VIEN DIA L-y - VIEN KHOCN VIEX NAM HOli DIA LY VIET NAM
N G H I E N CU'U B I E N H O I C A N H Q U A N VEFl B I E N ( T R U O N G H O P H U Y E N YEN H U N G , T I N H QUAP-fG N I N H )
Truong Quang Ildl', Vu Hdng Le'
S U M M A R Y
Examining landscape change in coastal zone, a case study of Hung Yen district, Quang Ninh province
Landscape change unulysis now is a modern research direction of the landscape, for practiced purposes such as land use planning, territorial organization, lo study and forecast the nature development process. Yen Hung district was selected to study is the
southern coastal area of Quang Ninh province. The landscape of this area tends to be changed by the most powerful impact of the river-sea dynamic and social economic development activities with increasingly large scale and intensity increased.
Using Remote Sensing Data with high resolution has been determined for momentum, trends and made some scenarios to predict the changes of slriicliire and function of landscape in coastal areas of Yen Hung district. The results of this study can be used as useful resources for planning and territory management towards siislainability.
Vietnam is considered as one of most vulnerable and sensitive countries under the impacts of climate change. Researching and forecasting the landscape change of Yen Hung coastal areas is one of the scientific bases for contribuling lo propose Ihe adaptive solutions in the local due lo Ihe impacts of global climate change.
1. DAT VAN DE - LY LUAN VE BIEN DOI CANH QUAN
Flien nay, biln ddi canh quan dugc nghien ciiu rdng rai tren the gidi vdi nhimg each tilp Ccdn khde nhau. Nhfrng quan diem phd bien hien nay ve bien ddi cdnh quan dugc su- dung Irong khoa hgc la "biln doi canh quan" (landscape change), "tien hda cdnh quan"
(landscape evolution) va "phdt triln canh quan" (landscape development). Bien ddi cdnh quan dugc quan niem la "su thay ddi cdu triic vd chiiv ndng sinh thdi lheo th&i gian" [5],
"...xucit hien do cdc quyet ciinh ciia con ngudi, dieu ndy da tcic dgng d& lgi chinh scich vd qud trinh tu phdt triin cua cdnh quan" (ALPS), "...Id suxiidt hien cdc thugc tinh m&i hoac mcit di cdc thugc tinh cu du&i cdc tdc dgng ben ngodi hoac bdi qud h'inh tuphdl trien ciia cdnh quan" (Tii' diin Thuat ngu Mdi trudng Nga-Anh). Tien hda cdnh quan Id su bien ddi canh quan dugc xem .xet trong mdt khodng thdi gian dai, cd nhfrng "budc nhdy" tuong tu nhu klidi niem vl "dot biln di truyen" ciia sinh vat, thudng gan lien vdi su tien hda ciia xa hgi loai ngirdi [6]. Nhung dai bieu canh quan hgc Nga dau tien, da xem cdnh quan Id mdt he thdng vat chat pbirc tap d trimg thai phat trien klidng ngirng. L.S.Beega la mdt trong nhiJng ngu'di diu lien dat vin de ve cdc dcing phdt trien cua cdc canh quan, trong do da phan biet hai kilu biln ddi cdnh quan thuan nghjch va khdng thuan nghjch.
' Vien Viet Nam hgc va Khoa hgc phat trien, DHQG Ha Ndi
- Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc tu nhien, DHQG Ha Noi
Hgi nghi KJioa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn th&S - Hd Ndi, 2010 1151
I
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHOCN V I E T HAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
Nhfins cdch tiep can nghien ciiu bien ddi cdnh quan phu thugc nhieu vdo muc dich naliien cuu. Vdi muc dich tap trung nghien ciru d khu vuc ven bien, trong de tdi Ucdy, biln ddi canh quan dugc nghien ciru theo hudng tiep can phan tich dac diem lliii}' ddi ciu true cdnh quan (dien tich, sir phan bd cdc canh quan) va chirc nang ciia cdnh quan bdi cdc nhdn to lu nhien \'d xa hdi lac dgng den sir hinh thdnh va phat trien cdnh quan trong qud khir vd hien tai. Vdi su trg giup ciia tu lieu vien thdm do phan giai cao, nghien ciru bien ddi cdnh quan duge tlurc hien dua tren viec thanh lap bdn dd canh quan, ban dd bien ddi cdnh quan vd so sdnh ddc dilm bien ddi cau tnie vd chuc nang cdnh quan tai cdc thdi diem khde nhau.
