TRIET HOC, SO 10 (233), THANG 10-2010
Hl/dNG T 6 | OAI HOI LAN THLf XI CDA D A N G
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VE THOI KY QUA DO LEN CHU NGHIA XA HOI 0 VIET NAM
DirONG PHU HlfiP ^**
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Trong bdi vii't ndy, tdc gid dd trinh bdy mgt cdch khdi liidc quan niim ciia chii nghla Mdc - Lenin vi thdi ky qud do lin chu nghla xd hgi; dong thdi, niu ra mgt so'iiu diim vd nhiidc diim trong sU van dung hgc thuyet Mdc - Lenin vi thdi ky qud do cua Ddng d nUdc ta trong thdi gian qua. Trin cd sd do, tdc gid kie'n nghi: 11 Cdn phdi cd mgt cdch tiip can mdi vi thdi ky qud do; 2/ Dot tin ggi thdi ky qud do thdnh thid ky phdt triin theo dinh hiidng xd hgi chii nghla; 31 Xdc dinh mgt so'not
dung cd bdn cOa thdi ky phdt trien ddt nUdc theo dinh hUdng xd hgi chii nghla. '•
MHV rong tac pham Phe phdn cUdng Ilnh Gdta, C.Mac da dfla ra mpt dinh C3 nghia kinh dien ve thdi ky qua dp:
"Gifla xa hpi tfl ban chu nghia va xa hpi cpng san chu nghia la mpt thdi ky cai bien each mang tfl xa hpi np sang xa hpi kia. Thich flng vdi thdi ky ay la mpt thdi ky qua dp chinh tri, trong do nha nfldc khong the la cai gi kbac hdn la chuyen chinh cdch mgng cua giai cdp vd sdn". O day CO ba npi dung dfldc C.Mac nhan manh la thdi ky qua dp chinh tri, chuyen chinh vo san va cai bie'n each mang tfl xa hpi np sang xa hpi kia.
V.I.Lenin da phat trien tfl tfldng cua C.Mac ve thdi ky qua dp va la ngfldi dau tien dung khai niem "thdi ky qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi".
Do tinh chat lau dai cua n6 nen phai phan chia thdi ky qua dp thanh nhflng bfldc qua dp nhd hdn. Neu C.Mac noi den thdi ky qua dp chinh tri, thi V.I.Lenin bd sung npi dung kinh te, tflc la noi den nen
kinh te nhieu thanh p h i n va dau tranh gifla hai con dfldng xa hpi chu nghia va tfl ban chu nghia de giai quye't van de "ai t h i n g ai".
Tren cd sd vkn dung chu nghia Mac - Lenin va thflc tien xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi d Lien Xo, Hpi nghi cac Dang Cpng san va cong nhan cac nfldc xa hpi chu nghia hpp d Matxcdva nam 1957 da rut ra 9 quy luat cua cong cuoc xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp. 9 quy luat do cung chinh la npi dung cd ban cua thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hpi ma tat ca cac nfldc di theo con dfldng xa hpi chu nghia phai thflc hien.
Nhflng tfl tfldng cua ehu nghia Mac - Lenin ve thdi ky qua dp va 9 quy luat do Hpi nghi d Matxcdva nam 1957 da rut ra dfldc Dang ta van dung vao Viet Nam va dflpc the hien ro trong van kien cac Dai hpi III, IV va V.
(*) Giao suf, tien si, Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
DirONG PHU HIEP
Cae nha kinh dien cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin khong nhflng noi ve thdi ky qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len ehu nghia xa hpi, ma cdn dfl bao kha nang bd qua chu nghia tfl ban doi vdi mpt sd nfldc trong nhflng dieu kien nha't dinh. Sach bao macxit da khai quat tfl tfldng do thanh ba dieu kien la:
(1) Khi tren the gidi phfldng thflc san xuat bi bd qua da td ra loi thdi, thdi nat.
(2) Khi tren the gidi da xua't hien phfldng thflc san xua't mdi, cao hdn, Uu viet hdn.
(3) Khi trong nfldc da xuat hien giai cap tien tien co kha nang lanh dao cuoc each mang, tien len mpt hinh thai kinh te - xa hpi cao hdn.
Phan tich nhflng dieu kien tren, chung ta thay phfldng thflc san xuat tfl ban chu nghia mac du tren con dfldng phat trien gap nhieu kho khan, nhflng chfla phai la phfldng thflc san xuat da loi thdi, tho'i nat, tham chi do ldi dung dfldc cac thanh tflu cua each mang khoa hpc - cong nghe hien dai, no td ra van cdn sfle sdng. Cdn phfldng thflc san xua't mdi xa hpi chu nghia thi sau khi che dp xa hpi chu nghia d Lien X6 va Dong Au sup do, ngfldi ta hau nhfl khong noi den tinh flu viet cua phfldng thflc san xuat do so vdi phfldng thflc san xua't tfl ban chu nghia nfla.
