DAU Tir NirOC NGOAI CUA TRUNG QUOC TAI CHAU PHI TRONG THE KY XXI
Nguyen Xuan Bdcli'
TOM TAT
Trung Quoc Id nhu ddu tu nudc ngodi mdi noi tren thi trudng chdu Phi. V&i phuang phdp tiep can khdc v&i cdc nhd ddu tu truyen thong nhu chdu Au. My, Nhdt Bdn, ddu tu nudc ngodi cua Trung Qudc tai clidu Phi tic ndm 2000 den nay tdng lien tuc, ma rdng ra tdt cd cdc ITnh vuc kinh te. Bdi viet ddnh gid cdc khudn khd phdp iy cho viec m& rong ddu tu nuac ngoai cua Trung Quoc tgi chdu Phi, phdn tich ddng vdn cua Trung Qudc do vdo cdc nuac. cdc ngdnh & chdu Phi trong giai dogn 2000 - 2014 vd mot sd nhdn xet ddnh gid ve ddc diem va phuang phdp tiep can thi truang chdu Phi cua cdc nhd ddu tu Trung Qudc.
1. Khuon kho phap ly cho moi quan he diu tu- Trung Quic - Chau Phi
Trong linh vuc dau tu, Trung Quic va cac nuoc chau Phi da ky kit cac Hiep uoc diu tu song phucmg (BlTs). Tren ly thuyet, BlTs la cac hiep uoc ciia cac nuoc phat trien hay sii dung nham dat dupc cac muc tieu: thuc day va bao ve diu tu; tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho tiep can va van hanh dau tu; tu do hoa nen kinh te ciia cac nuijc dang phat trien. BlTs ciia Trung Quoc doi vol cac nuoc chau Phi dupc danh gia la tap trung thiic day thuang mai va bao hp thuong mai va it chii trpng din tu do boa dau tu, co cac dieu khoan vl tinh minh bach rat ban che, khong dua ra cac yeu ciu ve ITnh vuc cam boat dpng... trong hpp tac dau tu vol chau Phi'.
Trung Qu6c ky BIT diu tien a chau Phi vdri Ghana vao nam 1989. Trong thap nien
Tlipc sT, Vien Ngliien ciju Cllau Plii va Trung Dong
1990s, Trung Qu6c ky 13 BlTs voi chau Phi, gim Ai Cap (1994), Morocco (1995), Mozambique. Zambia, Zimbabwe (nam 1996), Gabon, Angola, CHDC Congo, Sudan (1997), Ethiopia, Algeria, Swaziland, Cape Verde (1998). Kl tir FOCAC nam 2000, Trung Quic da ky kit hang loat BlTs vai cae nuac chau Phi, dien hinh la cac nuoc CH Congo, Botswana (2000), Kenya, Mozambique, Nam Phi.
Nigeria, Sierra Leon (2001), Cote dTvoice (2002), Djibouti (2003), Uganda, Tunisia, Benin (2004), Guinea, Madagascar, Namibia, Guinea Xich dao (2005). Mali (2009)...Tinh tai culi nam 2012, Trung Qu6c da ky kit BlTs voi 32 nuoc chau Phil
De bo sung cho BITs, Trung Quoc da ky 11 Hiep djnh tranh danh thul hai lin vdi cac nuijc chau Phi, cu tbi la vai cac nudc Mauritius (1995), Seychells, Ai Cap, Sudan (1999), Nam Phi (2001), Tunisia
30 Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG s6 02(126) thang 2/2016
Bau ttf nudc ngoai ciia Trung Quoc. Nguyen Xuan Bach
(2003), Morocco (2006), Algeria (2007), Nigeria (2009), Zambia (2011) va Ethiopia (2012). Ngoai ra, Trung Qu6c cflng eo chinh sach thiet lap cac Dac khu kinh tl (Special economic zones - SEZs) 6 chau Phi d l h6 trp cac doanh nghiep Trung Quoc thuc hien chinh sach diu tu nuijc ngoai va tao thuan lpi cho hang hoa xuit khau ciia chau Phi sang Trung Quic. Cac SEZs nay mang dang dap cac SEZs tai Bang 1: Dac diem cu ban cua SEZs
Tham Quyen, Chu Hai, San Dau cua Trung Quic, dupc thanh lap a ca cac nuiic nam sau trong luc dia nhu Ethiopia, Zambia, den cac nuac giau co ve tai nguyen (Nigeria, Zambia) va cac dao quoc (Mauritius). Tinh den cuoi 2012. Trung Quoc da thanh lap cac SEZs tai cac nuijc Ethiopia, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Ai Cap. Botswana, Nam Phi.
Ghana, Nigeria va Sierra Leone.
ciia Trung Quoc 6' mot so nu-6-c chau Phi
Khung kho luat phap Dien tich : doan
Tong vo dau t ] cam ket
DSu
! tinh 7/2010
tir den
• Cic nha dau tir trong nucfc
• Cac uu dai
K.hu thirang mai tir do Lekki
(Nigeria) 60 km phia dong Lagos noi bien i Atlantic vdi viing phia nam va Kekki Lagoon • vdi phia bac I Luat khu kinh te j ty do
Giai doan I: 109 ha (0-5 nam) Giai doan 11: 6-10 nam
Tong dien tich:
' 3000 ha Giai doan i: 392"
trieu USD Giai doan IL 67 tri$uUSD _ 64 doanh nghiep Trung Quoc co giay phep dau tu (730tn£uUSp) Duoc phep hoat dong
Khu Ogun - Quang Dong
(Nigeria) Viing Igbessa cua bang Ogun, 30 km tinh tir ; san bay quoc te !