2. C O SO TAI LIEU, PHUONG PHAP VA MO HEVH KHAI NIEM NGHIEN cOU Tdi lieu nghien ciiu chinh bao
gdm: ban dd dja chat (Tdng cue dja chit), bdn dd dja mao (De tdi quy hoach bdo ve mdi trudng Ha Long - Cam Pha - Yen Hung), bdn dd thd nhudng (Vien Qu\ hoacli vd Thiet ke ndng nghiep) phuc vi,i cdng tcdc phdn tich ddc diem phdn hda cdu true dirng cua canh quan khu vii'c nghien cuu. He thdng dnh ve tinh LANDSAT nam 1989, cdnh SPOT ndm 1994. 2007 dugc sir di,mg de thdnh lap bcdn dd cdnh quan ede nam 1989, 1994. 2007. Khcdo sat thuc dja theo 3 lat cat, bao gdm: (i) Idt cat 1: Khdo sdt cdnh quan khu vi,i'c ddi mii thap bac Yen Hung tcii 2 dilm YHl vd YH2; (ii) Idt cdt 2: Khdo sat canh quan khu vuc Ddng Yen Flung, di qua cdc cdnh quan
ddi nui thip phia ddng, bai trilu nudi trdng thiiy san xa Minh Thanh, Hodng Tan; gdm 3 dilm khao sdt: YH3, YH4, YH5; (iii) Idt cit 3: Khdo sat cdnh quan khu vuc Ha Nam vdi 4 dilm khdo sdt YH6, YH7, YH8, YH9 (hinh 1). Dilu tra kinh li hd gia dinh va Ccdc chinh sdch phdt triln kinh ll - xd hdi bdng phuong phdp ddnh gid nhanh ndng Ihdn (RRA) nhdm xdc djnh cac nguyen nhan gay nen bien ddi cdnh quan vd hinh thdnh nen cae canh quan nhan sinh tai khu vuc ngay trong qud trinh thuc dja. Phuong phdp vien thdm va he thdng tin dja ly (GIS) dugc su dung trong qua trinh giai dodn anh ve tinh thdnh lap bdn dd cdnh quan khu vuc nghien ciru qua cac giai doan. Tir dd xay dijng cac ban do bien ddi canh quan tren ca sd cdc ban dd canh quan tai cae thdi diem nhd phdn mem GIS chuyen dung (ArcGIS).
Md hinh khdi niem nghien cuu biln ddi cdnh quan bao gdm 4 giai doan chinh, bao gdm xde djnh nhung vin dl cip bdeh trong thue tien vd muc tieu nghien ciru dugc ddt ra (budc I), Xcdy dirng ca sd dfr lieu (budc II), phan tich biln ddng (budc III), du bao biln ddi cdnh quan (budc IV), Cdc nam 1989, 1994 va 2007 dugc lira chgn de nghien ciru do dd} Id nhfrng thdi diem ddnh dau su biln ddi quan trgng nhat ddi vdi cdnh quan khu vuc nghien ciru (hinh 2),
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1153 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c ldn th&S- Hd Ngi. 2010
VIEN DIA L-r - VIEN KHCfCN VIET NAIiS K G : mA LY VIET NAM
I. M u c t i e n , n i i i f m v u , q u a n d i c m va p h u o n g p h a p n g h i e n c u u
II, r i m thCM^ tlieii t r a , x a y d u n g co' so' tifr li^d
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T h a n h lap ban do \&p phu m a t dat
cac n a m 1989, 1994, 2 0 0 7 >
I V . D y b a o x u t h e bien d o i c a u t r u e va chu'C Etang Ciiu.h q u a n
Hinh 2. Mo hinh khdi niem nghien ciru bien doi canh quan huyen Yen Hung
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU
3.1. Dac diem cau triic ciinh quan khu vuc Yen Hung
Vdi muc dich phan tieb bien ddng cdu true canh quan tren eo' sd tham khao mdt sd he thdng phan loai canh quan [1,3,4], de tdi sir dung mgt he thdng phan loai cdnh quan gdm 3 cap phan vj: Kieu CQ —>• Hang CQ -^ Loai CQ. Thugc phu he canh quan nhiet ddi gid miia cd mdt miia ddng lanh Bdc Viet Nam, todn bd lanh thd huyen Yen Flung nam trgn trong mdt kieu cdnh quan riing kin thudng xanh cay Id rdng mua am nhiet ddi gid miia, dugc phan hda thanh 5 hang canh quan va 15 loai canh quan.
- Hgng CQ ddi nui thdp tren dd cdt bdt ket phdn phien (HI) gom co 3 logi canh quan: Locii canh quan cay trdng lau nam tren dat vang nhat tren da cat (a-Fq), loai canh quan quan cu tren dat vang nhat tren da cdt (c-Fq), loai canh quan ddt trdng tren ddt vdng nhat tren da cdt (f-Fq).
- Hcing CQ ddng bdng dgng gd thodi Iren trdm tich cdt bgt set loang Id tudi Pleisloeen (H2) gom 3 logi cdnh quan: loai cdnh quan cay trdng lau ndm tren dat vdng nau tren phii sa cd (a-Fp), loai cdnh quan lua va hoa mdu tren dat vdng ndu tren phii sa cd (b-Fp), loai cdnh quan quan cu tren dat vang nau tren phii sa cd (c-Fp).