Cac nha kinh dien cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin ban nhieu ve sfl qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi, cdn sfl qua dp bd qua chu nghia tfl ban tien len chu nghia xa hpi, cac ong mdi chi noi de'n kha nang thflc hien chfl chfla neu ra each thflc thflc hien. Trong mpt thdi gian dai, tren sach bao macxit hau nhfl khong co
sfl phan biet cac kieu qua dp khae nhau len chu nghia xa hpi. Dieu do gay nen l i m tfldng r i n g bat ky nfldc nao tien len chu nghia xa hpi, du xuat phat tfl trinh dp nhfl the nao, eung deu thupc ve cung mpt kieu qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi. Cho den nay, van con cc y kien cho r i n g sfl qua dp cua nhflng nfldc CO nen kinh te kem phat trien bd qua chu nghia tfl ban tien len chu nghia xa hpi khong phai la mpt kieu nao khae, ma chi la mpt dang dac biet cua kieu qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi. Quan niem nhfl vay co the dan den tinh trang d l thoa man vdi ly lu^n ve thdi ky qua dp, van dung may moc ly luan ve thdi ky qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi vao cac nfldc c6 nen kinh te kem phat trien, bat chap nhflng dieu kien lich sfl cu the cua cac nfldc do.
Trong qua trinh doi mdi da xua't hien xu hfldng mudn di tim ly thuyet mdi noi ve sfl qua dp gian tiep, nhflng thflc ra chfla tim dfldc ly thuyet do. Neu chung ta tiep tuc sfl dung ly thuyet ve thdi ky qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi vao hoan canh nfldc ta - mpt nfldc bd qua che dp tfl ban chu nghia len chu nghia xa hpi - thi chung ta se tiep tuc mac sai l i m khong the tranh khdi. Dieu quan trpng de xay dflng ly thuyet ve kieu qua dp gian tiep la phai hieu dac diem xua't phat vi chinh dac diem nay quy dinh kieu qua dp gian tiep, ma npi dung, nhiem vu, hinh thflc, bien phap, budc di va dp dai cua n6 khae ve nguyen t i c vdi kieu qua dp trflc tiep tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi.
Trfldc day, Viet Nam da ap dung may
VE T H d l KY QUA DO LEN CHU NGHIA XA HQI ^ VIET NAM moc mo hinh chu nghia xa hpi X6 viet, cu
the la da ap dung nhflng kinh nghiem cua Lien X6 dfldc khai quat thanh 9 quy luat cua sfl nghiep xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp dfldc Hpi nghi cac Dang Cpng san va cong nhan cac nflde xa hpi chu nghia hpp d Matxcdva thong qua nam 1957. Ve sau, Viet Nam CO bd sung them mpt quy lu&t nfla la tien hanh cong nghiep hoa xa hpi chu nghia.
Mac du chung ta cung dat dfldc nhflng thanh tflu nhat dinh trong xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi, nhflng do ap dung may moc mo hinh chu nghia xa hpi X6 viet vao Viet Nam ma npi dung cua no la khong thfla nh§in san xuat hang hoa va cd che thi trfldng, coi ke hoach la dac trflng quan trpng nhat cua kinh te xa hpi chu nghla, coi thi trfldng chi la mpt cong cu thfl yeu bd sung cho ke hoach nen da khong thfla nhan nen kinh te nhieu thanh phin, coi kinh te qudc doanh va tap the la chu yeu, mud'n nhanh chong xoa bd sd hflu tfl nhan; xay dflng nen kinh te khep kin, hfldng npi, thien ve phat trien cong nghiep nang, ehu yeu dfla vao ldi the ve lao dpng, tai nguyen, da't dai va ngudn ngoai vien cua cac nfldc xa hpi chu nghia di trfldc. Thi hanh che dp phan phdi theo lao dpng tren danh nghia nhflng thflc te la binh quan, cao bing, it quan tam tdi ldi ich ca nhan. Nha nfldc thflc hien che dp bao cap tran lan tao ra tam ly thu dpng, y lai vao Nha nfldc, khong phat huy dfldc tinh nang dpng va tich cilc cua ngfldi lao dpng. G i n lien vdi sai lam ap dung may moc chu nghia xa hpi X6 vie't vao Viet Nam la nhflng khuyet diem, sai lam ve lanh dao va quan ly. D6 la nhflng sai lam
nghiem trpng va keo dai ve chu trfldng, chinh sach ldn, sai l i m ve chi dao chien Ifldc va to chflc thflc hien, dac biet la benh chu quan, duy y chi, 16'i suy nghi va hanh dpng ddn gian, nong vpi chay theo nguypn vpng chu quan.