Luat khu kinh , te tu' do I Giai doan I 250 ha Giai doan 2: ; 1750 ha Tong dien ticii:
10.000 ha Giai doan I:
220 trieu USD Giai doan 11:
280 trieu USD 7 doanh nghiep Trung Quoc da hoat dpng tai day
Dugc phep hoat dong
Cong vien cong nghiep phia dong Ethiopia Tai Dukem, each Addis Ababa 30 km ve phia dong
Luat dau tu va Luat doanh nghiep
Giai doan L 100 ha Giai doan H: 100 ha Tong dien tich: 200 ha
Giai doan I: 22 trieu USD Giai doan II: 78 trieu USD Tong cam ket: 4! 3 trieu U SD 11 doanh nghiep Trung Quoc da ky ket diu tu, trj gia 91 trieu USD Dupc phep hoat dfing
Dac khu kinh te Jin Fei (Mauritius) Tai Richc Terre, each cang Louis 3 km ve phia tay bac, gan cang Free
Luat dau tu Mauritius va mpt phan ciia Luat Cang ty dq^
Giai doan I: 70 ha Giai doan IT 141 ha Tong dien tich: 21! ha
Giai doan I: 220 trieu USD
Giai doan H: 720 trieu i USD
9 doanh nghiep Trung ' Quoc da hoat dpng tai
day
! Dugc phep hoat dgng
Mien thue 100%
Uu dai CO so ha ting
Nguon.
challenges
Mien thue , Uu dai tien thue dat. 1 100% ' Bin/ml
Uu dai ca sa ha Hoan l^i 30% tien diu tu co i ting sa ha tang
, I Mien thue thu nhap 6 nam
World Bank (2011), Chinese investments in Special economic zones in Africa- progres.
and lessons learned, January.
Thai han thue dat 99 nam U u dai CO so h^ tang Mien thue nhap nguyen lieu xay dung, thiet bj, may moc
Tgp chi nghien cu-u CHAU PHI & XRtNG DONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
Nguyen Xuan Bach Pau tu* nudc ngoai cua Trung Quoc...
Trung Quic cung tiln hanh xay dung cac khu cong nghiep va cac khu vuc thuong mai tu do di cac nuac Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Uganda, Botswana, Nam Phi. Vao nam 2013 Tanzania da ky kit mpt thoa thuan vol Cong ty c l phin co khi Trung Quic (China Merchants holdings Co,Ltd) xay dung mpt khu cang moi, mpt SEZ va he thing duong sat, trj gia 10 ty USD . Diu nam 2014, Trung Qu6c cung dau tu 2 ty USD de xay dung 1 cong vien cong nghiep mai a Shama - von la mpt cang danh ca nho a mien tay Ghana. Cong vien nay du kien se tao ra 5000 viec lam true tiep va thiic day phat trien co sdf ha tang va cau cang 6 njien Tay Ghana"^.
2. Thuc trang dau tir nir&c ngoai cua Trung Quoc tai chau Phi
2.1. Ttnh hinh chung
Theo bao cao ctia Bp Thuang mai Trung Quic (MOFCOM), FDI cua Trung Quic vao chau Phi da tang len 8 lin trong giai doan 2004-2012, tir 317 trieu USD (2004) len 2,52 ty USD (2012). Vin diu tu luy tien cua Trung Quoc a chau Phi da tang len 30 lin, tir 1,5 ty USD nam 2005 len 21,23 ty USD nam 2012'. Mac dii My va chau Au tiep tuc la doi tac diu tu fruyin thing cua chau Phi, nhung sir dong gop ciia vin FDI ciia Trung Quoc a chau Phi da tang Ien rat nhanh trong thap nien 2000s tro Iai day. Tinh den cu6i nam 2012. da co khoang 2000 doanh nghiep Trung Quoc co mat va dau tu a tren 50 quoc gia chau Phi, tir nganh nong nghiep, khai khoang din nganh cong nghiep xay dung cong nghiep che tao, tai chinh, van tai, thuang mai va bat dpng san'...
Hinh 1 : FDI cua Trung Quoc tai chau Phi giai doan 2004-2012 (ty USD)
9.8%
vJ-2% 2.9%.
0.32 0.39 0.S2
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 FDI cua Trung Qii6c vio chau Phi (Ty USD)
— - Ty Ic FDI cua Trung Quoc tai chau Phi Irong long v6n FDI ra nudc ngoai cua Trung Qu6c
Nguon: PRQ National Bureau of Statistics 2013, China Statistics Yearbook 2012. China Statistics Press, Beijing.
