhau". Cac cau ca dao, tuc ngfl ve va'n de nay deu ciing y nghia la neu mflc do quan he thila thi sfl ggn ket cua mang ludi xa hoi se mdng hoae giam dan. Do vay, de tao dui^ von xa hgi bien nd thanh nguon lilc xa hgi, tao dflng sfl tin tfldng, tin cay lin nhau thi cin phai cd sfl cd di - cd lai mot each thfldng xuyen, lien tuc, can phai thfldng xuyen xay dflng, thfldng xuyen boi dap cho cac moi quan he xa hgi. Trong ddi song, sfl chia se, quan tam, sfl giflp dd, tin titfing khong chi den tfl mot phia. Mud'n xay dling md'i quan he lau dai, muon chd moi quan he do trd thanh mot nguon Iflc xa hoi thi cin phai co sfl "dau tn" bang each An cdi rau trd cdi dUa hay: Co di cd ki mdi togi long nhau. Ngoai ra, nhan dan ta con cd nhieu cau tuc ngfl, ca dao khac de ndi ve su chia se, co di - co lai de tao dling tinh yeu, tinh thfldng: ThUdng
"^c(i, ngu:di lgi thUdng ta. Ghet ngUdi,
^Udi lgi hda ra ghet minh^^^\ Tinh cam cho di thi se nhan dfldc tinh cam dap lai.
Thiidng ngfldi thi ngudi thfldng lai va ghet ngiidi thi ngudi lai ghet lai. Dd la mot diem kha can ban trong xay diing vo'n xa hgi. Von xa hoi khac vdi vd'n kinh te, cang sfl dung thi cang dUdc vun dap, doi dao, cang "giau cd". Khi tao diide tinh cam cho di, dap lai thi sfl cd di - cd lai khdng cdn dflng lai d mat tinh cam nfla ma edn giup ich b nhieu phUdng dien khac.
Ngoai tinh cam, tinh yeu ndi chung, sfl CO di - cd lai cdn dugc ban dg'n trong moi trudng gia dinh, trong md'i quan he anh - chi - em: Chi ngd em ndng'-^^\ Mudn cho lam cdi nhiiu cdnh, mudn cho Idm chi, nhieu anh cdy nhd^^\ Vdi tam ly xem trgng tinh cam ruot thit, Mdt gigt mdu ddo hdn ao nUdc Id, vay nen sfl yeu thuong, chia se qua lai gifla anh chi em trong cung mot nha dfloc de cao va co 30% cau ca dao, tuc ngfl ve sii cd di - cd lai ndi de'n van de nay. Vdi lang xdra lang gieng vdi ngfldi ngoai da can sU trao ddi, qua lai thi gifla nhflng ngfldi than trong gia dinh dieu nay cang quan trgng hdn. Tinh cam dugc xay dflng, boi dap bdi ca hai phia. Tuy nhien, ngfldi dan Viet Nam cung mang tam ly:
"NgUdi dung co ngdi thi ddi ngUdi dUng.
Anh em vo ngdi thi ditng anh em"'^^'.
Khdng cfl gi anh em, chu bac mdi dd'i xfl td't "cd nhan, cd ngai" vdi nhau ma ke ca vdi ngfldi dflng cung vay, miin sao sdng vdi nhau that td't. Neu anh em ma dd'i dai vdi nhau khdng to't thi cung khdng bang ngudi ngoai. Ta dd'i xfl the nao vdi ngUdi khac thi ro't cuoc ta se nhan lai nhfl vay:
''Trdch ngUdi mdt, trdch ta mUdi, bdi ta bac trUdc cho ngUdi te sau"^^^\
"1'Vu Ngoc Phan, S ( ^ .
*^2' Ma Giang Lan, Sdd.
(131 Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd..
04) Vii Ngoc Phan, Sdd _
"« PhUdng Thu (2010), Ca dao tuc ngu: Viet Nam. Nxb.
Thdi dai, Ha Noi.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI [ Q
CAC THANH TO CUA VON XA HOI..
2.3. Gid tri xd hdi
Tuc ngfl, ca dao cd hang loat cau de clip den viec bay day cho con ngfldi each do'i nhan xfl the, ca ngdi cac gia tri cao dep trong tinh yeu, tinh cam gifla nhflng ngfldi than trong gia dinh, tinh cam gifla nhflng ngUdi cflng mdt nfldc, trdng sd'cac cau ban ve gia tri xa hgi thi co tdi 80% ndi de'n each flng xfl, dd'i nhan xfl the, tdn trgng cac gia tri nen tang: ''Gidy rach phdi gia lay Z#'"^' hay ''Ddi cho sgch, rdch cho thdm". Dfl cd ngheo nhflng khdng "hen", cd ddi cd rach nhflng trong quan niem cua nhan dan ta la con ngudi cin phai gifl dfldc nhan each cho "sach", cho "thdm".