Hien nay chung ta it nhic den 9 quy luat cua sfl nghiep xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp, dac biet la khong con dung khai niem chuyen chinh vo san, cai tao xa hpi ehu ngbia... Khi Dai hpi VI cua Dang rut ra bai hpc phai ton trpng va hanh dpng theo quy luat khach quan thi khong phai la noi ve viec ton trpng va hanh dpng theo 9 quy luat nay hay cac quy luat kinh te cua chu nghia xa hpi, ma la noi tdi nhflng quy luat cua san xuat hang boa, nhfl quy luat gia tri, quy luat cung cau, quy luat canh tranh... Chung ta cung khong qua n h i n manh giai cap va dau tranh giai cap, dau tranh gifla hai eon dfldng de giai quyet van de "ai t h i n g ai" gifla chu ngbia xa hpi va chu nghia tfl ban, ma nhan manh tdi dai doan ket dan tpc va eoi d6 la dpng Iflc chu yeu de phat trien dat nfldc. Van de lam chu tap the ma Dai hpi IV cua Dang neu len va trd thanh mpt npi dung quan trpng trong dfldng 16'i cua Dang ta thi hien nay cung it dfldc nhic tdi. Vi vay, npi dung cua thdi ky qua dp len chu ngbia xa hpi d nfldc ta da neu ra d cac Dai hpi III, IV, V cho den nay c6 nhieu diem khong cdn thich hpp nfla, ehang ban nhfl cac khai niem chuyen chinh vo san, lam chu tap the, cai tao xa hpi ehu nghia, dau tranh gifla hai con dfldng de giai quyet van de "ai t h i n g ai"... Dieu do doi hdi chung ta phai xem lai npi dung cua thdi ky qua dp va phai tim npi dung mdi thich hdp.
DUDNG PHU HIEP
Tfl sfl phan tich tren day, co the n i t ra mpt so' nhan xet ve sfl van dung hpc thuyet Mac - Lemin ve thdi ky qua dp cua Dang ta nhfl sau:
a. Nhiing flu diem the hien d 4 diem:
ThU nhdt, trong khi van dung ly thuyet ve thdi ky qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len ehu nghia xa hpi va kinh nghiem cua cac nfldc xa hpi chu nghia anh em, Dang ta da c6' gang van dung sang tao vao Viet Nam, tham chi manh dan bd sung them quy luat cong nghiep hoa xa hpi chu nghia.
ThU hai, Dang ta rat chu y de'n dac diem xuat phat cua dat nfldc de tfl do dinh ra dfldng 16'i, chinh sach. Dieu do dflpc the hien d cac Dai hpi H, HI, TV va VII.
ThU ha, khi quyet dinh lUa chpn con dfldng xa hpi chu nghia Dang ta da the hien tinh t h i n each mang tien cong. Dieu nay the hien d cac van kien: Chanh cfldng van tat, Dai hpi III, Dai hpi IV.
ThU tu. Dang ta da nhan thay thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hpi d nUdc ta la thdi ky qua dp lau dai va do do, da noi tdi cac ehang dfldng ma nfldc ta phai trai qua.
b. Nhiing h a n che cung the h i e n d 4 diem:
ThU nhdt, le r a ehung ta phai xay dflng ly thuyet ve kieu qua dp gian tie'p thi chung ta lai dem ap dung may moc, giao dieu ly thuyet ve thdi ky qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi.
Thd hai, do van dung may moc ly thuyet kinh dien va kinh nghiem cua cac nfldc xa hpi chu nghia di trfldc nen chung ta da tien hanh cai tao xa hpi chu nghia d at va tien hanh dau tranh giai cap, dau
tranh gifla hai con dudng de giai quyet van de "ai t h i n g ai", tuy khdng gay git, nhflng cung khong tim dupc dpng Iflc phat trien.
Thd ha, mac du Dang ta da nhan thay thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hpi d nfldc ta la lau dai, nhflng do benh chu quan, duy y chi, nen nhieu chu trfldng, chinh sach da td ra nong vpi, mu6'n "do't chay giai doan", nen ke't qua nhan dfldc khong nhfl mong muo'n.