Tinh den cu6i nam 2012, ting so von dau tu true tilp ra nuac ngoai (OFDI) cua Trung Quic dat khoang 531,94 ty USD, trorig do ting vin tich luy FDI ciia Trung Quic vao chau Phi dat 21,73 ty USD,
ehilm 4,1% ting vin OFDI ciia Trung Quic. Nam 2012, dong vin diu tu true tiep cita Trung Quoc vao chau Phi trong cac nganh phi tai chi'nh dat 3,61 ty USD, tang 24,7%/nam. Dac biet vao nam 2008,
Tap chingliien cttu CHAD PHI & TRUNG BONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
Pg^Lbj" nudc ngoai cua Trung Quoc. Nguyen Xuan Bach
FDI cua Trung Quic tai chau Phi dat 5,49 ty USD, chiim toi 9,8% ting vin FDI diu tu ra nuoc ngoai cua Trung Quic. Day la nam Trung Quic dat dinh dilm trong viec tang cuong diu tu vao chau Phi. Theo bao cao cua chinh pbu Trung Quic, nam 2013 v6n FDI tich luy cua Trung Quic tai chau Phi dat 26 ty USD.
Bao cao cua UNCTAD vl FDI song phuang nam 2014 cho bilt, EU, Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban va My chiim toi 54%
von FDI vao chau Phi can Sahara nam 2012. Tong s6 von tich lily cita Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban, My, EU vao chau Phi can Sahara da tang gin 5 lan trong giai doan 2001-2012, tit 27,2 ty USD len 132,8 ty USD. Von tich luy ctia 4 nuac nay da tang rat nhanh ke tir nam 2001 chu yeu do Tnmg Qu6c trong thai gian nay da tang nhanh lupng vin FDI vao chau Phi, vai tic dp tang dat 53%/nam, trong khi Nhat Ban chi dat toe dp tang 29%/nam, EU dat 16%/nam va My dat 14%i/nam. Tinh den nam 2012, von FDI tich IBy ciia Trung Quoc vao chau Phi can Sahara dat 18,191 ty USD, con lai la vao khu vuc Bac Phi.
Mac dil c6 toe dp tang von FDI vao chau
Phi nhanh ban rat nhieu so vdi cac nuoc
\dn kbac tren the giai, nhung Trung Quoc van chi la doi tac nucre ngoai Ion thir 3 a chau Phi, sau EU va My. Trong vai nam gan day, Trung Quoc dang c6 gang duoi kjp My de tra thanh nha dau tu nuoc ngoai lan thir hai 6 chau Phi, va lan dau tien vao nam 2013 FDI cua Trung Quoc vao chau Phi dat 26 ty USD, vupt My (My dat 22 ty USD) va Trung Quoc tra thanh nha dau tu nuoc ngoai Idfn thir hai a chau Phi sau EU.
2.2. FDI phdn theo nw&c
FDI cua Trung Qu6c tap trung chO yeu d nhung nuoc giau tai nguyen thien nhien.
Trong giai doan 2003-2007, hon mpt Vi FDI cita Trung Qu6c d6 vao 3 nudc la Nigeria (20,2%), Nam Phi (19,8%) va Sudan (12,3%). Algeria (nhieu dau lua) va Zambia (nhieu khoang siitn) dimg thir 4 va thir 5 trong tong v6n FDI ciia Trung Quoc vao chau Phi, chiem ty le tuong iing 12% va 8%. Ngoai ra, FDI cua Trung Quoc con do vao cac nudc nhu Niger (4%), CHDC Congo (4%), Angola (2%), Ai Cap (2%), Guinea (2%), Mauritius (2%), Ethiopia (1%), cac nudc khae (11%)'.
Hinh 2: FDI ciia Trung Quoc phan theo diem den nam 2012 (tram trieu USD va ty le %)
• SoiiUi Afncj
2 01 1 6 3 1-60 J 4 J • S u d a n
!-.<. 11;. 1 % ^ 2 5 4 - ^ V I
~ ^ ^ • ^^ ^^
aDRC
• Maun
Gnano
^ M n c l j f i u i Botswan.
Ngudn : China's foreign direct Investment statistal bulletin.
Tap chingliien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG OONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016 33
Nguyen Xuan Bach E)au tu nudc ngoai cua Trung Quoc„
Vao nam 2010, Top Ten cac nudc chau Phi thu hut tdi 73,3% ting vin FDI ctia Trung Quic tai chau Phi la; Nam Phi (19,5%), CHDC Congo (11,2%), Niger (9,3%), Nigeria (8,8%), Algeria (8,8%), Angola (4,8%), Kenya (4,8%), Zambia (3,6%), Ethiopia (2,8%), Ghana (2,7%)*.
Nam 2012, 20 nudc chau Phi nhan vin FDI Idn nhat ciia Trung Quoc chiem tdi 80% vin dau tu ctia Trung Quoc d chau luc den. 20 nudc nay gdm Nam Phi, Sudan, Nigeria, Zambia, Algeria, CHDC Congo, Mauriritus, Zimbabwe, Niger, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Ai Cap, Angola, Kenya, Ghana, Madagascar, Botswana, Guinea, Mali, CH Congo. Day cung la nhGng nude tap trung nhieu doanh nghiep dau tu nhat d Trung Quoc. Chang ban tai Nam Phi, nam 2012 nudc nay thu hiit dupc 4,06 t> USD von FDI ciia Trung Qu6c, chiem 25% tong FDI cua Trung Qudc vao chau Phi va co khoang 166 doanh nghiep Trung Quoc dau tu tai day. Hoac tai Sudan, nudc nay nam 2012 thu hilt dupc 1,526 ty USD vin FDI cua Trung Quoc, chiem 9% tong so von FDI ciia Trung Qudc vao chau Phi va co khoang 81 doanh nghiep Trung Quoc dau tu tai day. CJ Nigeria, nam 2012 thu hut dupc 1,416 ty USD von FDI cua Trung Quoc, chiem 9% tdng so von FDI cua Trung Quoc vao chau Phi va cd 253 doanh nghiep Trung Quoc dau tu tai day. Cac doanh nghiep Trung Qu6c tap trung nhieu nhat d cac nudc Nigeria, Nam Phi, Zambia, Ethiopia, Ai Cap, Ghana, Tanzania, CHDC Congo, Sudan...