Khdng dugc vi ngheo ddi, tung quIn ma sa dga, suy doi dao dflc, nhan pham: "DUdng trdn phdi rdng Idm hien, Difng trgng bgc tien bo nghia bo nhdn"'-^'^. Con ngUdi cin phai so'ng co "nghia", cd "nhan", khong dfldc vi tiin bac, vi giau sang ma quen di tinh nghia. Nhan nghia la y niem quan trgng cua ngfldi dan Viet Nam, dfl cho ngheo ddi hay giau sang can phai so'ng sao cho ed dugc hai chfl nay. Ngoai ra, cac cau ca dao tuc ngfl cung ban ve viec nhd den nguon coi, nhd dn nhiing ngudi da giup do, bao bgc minh: "An qud nhd ke trong cdy.
An khoai nhd ke cho ddy md trdn^\ Con ngfldi can phai nhd dn nhflng ai da giflp dd, cflu mang, chd che cho minh va hdn nfla phai den dap cdng On a'y, dd ehinh la dao ly d ddi.
Ngoai ra, tuc ngfl ca dao cdn cd nhieu cau ban ve khia canh tinh cam gia dinh, nhd dn sinh thanh dfldng due cua cha me, trong sd' cac eau ve gia tri xa hgi thi cd khoang 15% cau de cap den sfl kinh trong, hieu nghia vdi cha me: "Co cha cd me thi hdn. Khdng cha khdng me nhU ddn khdng rfdy"'^^* hay "Con cha got do nhu son. Ben khi cha chet, got con den
si"^'^>. Cdng dn cha me Idn lao khdng but nao ta xie't, vfla sinh thanh vfla dfldng due, ngfldi dan Viet Nam r i t de cao vai trd do cua cha me, cho nen con cai can phai ton trgng, nhd dn va hdn nfla c^n phai dd'i xfl cd hie'u, cd nghia vdi cha me minh. Vi the', cdn cd cau: "Khdn ngoan nhd dm cha dng, Ldm nen phai dodi td tong phung thd. Dgo ldm con chd hang hd, Phdi dem hie'u kinh md thd ta nghiem". Ngiidi Viet bao gid cung coi trgng gid'ng noi, ddng tgc, cho nen du la ai, di dau, lam gi thi cung phai nhd den cdi ngudn, nhd de'n cong lao sinh thanh, dfldng due cua cha me, ngfldi than trong gia tdc.
Phan con lai trong cac cau ca dao, tuc ngfl ve gia tri xa hpi la noi den tinh cam yeu thUdng, gin bd gifla anh chi em trong gia dinh chiem 5%. Anh chi em trong gia dinh, trong hg tgc phai thUdng yeu, dum bgc lin nhau bdi: "Mot gigt mdu ddo hdn ao nUdc Id"^^'^^ hay: "Cha nghia la nhUdng, NhUdng anh nhudng chi Id nhUdng ngUdi tren, Ghi long tgc dg chd quen. Con em phdi gia Idy nen con em'"-^^\ Da co "mau mu" vdi nhau thi hon ngan van "ngUdi dung", phai thUdng yeu, nhfldng nhin nhau: "Khon ngoan da dap ngUdi ngodi, Gd cung mot me chd hodi dd nhau"^^'^\ Da la anh em trong mot nha thi phai giflp dd, tfldng trd, yeu thUdng, gan bd vdi nhau hdn han ngudi ngoai.
2.4. Sugdn ket thdnh mgng lu&i xd hgi Vd'n xa hdi lien quan den vi tri mang ludi cua khach the va bao gom kha nang dat dfldc cac ngudn Iflc cd trong cac thanh
*'^' Ma Giang Lan, Sdd.
"^i Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd.
U8) Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd.
"•"Vu Ngoc Phan, Scid.
(201 Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd.
(21) Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd.
(22) yi^ Giang Lan, Sdd.
Q NHAN LUE KHOA HOC XAHOI SO 6-2019
NGUYEN THI BICH THIJY vien cua mang xa hgi do. Noi e a c h k h a c ,
mang Ifldi cac q u a n h e l a s a n p h a m ciia cac chien Iflde d a u tfl, c u a cac ca n h a n hoac tap the, cd y thflc h a y k h o n g cd y thflc nham thiet lap hoac t a i t a o cac q u a n he xa hoi dfldc sxL d u n g trUc t i e p t r o n g giai doan ngan h a n hoac l a u d a i . T r o n g mfii lang xa co nhflng m a n g ludi d a n nhau lam ndi nUdng tfla cho cac ca n h a n , ben ngoai gia tdc va k h d n g le t h u g c h § thong chinh quyen.