ThU tu, ca mpt thdi gian dai chung ta khdng hieu dung khai niem bd qua chu nghia tfl ban, nen da rdi vao chu nghia biet phai, chu nghia hfl v6, phu dinh sach trdn nhflng thanh tflu ma nhan loai da dat dflpc dfldi che dp tfl ban chu nghia, mai den Dai hpi IX chung ta mdi khae phuc dfldc han che nay.
Ket luan va k i e n nghi
1. Sfl c a n t h i e t phai co each tiep can khae ve thdi ky qua do
Neu thUc te^ da co nhieu thay doi ve chat thi mpt khai niem nao do cung can thay ddi cho phu hdp. Tfl m6 hinh chu nghia xa hpi tap trung, quan lieu, bao cap, ap dung 9 quy luat xay diing chu nghia xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp-chung ta da chuyen sang mpt mo hinh mdi kbac ve chat so sdi mo hinh trUdc. Trong hdn 20 nam d6i mdi vfla qua, Viet Nam da phat trien theo nhflng quy luat kLac phu hdp vdi dac diem cua Viet Nam va xu the chung cua the gidi. Trong cac van kien cua Dang ta khong con nhac deii 9 quy luat xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp ma Hpi nghi cac Dang Cpng san va cong nhan hpp d Matxcdva nam 1957 thong qua vi chung khong con thich
VE T H Q I K Y Q U A D O L E N C H U NGHIA XA HOI 6 VIET NAM hdp trong dieu kien mdi nfla. Ngay ca hpc
thuyet cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve thdi ky qua dp tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hpi khi dfldc ap dung may mdc vao nfldc ta trong thdi ky trfldc day da dfla nfldc ta lam vao khung hoang kinh te - xa hpi, huo'ng hd hien nay tinh hinh nfldc ta va the' gidi da thay ddi thi chung ta lai cang khdng nen ap dung hpc thuyet do, ma phai xay dilng mpt ly thuyet kbac thich hdp hdn. Trung Quoc da mac nhieu sai lim trong viec ap dung hpc thuyet ve thdi ky qua dp va 9 quy luat xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi trong thdi ky qua dp
"nhfl: cai tao xa hpi chu nghia d at, xay dflng nhanh chong cdng xa nhan dan, cfldng dieu dau tranh giai cap..., ket qua la xa hpi Trung Quo'e rdi vao mpt thdi ky hon loan nghiem trpng. Do do. Dang Cpng san Trung Qud'c da sdm tfl bd khai niem "thdi ky qua dp" va thay vao do mpt khai niem mdi la "giai doan d i u cua chu nghia xa hpi". Tfl nhflng bai hpc kinh nghiem ndi tren, chung ta cung nen manh dan dfla ra mpt each tiep can kbac ve thdi ky qua dp.
2. Doi t e n goi thd'i k y q u a do t h a n h t h d i k y p h a t t r i e n t h e o d i n h hfldfng xa h o i c h u n g h i a
Tfl nam 1986 den nay, Viet Nam da co nhieu doi mdi tfl ly luan den thflc tien, tfl dfldng 16'i, chinh sach de^n ddi song thflc te theo chieu hfldng tich cflc, tien bp va phat trien. Nhflng thay ddi d6 khong phai do Viet Nam ap dung ly thuyet ve thdi ky qua dp hay 9 quy luat xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi, ma tren phfldng dien ly luan chung ta da dan tfl bd ly thuyet do, ching ban chung ta khdng cdn dung cac
khai niem cua hpc thuyet do, nhfl "cai tao xa hpi chu nghia", 'khuyen chinh vo san",
"dau tranh gifla hai con dfldng de giai quyet van de "ai t h i n g ai""... Khi chung ta khdng dung cac khai niem noi tren, tflc la chung ta da khong van dung nhflng npi dung chu yeu cua thdi ky qua dp nfla thi tai sao ta van phai sfl dung khai niem
"thdi ky qua dp", co the manh dan thay no b i n g mpt khai niem kbac dfldc khong?
Hpi nghi Trung fldng 6 khoa VI da dfla ra khai niem mdi "dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghia", tfl do ve sau tren cac van kien Dang va Nha nfldc ta, cung nhfl tren cac sach bao, tai lieu cua Viet Nam, deu sfl dung khai niem do. Vi vay, chung ta c6 the manh dan thay khai niem "thdi ky qua dp" b i n g ten gpi mdi la "thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia".