Nam Phi la nudc tiep nhan dau tu ldn nhat ciia Trung Qudc. Cac nganh thu hut vdn FDI nhieu nhat cua Trung Qudc d Nam Phi la nang lupng, cong nghe, khai
md, dien tur, vien thong, det may, ngan hang thuang mai, van tai, cong nghiep chl tao, xay dung va 6 t6. Ban dau, cac du an cua Trung Quoc d Nam Phi chu yeu tap trung trong nganh khai thac tai nguygn va xay dung, nhung sau dd cac du an nay tap trung vao linh vuc tai chinh, cdng nghiep che tao san phim tieu diing, truyen thong.
Theo sl lieu cua UNCTAD, nam 2012 FDI cda Trung Quoc vao Nam Phi la 5,077 ty USD, trong khi EU dau tu vao Nam Phi 124,269 ty USD va My diu tu vao Nam Phi 11,711 tyUSD.
Zambia la diem den dau tu quan trpng kbac cua Trung Qudc d Chau Phi. Theo Co quan phat trien Zambia, tinh den nam 2007 da cd 166 doanh nghiep Trung Qudc co mat d Zambia, vdi tdng sd von dau tu 666 trieu USD va tao ra 11.000 viec lam. Cac nganh che tao, xay dung, khai khoang, thuang mai ban le, du ljch bap dan Idn nhat ddi vdi dau tu nudc ngoai cua Trung Quoc.
Cac dir an ldn nhat ciia Trung Qudc 6 Zambia la du an khai md Chambishi Uj gia 20 trieu USD, du an khu nha phirc hpp chinh phit, dir an Nha the thao, du an xay dung nha may xi mang d Lusaka, du an dudng sat Ludazi - Chamma, du an nhii may thuy dien tai Kafue Gorge mien Nam Zambia...
Nigeria la diem den thir 3 ciia dong von FDI cua Trung Qudc tai chau Phi. LTnh vuc chii yeu thu but FDI cua Trung Quoc la dau md. Cac du an diin hinh ciia Trung Qude tai Nigeria la du an khai thac dau mo trj gia 2,3 ty USD giua Tap doan diu mo Trung Qudc vdi Tap doan dau md qudc gia Nigeria nam 2005, dir an xay dung he tbdng dudng bp 6 lan xe 125 km d Port Hardcourt (cita ngo cua nganh cong nghiep
Tgp chi nghien ciiru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02(126) thang 2/20W
Bau tu nudc ngoai ciia Trung QuSc. Nguyen Xuan Bach
dSu md chau Phi) tri gia 1 ty USD ; du an xay dung nha may thuy dien d Zamfara trj gia 65 ty USD ; dir an khai thac diu md ngoai khai tru gia 800 trieu USD ; du an xay dung nha may dien sit dung than d Kogi va Benui trj gia 80 trieu USD...Co khoang 1000 doanh nghiep Trung Quic da dang ky hoat dpng tai Nigeria tinh din nam 2007.
Angola la nudc tilp nhan diu tu ldn thir 4 cita Trung Qudc d chau Phi. Cac dir an dau tu ldn ciia Trung Quic d Angola cd the ke den la du an dudng sit Luanda trj gia 90 trieu USD, dir an md rpng cac nha may dien d Luanda, Lubango, Namibe, Tombwa tri gia 55 trieu USD,du an khai thac kim cuang, du an xay dung dudng bd 317 km tir Luanda den Uige. Cd khoang tren 100 doanh nghiep Trung Qudc dang lam an tai Angola.
Dau tu nudc ngoai cua Trung Quoc tai Sudan cung tang rat nhanh. Dau tu cua Trung Qudc tai Sudan chd yeu nham khai thac nguon tai nguyen dau md cua nudc nay. Ngoai ra, cac nganh cdng nghiep nhe va djch vu ciing thu hut vdn FDI cita Trung Quoc. Dau tu cua Trung Qudc tai Sudan chu yeu tap tnmg d cac md dau d viing Moglad, Melut va Fola. Ty le dau tu ciia Cdng ty dau khi Trung Qudc trong tdng von d^u tu nudc ngoai cho ca sd ha tang d cac vitng dan dau d Sudan nam 2007 la 40% trong tdng von FDI vao mo dau viing Moglad, 47% d md dau vimg Melut va 100% tai vitng Fola'.
Ngoai Hnh vuc dau kbi, FDI cua Trung Qudc vao Sudan cdn tap trung d cac Hnh vuc phi diu md. Tdng vdn binh quan cua Trung Qudc vao Sudan trong Itnh vuc phi
dau md la 81,83 trieu USD/nam trong giai doan 2000-2008, trong do nam cd vdn FDI ctia Trung Qudc nhieu nhat vao Sudan trong ITnh vuc phi dau md la 2000 (29,04 trieu USD) va nam 2007 (25,3 trieu USD)' . Sudan hien nay dang la nudc thu hut dau tu nudc ngoai ldn thii 5 cua Trung Qudc d chau Phi, chiem 6% tdng FDI ciia Trung Qudc vao chau Phi nam 2012.