- Flang CQ ddng bang bang phdng cdu tao bdi trdm tich sdng bien set, bdt, cat tudi Flolocen (F13) gdm 2 loai cdnh quan: loai cdnh quan liia va hoa mau tren dat phii sa (b-P), loai canh quan quan cu tren dat phii sa (c-P).
- Hgng CQ cldng bdng trung trdm tich song bien Holocen mudn (114) gdm 2 logi cdnh quan: loai canh quan liia va hoa mau tren dat phen (b-S), loai cdnh quan quan cu tren dat phen (c-S).
- Hcing CQ bdi trieu trdm tich set, bdt cdt nguon goc hpn hgp (H5) gom 5 logi cdnh quan; loai canh quan nudi trdng thuy san tren dat man (d-M), loai cdnh quan rirng ngap man tren dit man (e-M), loai canh quan dat trdng tren dat man (f-M), loai cdnh quan Ilia, hoa mau tren dat cat (b-C), locii cdnh quan dat trdng tren dat cdt (f-C).
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c ldn th&S - Hd Ndi, 2010 1153
VIEN B I A hi' • VIEN K H & C N VIET NAM HOI DIA LY -VIET NAM
Cdc don \ j phdn vimg cdnh quan cd } nghia quan trgng trong
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I—] rieu vung canh quan lam ngliifep bac Y ^ Hung [ - 1 ! - , .1 l i ^ ^ ^iJfQ '^"^ '3'J3" "*"9 ngtii&p - dd Lhi Qudng Yen L I I I ' J J rieu vung canh quan n6ng - ngu nghiep dong Y6n Hung {•llV'nl Tieu vung canh quan ndng nghiep Ha Nam I^V ,J Ti^uvung canh quan ngu nghiSp nam Yen Hung
Hinh 3. So' do phcin vimg cdnh quan huyen Ydn Hung
viec xem xet \d du bdo xu the biln doi cdnh quan trong mdt khodng thdi gian ddi. Theo phuong phdp tiep can tir dudi len tren. cdc lieu vimg cdnh quan dugc xdc djnh ranh gidi tren co sd gdp nhdm cdc loai cdnh quan lheo cdc nguxen lac ehii }'eu Id cimg cluiiig lanh thd vd ed cimg ngudn gdc phdt sinh [2]. Cdc tieu vimg canh quan cd uu the ciia mdt locii hoac nhom locii cdnh quan.
Kit qud. khu vuc Yen Hung dugc phan chia Ihdnh 5 lieu vimg cdnh quan: (1) Tieu vimg cdnh quan ldm nghiep Bac Yen Hung vdi dja hinh chii }'eu Id ddi mii thdp bde mdn - xdm thuc tren dd tram tich he ldng lidn Gai vd ddng bdng
dang gd thodi cdu tao bdi cdt bdt lan cudi tudi Pleistocen; (II) Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndng nghiep - dd thj Qudng Yen bao gdm \'iiiig ddng bang trung sdng Khoai vd thj trdn Quang Yen cd ba dang dja hinh chii yen Id gd ddi thap, ddng bang gd thodi vd ddng bdng hoi tning: (111) Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndng - ngu nghiep Ddng Yen Flung cd dja hinh chii yen Id ddng bdng trung vd bai trieu; (IV) Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndng nghiep Hd Nam ndm trgn ven trong bdn ddo Fla Nam, phcdt trien tren dja hinh ddng bdng bdng phang eao 2-4in eau tao bdi tram lieh sdng-bien Holocen vd ddng bang Iio'i tning cdu Icio bdi trdm lieh sdng - bien Holocen mudn; (V) Tieu viing cdnh quan ngu nghiep Nam Yen Hung bao gdm khu vuc Ddm Nhd Mac, bdi nudi trdng thiiy sdn Lien Vj vd khu vuc ddo Cdng.
3.2. Bien ddi cau true vii chuc nang canh quan giai doan 1989-2007 a. Bien ddi cdu true cdnh quan
Sir bien ddi cau true cdnh quan khu vuc Yen Hung giai doan 1989-2007 dien ra khd manh me d tat ca edc lieu vimg cdnh quan. Mdi lieu vimg cdnh quan cd nhiing ddc diem ve cdu tnie cdnh quan khdng gidng nhau nen sir bien ddi cdnh quan d cdc lieu viing cung khd khde nhau. Trong giai doan ndy, mac dii tuong tdc bien - luc dja Id yen td ddng ke gay bien ddi cdnh quan d mdt so khu vuc dac thii (rirng ngap man, bai trieu thdp,,,). nhung edc boat ddng phdt trien kinh t l - xa hgi trong thdi ky Ddi mdi lai la nhdn Id gd}' bien ddi cdnh quan manh me nhit tren dien rdng.
- lieu vimg canh quun ldm nghiep Bdc Yen Hung: hai xu lurdng bien ddi cdnh quan ldn nhat la sir thu hep ddt trdng do chuyen ddi sang rung trdng vd cay lau nam. va sir md rdng cua loai cdnh quan qucdn cu dgc quoc Id 18 va quoc Id 10. Dien tich locii cdnh quan dit trdng tren ddt man ciing dugc bien ddi sang loiii cdnh quan liia vd hoa mdu tren dit cdt.