Dieu do, mdt mat, phu hdp vdi thflc tien hien nay cua chung ta. Mat khdc, khi chung ta dung cum tfl "thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi chu righia" thi co flu diem la van dam bao muc tieu ma trfldc nay ta van theo dudi la chu nghia xa hpi, ddng thdi tranh dfldc tam ly lo sd ve cac npi dung ma ta da tien hanh trong thdi ky qua dp, nhfl cai tao xa hpi chu nghia, dau tranh gifla hai con dfldng de giai quye^t van de "ai thang ai"... Vi vay, dung khai niem "thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia" la hoan toan phu hdp vdi dieu kien va hoan canh cua Viet Nam hien nay.
3. Ve noi d u n g c u a thofi ky p h a t t r i e n theo d i n h hfldng xa h o i c h u nghia
Neu trfldc day mpt trong nhflng npi dung quan trpng cua thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hpi la tien hanh cai tao xa
DUONG PHU HIEP
hpi chu nghia, xoa bd che dp sd hflu tfl nhan, thiet lap che d8 cdng hflu dfldi hai hinh thflc nha nfldc va tap the, thi trong thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia, mpt npi dung quan trpng cua nd la phat trien nen kinh te nhieu thanh phan. Cac thanh p h i n kinh te kinh doanh theo phap luat deu la bp phan cau thanh quan trpng cua nen kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia, cung phat trien lau dai. Neu thdi ky trfldc day xa hpi phat trien theo m6 hinh xa hpi chu nghia X6 viet la tap trung quan lieu, bao cap, thi trong thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia. Dang ta chu trfldng xay dflng va phat trien m6 hinh kinh t6' thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia, phat trien nen kinh te^ hang hoa nhieu thanh p h i n v^n dpng theo cd che^
thi trfldng, co sfl quan ly cua Nha nfldc.
Ne'u trong thdi ky qua dp chung ta thflc hien che dp phan phoi xa hpi chu nghia theo lao dpng ma thflc chat la binh quan va cao bang, thi trong thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi ehu nghia, chung ta thiic hien phan ph6'i chu yeu theo ket qua lao dpng va hieu qua kinh te, ddng thdi phan phdi theo mflc dong gop vo'n va cac ngudn Iflc kbac vao san xuat, kinh doanh va thdng qua phuc Ipi xa hpi. Neu trong thdi ky qua dp trfldc day xay dflng Nha nfldc chuyen chinh vo san thi trong thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia chung ta xay dflng Nha nfldc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia cua dan, do dan, vi dan. Neu trong thdi ky qua dp trfldc day dau tranh giai cap va dau tranh de giai quyet van de "ai t h i n g ai"
gifla chu nghia xa hpi va chu nghia tfl ban da dfldc cfldng dieu va dfldc coi la dpng life thuc day sfl phat trien xa hpi, nen nhieu cuoc dau tranh giai cap diln ra lien tuc, nhieu khi gay go, ac liet, gay nen bao kho khan, trd ngai cho sfl phat trien, thi trong thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia, Dang ta coi dpng Iflc chu yeu de phat trien d i t nfldc la dai doan ket toan dan. Neu trong thdi ky qua dp trfldc day ta coi thflc hien chu nghia quoc te vo san va hpp tac, doan ket chu yeu la vdi cac nfldc xa hpi chu nghia anh em, thi trong thdi ky phat trien theo dinh hfldng xa hoi chu nghia Dang ta chu trfldng chu dpng va tich cflc hpi nhap kinh te^ quoc te, ddng thdi md rpng quan he hpp tac qu6'c te tren cac linh vflc, Viet Nam la ban la do'i tac tin cay cua cac nfldc trong cpng ddng quo'e te, tham gia tich cflc vao tien trinh hdp tac qud'c te' va khu vUc.
Nhfl vay, nhflng nhiem vu va r,pi dung cua thdi ky qua dp trfldc day da dfldc thay ddi rat nhieu, vi the khong nen luyen tiec gifl lai ten cu nfla ma nen manh dan dat ra mpt ten mdi phu hdp hdn. Ten mdi do la:
"Thdi ky phdt trien theo dinh hUdng xd hgi chu nghla". Luc dau ten do co the chfla quen, nhflng dung rdi se quen, song dieu quan trpng khong chi la ddi ten gpi, ma quan trpng la chung ta da c6 npi dung mdi cho ten gpi do. Ne'u con tiep tuc cfl dung khai niem "thdi ky qua dp", chung ta se gap lung tung ca ve nhan thflc ly luan va ve chi dao thiic tiln. Vi vay, xin kie'n nghi vdi Dang nen ddi ten Cfldng linh nam 1991 thanh "CUdng Ilnh phdt trien ddt nUdc theo dinh hudng xd hdi chu nghla". •
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