Tai cac nudc chau Phi tiep nhSn ldn nhat ddng vdn dau tu cda Trung Qudc, SEZs la mdt dia diem thu hut FDI hap din.
Theo sd lieu eiia Bd Thuong mai Trung Qudc, tinh den het nam 2013 Trung Qudc da tap trung dau tu trpng diem vao mpt sd SEZs nhu Jinfei (Mauritius) vdi sd vdn 220 trieu USD, trong do 100% vin FDI la sd hiru cua ngudi Trung Qudc ; SEZ Ogun (Nigeria) thu hut dupc 720 trieu USD, trong dd 82% von la thudc sd hiiu ciia ngudi Trung Qudc ; Lekki (Nigeria) thu hilt dupc 330 trieu USD, trong do 60% vdn la thupc sd hilu cita ngudi Trung Qudc;
Chambishi (Zambia) thu hiit dupc 410 trieu USD, trong dd 95% vdn la thudc sd huu cua ngudi Trung Qudc; Eastern (Ethiopia) thu hut dupc 849 trieu USD, trong dd 100% vdn la thudc sd hiiu cOa ngudi Trung Qudc... LTnh vuc dau tu trong cac SEZs nay rat da dang, tir benh vien, bat ddng san, dich vu, che tao va logicstics, xay dung, khai khoang, det may, che tao, dien tu, d t6...SEZs da cd tac dung thuc day xuat khau hang hda vao Trung Qudc bdi nd dupc xay dung co sd ha tang va be thdng logistics tuong ddi ddng bp, giup cae doanh nghiep Trung Qudc cd the xuat khau hang hda ngupc trd lai dat nudc minh. Mac dCi chua cd sd lieu thdng ke day du ve tac dpng ciia FDI Trung Qude trong SEZs d chau Phi, nhung de nhan thay rang
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
Nguyen Xuan Bach Dau tu* nu6c ngoai cua Trung Quoc...
4 SEZs noi tren do Trung Qu6c dhu tur ciia cac khu nay t u o n g ddi day du, ghn ch\i dang tra thanh nhGng khu vuc d§u moi cang, san bay va cac vi tri dja Iy quan trpng xuit kh§u \ a la cua ngo d^ Trung Quoc cho cac doanh nghiep Trung Quoc m a rpng tian quan vao chau Phi, do c a s a ha t4ng dau tu vao chau Phi.
Bang 2 : FDI cua T r u n g Quoc vao cac S E Z s a c h a u P h i t i n h d e n h e t n a m 2013 SEZs Von TV le so Tap doan, ty le so' huu Linh virc dau tir
JinFei (Mauritius)
Ogun (Nigeria)
Von Hau tu'
(trieu USD) 220
Lekki (Nigeria)
330
Eastern (Ethiopia)
849
TV le so hiiu (%)
100% Trung Quoc
Trung Qu6c: 82% ; dia phucmg 18%
Taiyuan Iron &Steel Co. (50%);
Shanxi Coking Coal Co.. Ltd.
(30%);
Tianli Group (20%).
Chinese consortium (Guangdong Xinguang and South China Development Group) (82%);
Nigeria State Government (18%)
Chambishi : 410 (Zambia)
Suez (Ai 460 Cap)
i Trung Quoc: 95%, 1 dia phuang:
5%
Trung Quoc: 9 5 % ; dia phucmg : 5%
Trung CCECC-Beiya consortium (China Quoc: 6 0 % ; Civil Engineering Construction dja phucmg Group & Jiangning development 40% Corporation & Nanjing Beyond and
; China Railway) (60%);
; i Nigeria Lagos state (20%) and Lekki Worldwide Investments Ltd.(20%). _ China Nonferrous Mining Co.
(CNMC) (95%);
NFC African Mining PLC (15%).
Benh vien. bat' dgng san, dich vu, che tao.
logist^s ^ ^ ^ ^ Vat lieu xay dung, che bien go, duac pham, may tinh ca nhan, den chieu sang
Thiet bi van tai, det may, cong nghiep nhe, thiet bj trong nha, vien thong
Dong va cobah:
khai thac, che bien, may moc,;
dich vu (Tianjin Det may, thiet bi'
dau khi. lap rap 6 to, thiet bi dien tli
Trung Qu6c; 100%
TEDA Investment Co
; Economic-Technological Development Area) (45%), CADF (30%);
Tianjin Suez International Cooperation Co. (5%),
Egypt-Chinese Corporation for Investment (ECCI) (20%)
Yonggang Group; Qiyuan Group, May moc dien Jianglian and Yangyang Asset tu, sat thep, vat Management ngu xay dung Jianimg 556 ; Trung : Jiangling Automobile Group; "d"t6,vat lieu xay (Algeria) _,.„_'_Qup_c:J00% ^ Zhongdinglntemational Group dung
Nguon : Ministry ofCommere of the People's republic of China
36 Tap chingliien cuu Ci\\v PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
Pau t u nu'dc ngoai cua Trung Quoc... Nguyen Xuan Bach
2.3. FDI phan theo nganh, ITnh virc d&utu-
Tinh din cudi nam 2011, tdng v6n FDI cua Trung Qu6c a chau Phi phan theo nganh kinh tk la nhu sau : khai thac tai nguyen (30,6%), tai chinh (19,5%), cong nghiep xay dung (16,4%), cha tao (15,3%), con lai la cac nganh khae nhu ban buon ban le, nong lam ngu nghiep, nghien cuu khoa hpc, bat dpng san, djch vu cho thue va kinh doanh....