Hdi nghi KJioa hgc Dia ly Todn cjud'c ldn th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY ViET NAM
- Tidii vimg canh quun ndng nghiep - dd lhi Qucing Yen: Sir bien ddi cdnh quan ciia lieu vimg theo xu hirdng chinh Id cliu}'cn ddn loai cdnh quan lua, hoa mdu sang loai cdnh quan qudn cir. Trong giai doan 1989-1994, lieu viing cdnh quan ndy cdn mdl dien tich rirng trdng vd cdy Idu ndm tren khu virc ddi thdp. Tuy nhien, trong giai doan 1994- 2007 lhi lodn bd dien tich ludy ciing da cliu}'i;n sang loai cdnh quan qudn cu tren ddt vdng nhat tren dd cdt.
- Tidu vimg cdnh qncin ndng - ngir nghiep Ddng Yen Hung: Ddy Id lieu viing cdnh quan cd cdu Iriic cdnh quan khd da dang bao gdm hdu bet cdc locii cdnh quan. Sir bien ddi cdu tnie cdnh quan ciia liiiu vimg dien ra theo 3 xu hudng chinh. Xu hudng manh me nhdt la su suy gidm dien tich cdnh quan rung ngap man chuyen sang nudi trdng thiiy sdn. Ben Ccinli dd, mdl dien tich ldn cdnh quan ddt trdng ven bien cung da dugc cdi tao thdnh edc khu vuc nudi trdng thiiy sdn. Ddy Id mdt sir bien ddi theo chieu hirdng tich cue nhdm lam gidm dien tich ddt bo hoang. Mdt dien tich ldn canh quan dat trdng tren khu vuc ddi mii thdp phia lay lieu viing da dugc bien ddi sang cdnh quan rung trdng vd cdy Idu ndm trong giai doan 1989-1994.
- Tidu vimg cdnh quun ndng nghiep Hd .Num: Tren lieu viing cdnh quan ndng nghiep Hd Nam cd 2 loai cdnh quan ehinh Id cdnh quan liia, hoa" mdu vd locii cdnh quan quan cu. Sir bitin ddi cdu tnie cdnh quan eua tieu vimg cd xu hudng tuong tir tieu vimg cdnh quan Qudng Yen. Cdc locii cdnh quan liia va hoa mau cd xu hudng bien ddi sang loai cdnh quan qudn eu.
- Tieu vimg cuiih quun ngu nghiep Nam Yen Hung: Loai cdnh quan nudi trdng thiiy sdn tdng dien tich ddng ke do sir bien ddi tir loai cdnh quan rimg ngap man vd sir md rdng dien tich nude mat xung quanh lieu vimg. Dientfch rirng ngap man dd suy gidm ddng ke ve sd lugng vd chdt lugng.
h. Bien itol chiic ndng cdnh quan
Khu virc ven bien Yen Flirng dugc ddc thii bdi sir dan xen da dang ciia cdc cdnh quan tu nhien va ban tu nhien vdi ddc tinh "da chiic nang", xuat phdt tii' su phdn hda tdng hgp trong eau tnie cdnh quan ddn tdi mdt don vj cdnh quan cd the mang nhieu chiic ndng kbdc nhau. Dua theo bdng phdn loai ciia Bastian (1999), mdi ticu vimg canh quan deu mang rat iiiiieu eliirc ndng nhung dugc phdn cap thdnh ehuc ndng bdc I, bde 2 vd bac 3 phu thude vdo mirc do quan trgng ve khd nang cung cdp cdc djch vu sdn xudt, djch vu sinh thdi vd xd hdi (bdng 1).
Bdng 1. Phan cdp chiic ndng cdnh quun ciia tieu vung theo glal dogn Tieu
vung Giai doan 1 11 ill IV V
Nhom chuc nang sail xuat (kinh te)
1989 1 1 2 1 2
2007 2 2 1 1 1
Nhom chuc nang sinh thai 1989
2 3 1 3 1
2007 1 3 2 3 2
Nhom chirc nang xa hoi 1989
3 2
1
2 3
2007 3
1 3 2 3 Cdc chire nang bdc 1 (chirc ndng chinh bdc 1)
Hdi no-hi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn cjudc ldn th& a - Hd Ndi, 2010 1155
VIEN OIA L-i' • VTEN tCHgCN -VIET NAM H 9 I DIA L^r VTET NAM
Cdc chuc ndng bdc 2 (chuc ndng chinh bcdc 2) Cac chiie ndng bac 3 (chu'c ndng phu)
Kit qua nghien cuu cho thay cd su bien ddi chuc nang khac nhau ddi vdi cdnh quan d cdc tieu \'iing:
- Tieu viing cdnh quan Idm nghiep Bdc Yen Hung (I): Trong giai doan dau 1989-2007, tilu viing thuc bien chirc nang san xudt cung cap cae dang tdi nguyen tdi tao Id ebire ndng chinh cliii }lu. Sau dd, do chinh sach khu}'en khich phat trien du ljch sinh thdi kliu vuc ddi mii thip \'d trdng rimg nen chiic ndng chii yeu ciia cdnh quan khu vuc nay hien nay la chuc ndng sinh thdi, dilu chinh va phuc hdi cdc quan die \'a quan xa sinh vat. Ben canh dd, chirc ndng thim my, anh hudng sinh khi hau (chiic ndng xa hdi) la chirc nang phu.
- Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndng nghiep - dd thi Qudng Yen (II): Cluic nang cdnh quan chinh cua tieu viing trong thdi gian dau Id chiic nang san xuat cac tai nguyen tdi tao (san phdm tu sinh khdi trong sdn xudt ndng nghiep). Qua trinh do thj hda ngay cang gia tcdng da bien ddi chuc ndng chinh bcdc Iciia lieu vimg thanh chiic nang xa hdi, luu giu thdng tin \k gidi tri. Chirc nang phu Id chuc nang sinh thai, tai sdn xuiit vd tdi sinh hgc edc sinh qudn lac, dieu ehinh qudn the lodi.
- Tieu vung cdnh quan ndng - ngu nghiep Ddng Yen Hung (III): Nam 1989, tieu vimg Ddng Yen Hung Id mgt trong nhung khu vuc tap trung dien tich ldn canh quan rirng ngap man ciia huyen Yen Hung. Sir khai thdc lanh thd trong giai doan ddu cdn chua Idn nen chuc ndng chinh eua tieu vimg Id chuc nang sinh thdi, bdo tdn ngudn gen
\'a dieu chinh cdc ddng vat chat ndng lugng. Tuy nhien, vdo nhung nam 90, sir phdt trien he thdng dam nudi thiiy san da lam suy giam manh me dien tich canh quan riing ngap man, phd hiiy he sinh thai thiiy sinh. Chirc nang canh quan chinh cap 1 ciia lieu viing hien nay la chirc ndng kinh te. cung cap edc san pham tu sinh khdi ddng vdt.
- Tieu viing cdnh quan ndng nghiep Hd Nam (IV): Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndy ban nhu khdng bien ddi chirc nang canh quan. Chuc nang canh quan chinh cua tieu vimg la chirc nang sdn xuat va chiic nang xa hdi. Chirc nang phu la chirc nang sinh thdi, tdi sdn xuat vd tdi sinh hgc cae sinh quan lac, dieu chinh quan the loai.
- Tieu vimg cdnh quan ngu nghiep Nam Yen Hung (V): Chiic nang canh quan ehinh ciia tieu vimg la chire ndng sinh thdi vd chirc nang kinh te. Tuy nhien, trong giai doan ddu, chirc nang sinh thdi, dieu chinh vd phuc hdi cae quan xa, bcdo tdn ngudn gen Id chirc nang chinh bcdc 1. Do qua trinh phdt triln kinh t l , md rdng dien tich nudi trdng thiiy sdn nen chuc ndng chinh bac 1 luc nay da bj biln ddi sang chirc ndng kinh te (sdn xudt). Chirc nang sinh thai nhan van (xa hdi) Id chirc nang phu.
3.3. Anh hudng ciia bien doi khi hau den canh quan khu vyc ven bien Yen Hung Bien ddi khi hau se lam gia tang cdc hien tirgng thdi tilt cue doan, gay ra nhieu tai bien vd ldm thay ddi cau tnie cdnh quan. Hien tugng sat Id bd biln lien quan den su tdn phd do gia tang bao, sdng ldn vd sir thay doi ciia ddng lire biln d ddi bd. Hien tirgng hinh thdnh edc cdn Ccdt chin vd tdi trim tich bdi lip luong vao cac cua sdng Bach Dang, eua Nam Trieu se gcdy trd ngai ldn cho hocit dgng van tdi ra vao cdc cang bien.
Thiiy van la nhan td chju tdc ddng ciia biln ctdi khi hau kha rd. Lugng mua hang ndm thay ddi cd the dan tdi su thay doi luu lugng ddng chay. Xam nluip man vdo sau trong ndi ddng anh hudng din ling chua nude ven biln, ddc biet ddi vdi khu vuc Ha
1156 Hdi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c ldn th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010
VIEN DIA hY • VIEN ItHGCN VIET NAM HOI DIA L-y VIET NAM
Nam, he thong lach trilu khd ddy ddc va dn sau vdo ddt lien. Trong khu vuc nghien cuu, chju tdc ddng nuinh me nhat bdi bien ddi khi hiiu la cac quan he rinig ngap nudn d Ccdc .xd ven bien Yen I lung. Dien tich rirng ngap man ngodi de dung trudc nguy ca bj phd hiiy do bao, nude bien ddng, xdi la dudng bd vd boat ddng ciia con ngudi.