Trfldc h^t, ngfldi Viet N a m de cao sfl doan ket, g i n bd gifla nhflng ngfldi a n h em ho hang, trong so' cac c a u b a n ve sfl gSn ket thanh m a n g Ifldi xa hoi t h i cd 50%
cau noi den sfl gan bd t a o t h a n h m a n g Ifldi giiia nhflng ngUdi a n h e m hg h a n g : Anh em nao phdi ngUdi xa, ciing chung bdc me mot nha ciing thdn. Yeu nhau nhU the tay ch&n, anh em hoa thudn hai thdn vui vay'-^^^ hay: Cdt ddy bdu ddy bi, Ai nd cdt day chi ddy em*^"". Md'i q u a n h e gifla nhiing ngfldi t h a n k h a n g k h i t d e n ndi: Mdt ngudi lam quan cd hg dUdc nhi/^^K K h d n g chi yeu thfldng, dflm bgc n h a u m a con phai giup dd, tUOng t r d n h a u luc khd khan, hoan nan, khi c i n t h i e t . Dd la ed sd de tao nen sfl gan ke't xa hgi.
Ngoai ra, n h a n d a n t a c u n g b a n de'n sU gan ket gifla nhflng ngudi t r o n g m o t nudc, va cac cau ca dao, tuc ngfl n a y chiem 50%
trong so cac eau b a n ve sU g i n k e t xa hgi:
^iiu dieu phu lay gid gUdng. NgUdi trong
"^ot nudc phdi thuang nhau cung^^^\ tflc la khong chi co cflng dong m a u , la a n h e m mau mu" thi mdi y e u thfldng n h a u m a da nguai trong mot nUdc, c h u n g ddng m a u
"Tien - R6ng" t h i p h a i y e u thfldng, tfldng H doan ke't vdi n h a u . T r d n g lich sfl dflng nude va gifl nfldc c u a dng cha t a , viec g i n kettUdng trd n h a u ra't q u a n t r o n g , dieu dd
*?» ra Stic m a n h vo ciing to Idn cd t h e
d a n h dd ngoai x a m , cd t h e xay dung nude n h a b e n vflng, giau dep. Cho nen, ngoai n g h i a a n h em cdn c6 nghia b a n be, nghia h a n g xdm l a n g gieng: Bgn be Id nghia tuang tri, Sao cho sau trUdc mdt be mdi nen'-^'^' hay: Bgn be Id nghia tUdng thdn, Kho khdn thudn lgi an cdn cd nhau. Bgn be Id nghia trUdc sau, tudi tha cho den bgc ddu khdng phai h a y Bdn anh em xa mua lang gieng gdn^'^'^K B a n be, h a n g xdm lang gieng se tao t h a n h mot m a n g ludi xa hdi rdng Idn, b e n canh viec g i n ket vi tinh cam cdn giup dd, tUdng trd n h a u khi can thie't ve ta't ca eac linh vUc.
3 . K e t l u a n
Q u a t u c ngfl, ca dao cd t h e t h a y each n h a n d a n p h a t huy nhflng Uu diem cua t i e n g Viet ve m a t ngfl am, tfl vflng, ngfl nghia, ngfl p h a p de bieu hien tfl tfldng cua m i n h . Nd la ldi an tieng ndi cua n h a n d a n da dUdc due ke't lai dUdi nhflng h i n h thflc t i n h gian m a n g ngi d u n g sfle tich.
Tuc ngfl, ca dao thien ve bieu hien t r i t u e cua n h a n d a n t r o n g viec n h a n thflc t h e gidi, xa hdi va con ngfldi. Dong thdi nd cung bieu hien t h a i do flng xfl va t i n h cam cua n h a n d a n dd'i vdi nhflng va'n de cua cudc sdhg. Gan vdi lao dgng, vdi tfl n h i e n va nhflng t h a n g t r a m cua lich sfl, xa hdi, n h a n d a n da bgc lg mot each sau s i c k i n h nghiem sd'ng, Id'i song, tU t u d n g dao dflc cua minh.
Vd'n xa hgi dUdc hinh t h a n h t r e n cd sd cac tfldng tac ca nhan, nhdm xa hgi, cd t i n h c h i t m a n g ludi xa hgi, tflc la cac q u a n h e mdi dfldc xac lap m a n g theo nd nhflng gia tri, c h u a n mflc va cau true q u a n he va '231 PhUdng Thu, St?d.
1211 Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd '^^> Ma Giang Lan, Sdd.