Trong ngdnh khai thdc tdi nguyen, FDI cua Trung Qu6c tai chau Phi chu ylu tap trung trong nganh nang lugng va khai thac khoang san. Trong cac ITnh vuc nay, cac doanh nghiep Trung Quoc da giiip cac nuac chau Phi thiet lap cac chuoi san xuat cong nghiep, khai thac Igfi the so sanh de phat trien kinh te, dau tu ca sd ha tang.
Ching han tai CHDC Congo, Trung Qudc da xay dimg cac dudng cao toe, benh vien va cac ca sd ha tang cdng cpng khae de cd the tiep can thuan lai viec khai thac cac md dong va cobalt d nudc nay. Hoac tai Nam Phi, cac doanh nghiep khai thac va che bien khoang san cua Trung Qudc da thanh lap cac quy hd trg cham soc sue khde, xda doi giam ngheo va phat triin giao due d dja phuang, xay dung cac he thdng xu ly nudc sach hien dai de tao thuan Ipfi cho cac du an FDI cua Trung Qudc d cac nudc nay.
Trong ngdnh che tgo, tinh den cudi nam 2012 Trung Qude da dau tu khoang 3,43 ty USD von diu tu vao nganh nay, trong dd Mali, Ethiopia va mot sd nudc khae ngheo tai nguyen dang chiem phan ldn vdn FDI cua Trung Qudc trong nganh ehi tao.
Trung Qudc da xay dung nha may san xuat dudng d Mali, nha may san xuat d to va
bao con nhdng y te (medical capsule) d Ethiopia, xay dimg nha may det may va cac dir an che tao dng thep d Uganda...
Trong ngdnh dich vu, cac doanh nghiep Trung Qudc da dau tu vao eac dich vu tai chinh, thuang mai, khoa hoc va cdng nghe, eung cap dien va mdt sd ITnh vuc khae d chau Phi. Tinh den cudi nam 2012, FDI ciia Trung Qudc vao nganh tai chinh chau Phi dat 3,87 ty USD, chiim 19,5% tong FDI ciia Trung Quoc d chau Phi. Tinh theo sd du an thupc 10 nganh thu hiit FDI ciia Trung Qudc nhieu nhat d chau Phi trong giai doan 1998-2012, nganh dich vu kinh doanh dung dau bang ve sd du an (1053 du an), tiep theo la nganh ban budn ban le (693 du an), xuat nhap khau (539 dir an), xay dung, van tai, dich vu cau cang (392 du an), khai khoang (319 du an), sat thep va san pham tir sat thep (148 du an), khai thac da va xi mang (96 du an), san xuat may mdc thiet bi, thiet bi dien tu (76 du an), det may (75 du an), san xuat rau qua (72 du an).
Dau tu nudc ngoai ciia Trung Qude trong ITnh vuc nong nghiep d chau Phi dang duac the gidi quan tam. Trung Qude dau tu vao ndng nghiep d chau Phi bang cac hinh thiic khae nhau, bao gom ca cac du an vien tra, cac du an dau tu ca sd ha tang ndng nghiep, cac du an dau tu cdng nghe ndng nghiep va cac chuang trinh dao tao. Ddi vdi eac du an vien trg, vao nam 2009 Trung Qude da hoan thanh 884 du an vien trg d chau Phi, trong dd cd 142 du an vien trp trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep. Trong cac du an dau tu ca sd ha tang ndng nghiep, Trung Qudc da dau tu khoang 500 du an d chau Phi, diin hinh la Zambia va Nigeria. Ngan hang The
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
Nguyen Xuan Bach Dau h r nul5c ngoai cua Trung Quoc...
giai HOC tinh, trong giai doan 2001-2006, v6n FDI cua Trung Qu6c trong Hnh vuc co so ha tSng nong nghiep o chau Phi ngang bang vdd lugng tai chinh ma OECD cap cho chau luc den trong ITnh virc nay cimg giai doan. Chang ban tai Zambia, Trung Qu6c da dau tu 12 nha kho chiia nong san cho dat nuoc nay vol tong dien tich kho bai
len toi 30.000 m2. 75% v6n FDI cua Trung Quoc cho CO so ha ting nong nghiep tap trung tai cac nudc Nigeria, Angola, Sudan va Ethiopia. Ngoai ra, cac nuoc nhir Congo, Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania cung duoc huong lgi tir cac dir an FDI ciia Trung Quoc trong ITnh virc ca so ha tang nong nghiep
Bang 3: Bau tir niro'c ngoai cua Trung Qu6c trong linh vuc nong nghiep a chau Phi
NlTffC
Cameroon Cameroon CHDC Congo Guinea Mali Mozambique Senegal Sudan Tanzania Togo
Nam 12006 12007
" 2009"
1997
! 2008 : 2005 2008
' 2"o"io
2009
; 2009
Nha dau tir Sino Cam Iko Compay Shanxi Province Agribusiness group ZTE
Koba Farm Sukala Refinery
Hubei agribusines group
ZTE "
Chongqing Seed
Complex Sucier D'Anie
Dien tich (ha) 10.000 5.000 100.000 1.800 10.000 1.000 35.000 10.000 300 1.200
LTnh vurc dau t u Lua gao, rau, san Liia gao, san, da dieu
D a u CO Gao lai Dudng
Liia gao, coton, dau dua, rau Cay vimg Liia mi, hat ngu cdc
Liia gao Mia dudng
Thi tnrcnig Dia phuong Dia phuong The gidi Dia phuong Dia phucmg Dia phuoFng Trung Quoc 1 Dia phuang i Dia phuong Dia phuong Nguon: Helen Lei Sim (2011), Understanding China's agricultural Investments In Africa, Occatlonal paper No 102.