3.4. Dir bao xu thi bien ddi canh quan huyen Yen Hung trong tuong lai
Dir bdo xu the bien ddi cdnh quan huyen Yen Flung den nam 2020 dugc dua tren 2 can cu quan trgng sau:
- Mdi quan he giiru Ydn Hung vu khu vuc ldn cdn: Vdi vj tri dja ly rdl thuan lgi, Yen Hung cd nhieu dieu kien de phdt trien kinh te, xd hdi. Qudc Id 18 di qua khu vuc,
Id can ndi Yen I lung vdi viing kinh te trgng diem Bde Bd va TP. Ha Long, lao dieu kien phdt trien Cede khu cdng nghiep tap trung vd phdt trien dd thj dgc hdnh lang qudc Id 18.
Dd thj Qudng Yen nhd vj tri giao thdng thudn lgi vdi Fldi Phdng dang dien ra qud trinh dd thj hod nhanh. Phia nam huyen Yen Flung Id khu vuc Dam nhd Miic, vdi quy hocieh ldi 2020 Id phdt trien Ccdc khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat, phdt trien kinh le bien nhdm ddi Irgng vdi khu cdng nghiep Dinh Vu ngay canh dd. Khu vuc phia ddng Yen Flung do ndm gin eac tuyln du ljch ciia Ha Long nen cd dicu kien phdt trien du Ijch nghi lUcdt ven bien, liiin ket vdi cdc diem du Ijeh ciia thdnh phd Ha Long.
- Xu hudng bidn ddi cdnh quun lheo quy houch phdt Iridn kinh Id-xu hgi cuu huyen Ydn Hung vd linh Qudng Ninh den 2020: Trong cdc tdc nhan gay bien ddi cdnh quan thi bocit ddng phdt trien kinh te - xa hdi Id nguyen nbdn gay ra edc bien ddi manh me trong thdi gian ngdn. Ben Ccinh cdc tdc nhdn tu nhien, eon ngudi thdng qua cdc liOcit ddng sdn xuat cua minh da de lai cdc dau dn len cdnh quan, thanh tao nen cae dang cdnh quan nhdn sinh. Tdc ddng ciia con ngudi thudng dugc cbia thdnh cdc tcdc ddng tich cue Idm tdt len chat lugng eac cdnh quan vd cdc tdc cldng tieu cue lam cho cdnh quan bj suy thodi va suy giam chat lugng. Viec xdc dinh xu hudng bien ddi cdnh quan khu vuc Yen Hung dua tren quy hoiich tdng the phdt trien kinh te - xa hgi eua khu vuc den nam 2020 se giiip dicu chinh quy hoach hgp ly theo hudng phdt trien ben vung.
Tren ea sd cdc cdn cu neu tren, cd the du bdo xu the bien ddi cdnh quan huyen Yen Flung den ndm 2020 nhu sau:
- Tidu vung ccinh quun ldm nghiep Buc Ydn Hung: Hinh thdnh ddi dd thj, khu cdng nghiep nim ven hdnh lang qudc Id 18; phcdt trien du Ijch khu Thdc Mo vd diem du Ijch hd Yen Lcdp; phdt triln vd bdo ve rirng ddu ngudn hd Yen Lap; phdt trien viing san xudt ran qud Scicb cho TP Hci Long.
- Tic'u vimg canh quan ndng nghiep - do thi Qudng Yen: day nuinh xay dirng ket ciu ha ting phuc vu phdt trien dd thj, djcb vu thiro'ng mai va phcdt trien cdng nghiep;
phdt triln edc cum cdng nghiep Scich ndm ven sdng Chanh; phdt trien vdnh dai san xudt ndng nghiep phiic vu dd thi Qudng Yen.
- Tidu vimg cdnh quan ndng - ngu nghiep Dong Yen Himg: Khi lieu vimg Bde vd Nam Yen Hung thu hep dl phdt triln cdng nghiep, day se la lieu vimg trgng diem phcdt triln nudi trong thiiy san ciia khu vuc; phdt triln khu du Ijch nghi mdt ven bien tren dao Flodng Tdn (lien kit vdi TP Ha Long); phdt triln van tdi sdng bien va cdng nghiep eo khi, sira chiia tdu bien; sdn xucdt ndng nghiep hdng hod, tap trung phcdt trien cac vimg Iron" dilm tham canh rau qud vd chdn nudi.
Hdi no-hi IGioa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn th&S - Hd Ndi, 2010 1137
VIEH DIA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
- Tieu vimg ccinh quan ndng nghiep Hd Nam: phdt trien ndng nghiep thdm canh (lua \d hoa mdu), cung cdp luong thuc cho todn huyen \d khu vuc Idn can,
- Tieu viing cunh quan ngu nghiep Nam Yen Hung: Phat trien kinh te bien: Khai thdc thu} sdn, djch vu cdng bien, van tdi dudng sdng, bien; phdt trien ede khu cdng nahiep. khu ehl xudt d khu vuc ddm Nhd Miic, cua Nam Trieu, phdt trien cdng nghiep ddno va sua cluia tdu bien, cdng nghiep ve tinh cho thanh phd Hdi Phdng.