(26) Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd.
(271 Vu Ngoc Phan, Sdd.
'^s' Ma Giang Lan, Sdd.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI Q
CAC THANH TO CUA VON XA HOI..
nd trd thanh "tai nguyen" co the mang lai nhflng ldi ich, giflp cho cac ca nhan, nhdm xa hgi thflc hien cac hoat ddng thdng qua viec khai thae cac gia tri ciia cac quan he mdi dd. Vd'n xa hpi la mot chat keo gin ke't xa hgi, sfl dau tfl cho cac quan h§ xa hgi (mot dang cua vd'n xa hgi) co the giup cho cac chu th§ hanh dgng nhan dfldc nhflng ldi ich vi kinh te.
Mac dfl khai niem vd'n xa hgi mdi dfldc cac nha khoa hpc de cap de'n nhieu trong thdi gian gan day, nhflng nhflng tu tudng, y niem tien than sau xa cua nd thi da dUdc cha ong nhle trong cac cau tuc ngfl, ca dad. Bai viet th§ hien mdng mud'n cua tac gia ve viec tim hieu hinh thflc ton tai cua vd'n xa hpi trong tuc ngfl, ea dao xfla vdi nhflng quan niem cua nhan dan ta ve long tin, sfl CO di - cd lai, mang Ifldi xa hpi...
Cho tha'y, tfl xfla cac thanh to' cua vo'n xa hgi da dfldc ngfldi dan quan tam, chia se, bdi dip, lam giau, tham chi sfl dung nd de tao ra ldi ich. Day chinh la gdc nhin mdi me cua tac gia, de tha'y dfldc sfl ton tai cung nhfl vai trd cua vo'n xa hgi da co tfl xa xfla.
Tuy trong eae cau tuc ngfl, ca dao khong bao ham day du ta't ca cac khia canh, ngi dung cua vo'n xa hpi, nhflng cflng da cho tha'y ngfldi dan Viet Nam de cao long tin xa hgi, sfl cd di - cd lai, cac gia tri - ehuin mflc xa hpi quy dinh hanh vi Cdn ngudi hay sfl gin ket thanh mang Ifldi xa hdi. Hdn nfla, ve sau xa dng cha ta cung eho r i n g moi quan he xa hgi tflc la mpt phan cua vd'n xa hpi cang sit dung cang boi dip thi lai cang dfldc duy tri va phat trien, nhflng nd se mai mdt ne'u it hoac khong sfl dung thfldng xuyen. Dieu nay co nghia, muo'n cd dfldc vd'n xa hgi thi phai cd nhflng chi phi hoae "diu tfl"
de nudi dfldng va duy tri. Tac gia hy g ] NHAN Lin; KHOA HOC XA HOI
vpng nhflng phat hien thu vi ve vd'n xa hgi trong tuc ngfl, ca dao cua cha ong xfla gdp p h l n dUa d§'n cai nhin dly du ve chieu dai phat trien cua khai niem vo'n xa hpi trong nghien cflu khoa hgc xa hpi hien nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Nguyin Tua'n Anh (2011), "Vd'n xa hpi va may vln de dat ra trdng nghien cflu von xa hpi d Viet Nam hien nay", Tgp chi Xd hdi hgc, sd 3 (115).
2. Nguyen Nggc Bich (2006), "Vo'n xa hdi va phat trien", Tgp chi Tia sdng, so' 13.
3. Le Dat (2006), "Dan chu va vd'n xa hpi", Tgp chi Tia sdng, so' 13.
4. Quy D6 (2006), "Vd'n xa hpi tich Ifly lau ddi", Tgp chi Tia sdng, so' 13.
5. Vu Thi Thu Hfldng (2000), Ca dao Viet Nam - NhOng ldi binh, Nxb. Van hda thong tin, Ha Npi.
6. Vfl Ngpc Phan (1994), Tuc ngO ca dao ddn ca Viit Nam - in Idn tha mUdi, Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hpi. Ha Ndi.
7. Vfl Ngpc Phan (2008), Tuc ngO ca dao ddn ca Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hda Sai Gdn, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
8. Phfldng Thu (2010), Ca dao tuc ngO Viet Nam, Nxb. Thdi dai, Ha Npi.
9. Hoang Ba Thinh (2009), "Vd'n xa hdi, mang Ifldi xa hpi va nhflng phi tdn", Tgp chiXd hdi hgc, so' 1 (105).
10. Bourdieu, P. (1986), "The Forms of Capital", in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J.G.Richardsen, New York:
Greenwood.
11. Coleman. J.S (1998), "Social Capital in the Creation of Human-Capital", American Journal of Sociology, number 94.
S6 5-2019