Trong cac du an dau tu cong nghe nong nghiep va dao tao chuyen gia nong nghiep 6 chau Phi, nam 2009 Trung Qu6c da xay dung cac trung tam cong nghe nong ngiep d Benin, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mozambique, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda.
Tai Guinea Bissau, Trung Qu6c da thiSt lap 11 viing teOng lua gao, tfing dien tich khoang 2000 ha, san lugng khoang 8-9 tan/ha. Nhin chung, cac trung tam cong nghe nong nghiep nay tap trung vao san xuat Ilia gao, dau dua, bao quan tuoi tieu, cong nghe nong nghiep kk hgp vol dao tao chuyen gia nong nghiep cho cac nuoc chau
Phi. Cac dir an dau tu dien hinh ciia Trung Quoc la : dao tao cong nghe nong trai va cong nghe gieo trong a Benin ; nghien cihi va dao tjo cong nghe nong nghiep o Cameroon; cong nghe trong trgt va nuoi gia siic hrang trai, ket hgp dao tao a Ethiopia; chuySn giao cong nghe trong lia gao va tu hoach, dao tao, phat trien cac loai cay trong khae a Liberia; cong nghe trong va che bien dau dua, ket hgp dao tao a Mozambique; cong nghe trong trgt va dao tao o CHDC Congo; cong nghS trong va thu hoach lua gao, cay juncao va cay dau tam, cong nghe bao quan tirai tieu, dao tao
48
Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI 4 TRUNG DONG so 02(126) thang 2/2016Pau ttf ntfcfc ngoai ciia Trung Quoc, Nguyen Xuan Bach
a Rwanda; cong nghS thuy san nuoc sach, nghien ciru va phat triSn cong nghe nong nghiep a Nam Phi; cong nghe trfing trgt va tuoi tieu d Tanzania; nghien cim va dao tao cong nghe nfing nghiep d Togo; Cong nghe thuy san, chuyen giao cfing nghe va dao tao d Uganda; Cfing nghe nfing nghiep va dao tao d Zamnia, Zimbabwe...
Cac doanh nghiep Trung Quoc cfi mat ngay cang nhieu d chau Phi trong cac nganh khae nhau. Theo so lieu ciia Bo Thuong mai Tmng Qufic, sfi doanh nghiep ddu tu hai ngoai Trung Qufic d khu vuc chau Phi tinh den nam 2013 la nhu sau : ITnh vuc che tao co 521 doanh nghiep (chiem 24% tong so doanh nghiep d Trung Qufic d chau Phi), dich vu thuong mai (439 doanh nghiep, chifim 20%), xSy dung va bat dong san (332 doanh nghiep, chiem 15%), khai thac khoang san (292 doanh nghiep, chiem 13%), ban buon va ban le (297 doanh nghi$p, chiem 13%), nfing nghiep va trang tr£ii (90 doanh nghidp, chiim 4%), nghien ciiru phat triin va khao sat dia ly (87 doanh nghiep, chiem 4%), nang lirgng (40 doanh nghiep, chiem 4%), cfing nghe thfing tin (38 doanh nghiep, chiSm 2%), cac ITnh vuc khae (59 doanh nghiep, chiem 3%).
3. Sanh gia chung va ket luan Diem den cua cac boat dgng dau tu cua Trung Qufic d chau Phi chii yeu la cac nudc dfii dao nguon tai nguyen dau mfi va cac ngufin tai nguyen khae phuc vu cho qua trinh cfing nghiep hoa nhanh chfing cua Trung Qufic. Nhin chung, trong Top Ten cac dfii tac dau tu cua Trung Qufic d chau Phi, cac qufic gia san xuat diu lua chifim pbSn ldn. Ngoai linb vuc diu khi, hon 670 cfing ty Trung Qufic hien dang
dau tu tai luc dia Den vao nhung nganh kinh te cd nhieu tiem nang, tir khai thac kim loai, xay dung co sd ha ting, cho den danh ca, cfing nghiep gfi, va ca nhung linh vuc nhd kbac ma trudc dd cac cfing ty phuang Tay da nit lui. Cac doanh nghiep ciia Trung Qufic con trai dai sang cac ITnh vuc nfing nghiep va hai san - nganh dang dugc danh gia la se dap irng con khat luong thuc khfing 16 cho Trung Qufic trong vai thap nien tdi.
Kbac vdi cac nudc chau Au, My va Nhat Ban da xam nhap thj trudng chau Phi tir cac thap nien trudc do, Trung Qufic fi at tien vao chau Phi mugn hon nhung vdi phuong phap tiep can kbac bon. Neu nhu FDI cua Nhat Ban, EU, My vao chau Phi chd yeu thfing qua cac cong ty tu nhan ldn, tap trung vao viec tfii da bda lgi nhuan vdi tim nhin tucmg doi ngan ban, thi FDI cua Trung Qufic vao chau Phi chii yeu la cac doanh nghiep thufic sd hull nha nudc hoac mot phan thufic sd hu-u nha nudc (SOEs).