3.5. D I xuat cac djnh hudng su dung ben viing canh quan huyen Yen Hung
Dua tren dac diem bien ddi cdnh quan khu vuc Yen Hung giai doan 1989-2007 vd xu Ihl bien ddi cdnh quan theo djnh hudng phdt trien kinh te xa hdi den ndm 2020, ed thi thi}' xu hudng bien ddi cdnh quan ciia khu vuc nghien ciru trong tuong lai Id chua thue sir ben vung. Phdn vimg cluic ndng cdnh quan tren quan diem phdt trien ben vung la mdt cdng \'iec quan trgng giiip djnh hudng cho viec sir dung hgp ly vd bdo ve cdnh quan
Bdng 2. De xudt phdn cdp chuc ndng cdnh quan theo tieu vung
Ticu vung Giai doan
1 li HI IV V
Nhom chuc nang sail .\uat (kinh te) 1989
1 1
1
1 2
2007 2 2 1 1 1
2020 2
1 1 1 2
Nhom chirc nang sinh thai 1989
2 3 1 3 1
2007 1 3
0
3 2
2020 1 2 2 3 1
Nhom chuc nang xa hoi 1989
3 2 3 2 3
2007 3
1 ->
2 ->
J
2020 3 3 ->
2 3 Cdc cluic nang bac 1 (chirc nang chinli bac 1)
Cdc chirc nang bdc 2 (chirc ndng chinh bac 2) Cdc chirc ndng bdc 3 (chuc ndng phu)
Dua tren dac trung cdnh quan tir nhicn vd djnh lurdng phdt trien kinh te xa hdi, mdi tieu \ img can tlurc hien nhung chirc ndng chinh khde nhau.
- Tieu vimg cdnh quan kdm nghiep Bde Yen Hung phdi ddt chirc ndng sinh thdi, dieu ehinh cdc ddng vdt chat nang lugng vd phuc hdi cdc qudn xa sinh vat Id chirc ndng chinh cdp 1 bdi dja hinh chii yeu d ddy la ddi nui thap nen viec bao ve mdi trudng vd phdng chdng cdc lai bien nhu xdi mdn ddt, trugl Id can dugc quan tdm nhieu hon ben canh cdc mue lieu phdt trien kinh te.
- Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndng nghiep - dd thj Qudng Yen theo djnh hudng phdt trien kinh te xa hdi den nam 2020, thuc hien chuc nang canh quan chinh Id chirc nang kinh te vd chirc nang xa hdi.
- Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndng - ngu nghiep Ddng Yen Hung vdi muc lieu phdt trien ben vung. can duy tri cluic ndng sinh ihdi vd chirc ndng kinh t l Id chirc ndng chinh cua lieu viing. Nhu vay, viec nudi trdng thiiy sdn vd phdt trien du ljch cd the phdt trien hdi hda ma khdng anh hirdng din mdi trudng.
- Tieu vimg cdnh quan ndng nghiep Ha Nam vdi dinh hudng phat trien kinh te - xd hgi den nam 2020 se giid chirc nang san xuit, cung cap cac dang tai nguyen tai tao tir phdt trien ndng nghiep chuyen canh.
1158 Hdi nghi Klioa hoc Dia ly Todn qud'c Idn th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KHBCN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
- Ticu vimg cdnh quan ngu nghiep Nam Yen Flung vdi djnh hudng quy hocich pbdl Iricn kinh tc theo hudng kinh te bien vd cdc khu cdng nghiep se phd hiiy todn bd dien tich rirng ngap man tai day. Ddng thdi, nen dja chcdl va vj tri dja ly ciia lieu vimg khdng thich hgp cho sir phcdt trien dd vi day la khu vuc thudng xuyen chju dnh hudng cua thuy trieu vd cdc tai bien thicn nhien nlur bdo hi. Bien ddi khi hdu vd mirc nude bien ddng dang Id mdi de dga cho edc khu vuc ven bien thi chiic ndng sinh thai (.xdy dung he thdng rirng ngap man phdng hd) nhdm duy tri edc ddng vat chdt ndng lugng nen dugc chii trgng Id chuc nang chinh ciia lieu vimg,
Bdng 3. Dinh hirdng cdc bien phdp sir dung vd bdo ve cdnh quan
Ticu viing
1
11
III
IV
V
Bien phap sii' dung
- Hinh thdnh ddi dd thi, khu cong nghiep ven hdnh lang qudc Id 18
- Phdt Iricn du ljch khu Ihdc Ma vd diem du lieh ho Yen Lap
- Phai Irien vd bdo ve rung ddu iiguon hd Yen Lap
- Md rdng quy md do thi
- Duy tri khu vuc phdt trien nong nghiep sach - Phdi tric;n cdc cum cong nghiep sach ven song Chanh
- Phdt Irien khu du ljch sinh thdi Hodng Tdn - Phdt trien nudi trdng thuy sdn quy mo ldn - Phdt trien kinh le bien
- Sdn xudl ndng nghiep hdng hoa
- Chuyen canh viing sdn xuat ndng nghiep
- Phat trien khu du Iich sinh thai - Nuoi trdng thuy sdn sach
Bien phap bao ve - Trdng vd bdo ve rung ddu nguon - Qudn ly bdo ve mdi trudng d cdc khu dd thj, khu cdng nghiep.
- Quy hocich cac khu cong vien cay xanh giua cac khu cong nghiep, dd thi.
- Qudn ly bao ve mdi trudng d cdc kliu dd lhi, khu cdng nghiep.
- Quy hocich cac khu ciing vien cay xanh giiia cdc khu cdng nghiep, do thi.
- Trong mdi, bdo ve vd phuc hoi rung ngap man
- Qudn ly chat che boat dong xd thai tu ddm nuoi
- Phong chong, gidm thieii tac dong miinh cua song, trieu, nude bien dang trong gio, bao.
- Cdi ihien ve sinh mdi trudng nong nghiep, ndng thdn
- Cai thicn moi trudng ddt, chong nhieni man
- Trong mdi, bdo ve va phuc hoi rimg ngap 111 cin
- Qudn ly chat che hoat dong xd thai tu dam nuoi
- Phong chong, giam thieu tac dong manh cua song, trieu, nude bien dang trong gid, bao.
4. KET LUAN
- Dac diem can tnie va sir bien ddi cdnh quan huyen Yen Flung duge xdc djnh thdng qua edc hgp phan thdnh tao canh quan vd cdng tdc giai doan dieu ve dnh ve tinh LANDSAT, SPOT vao cdc nam 1989, 1994 va 2007. Trong giai doan 1989-2007, cdnh quan buyen Yen Flung cd su bien ddi cau tnie vd chirc ndng khd rd ret \'d chua ddp irng dugc yeu ciu ciia phdt trien ben vung. Cdu true cdnh quan bien ddi manh me d tren todn lanh thd, ddc biel d lieu viing I, III vd V thugc khu vuc ddi nui thap phia bdc va khu virc ven biln. Trong khi do, su bien ddi chuc ndng cdnh quan cd xu hudng chuyen tu chirc
Hdi no-hi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc lan th& 5 • Hd Ndi, 2010
VIEN DIA L-r • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
ndng sinh thdi sang cdc chirc ndng kinh te. Nguyen nhan gay bien ddi cdu tnie vd ehuc nang canh quan ciia khu virc trong giai doan nay phu thugc nhieu vao edc boat ddn"
phdt triln kinh te - xa hdi.
- Vdi uu thi ve each tiep can phan tich da khdng gian - da thai gian, hudng nghien cuu biln ddi canh quan cho phep phan tich va dir bao dnh hudng cua biln ddi khi hdu tdi biln doi cdnh quan mdt khu vuc quy md dia phuang. Hien nay, day Id mdt trong niurng hudng phd bien de gidi quyet bdi toan thuc tien ve ede djnh budng quy hoacli lanh thd quy md dja phuong yeu can phai ung phd vdi nbung bien ddi loan ciu, ddc biet Id biln ddi khi hdu ed tdc ddng manh me tdi nhCrng khu vuc ven bien dae thu nhu Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1. Pham Hodng Fldi, Nguyen Thirgng Flung, Nguyen Nggc Khdnh (1997). Ca s&
cdnh quan hgc cua vide su dung hgp ly ldi nguydn thien nhien, bdo ve mdi Irirdng Idnh ihd I'iel Nam. NXB Gido due.
2. Tru'o'iig Quang Hdi (1991). Phdn vimg cdnh quan mien Nam Viel Nam. Ludn dn TS Dja ly.
3. Ixatrenko A.G (1965). Co' sd' cdnh quan hgc vd phdn vimg dia ly tir nhidn.
NXB Khoa hgc vd Ky thudt. Ha Ndi
4. Vii Tu Lap (1976). Cdnh quan dia ly midn Bdc Viet Nam. NXB KHKT, Ha Ndi.
5. Steinhaiidt (2002). Development and perspectives of landscape ecology.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, German.
6. Z. Naveh (1995). Interactions of landscapes and cultures. TECFINION - Israel Institute of Technology, The Lowdermilk Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technion Cit}. Haifa 32000, Israel.
7. Ulrich Walz (2007). Monitoring of landscape change and functions in Saxony (Euslerii Germany) - Methods and indicators. Institute of Ecological and Regional Development, Germany.
" 6 0 jj^j j^g.jjj ^Qjoa jjoc Dia ly Todn qud'c ldn th&5 • Hd Ndi, 2010