Dang chu y la cac tap doan doanh nghiep va ngan hang hang diu cua Trung Qufic nhu Sinopec group, China National Petroleum, Statee Grid, Ngan hang Cfing nghiep va Thuong mai Trung Qufic, Ngan hang Xay dung Trung Qufic, Tap doan Vien thfing Trung Quoc, Cfing ty Khai thac dau khi ngoai khoi (CNOOC) cua Trung Qufic, Ngan hang EXim Trung Qufic, China Minmetals, and China Non-Ferrous Metals Company... da c6 mat va boat dfing rat tich cue d nhieu nudc chau Phi. Cac doanh nghiep nha nudc cua Trung Qufic vdi dac tnmg la co ngufin vfin dfii dao va uu dai, cfi tim nhin kinh doanh dai han, cfi nang luc canh tranh trong diu thau, dugc tiep can ngufin vfin gia re tir cac ngan hang thugc sd hihi nha nudc cda Trung Qufic, co
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 02(126) thang 2/2016 39
Nguyen Xuan Bach Dau t u nUdc ngoai cua Trung Quoc...
luc lugng lao ddng ky nang chi phi re, cd kha nang ti6p can dugc cac ngudn nguyen lieu xay dung gia re thdng qua cac chudi eung ling tir Trung Qudc, duge sir ho trg chinh trj rdt dk lire tir chinh phu Trung Qude thdng qua cac dai su quan va cac thuang vu ciia ho tai cac nudc chau Phi.
Cac tap doan nay cd nang lire dhu tu va kinh doanh tren nhidu ITnh vuc khae nhau, thudng tap trung vao cac du an quy md ldn d chau Phi va duge cac nha cam quyen cua chinh phu cac nude chau Phi hudng iing do nhiing lgi ich chinh tri ngoai giao ma Trung Qudc mang lai. Ngoai cac SOEs, cac doanh nghiep tu nhan ciia Trung Qudc d ehau Phi d8u la cac nha cung ung, cac nha thiu phu cho cac doanh nghiep ldn ciia Trung Qudc tren dia ban chau luc Den.
Ddu tu nudc ngoai ciia Trung Qudc tai chau Phi mang dac trung bdi viee su dung so lugng ldn cdng nhan ngudi Trung Qudc.
Day la mdi quan tam rat ldn ddi vdi cac nudc chau Phi, bdi hau het cac nudc chau Phi deu hy vong dau tu ciia Trung Qudc vao dat nudc hp ngoai viec khai thac tai nguyen se tao them nhieu viec lam cho ngudi chau Phi vdn dang bj thieu viec lam tram trgng. Ngay cang nhieu cac du an dau tu nudc ngoai cua Trung Qudc su dung lao ddng ngudi Trung Qudc, khien cac nha dau tu ngudi Trung Qudc bi chi trich nang ne.
Viec dua ngudi Trung Qudc sang chau Phi lam viee trong cac du an dau tu va xuat nhap khau da cho thay Trung Qudc dang chuan hi ngudn nhan luc cho cdng cudc lam an kinh te cua Trung Qude d chau luc nay ve ca ngan han va dai han. Day cd the dugc coi la mot lan sdng di dan ki6u mdi ciia Trung Qudc sang lam an va sinh sdng d cac nude chau Phi.
ChU thich:
' Ofodile, U (2013), Africa-China Bilateral Investment Treaties: A Critique, Michigan Joumal of International Law 35(1): 131-211,
^ Lauren A.Johston, Cheng Yuan (2014), China's Africa trade and investment policies:
review of a "Noodle Bowl". African East - Asian Affair, The China Monitor, Issue 4, December.
•* Ng'wanakilala. F. (2013), Tanzania signs port deal with China Merchant Holdings, Reuters. 30 May http ://en.afri catime.com/namibie/db/tanzaniasi
gns-port-deal-china-merchants-holdings. [5 November 2013].
Ventures Africa (2014), Chinese Group to Invest Over $2bn in Ghana Industrial Park, Ventures Africa, January http://www.venturesafrica.com/2014/01 /chines e-group-to-invest-over-2b-in-ghana- industrialpark.[13 April 2014].
^ State Council, The People's Republic of China (2013), White paper: China-Africa economic and trade cooperation, Beijing.
Xinhua, August.
^ Trywell Kalusopa (2014), Labour relations in the context Chinese investments in Africa: lessons and prospects, The ILERA Africa 7 regional congress, Botswana.
' Mary Francoise Renard (2011), China's trade and FDI in Africa, AfDB, Working paper. No 126, May.
^ Larry Hanauer, Lyle J.Morris (2014), Chinese engagement in Africa: drivers, reactions, and implications for US policy, RAND Corporation.
^ Mistry of energy presentation on "Sudan - China 50 years of cooperation, Khartoum 2009, Sudan.
"^ Mistry of energy presentation on "Sudan - China 50 years of cooperation, Khartoum 2009, Sudan.
" Helen Lei Sun (2011), Understanding China's agricultural investments in Africa, Occational paper No 102.
40^ Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG » 6 N G SO 02(126) thang 2/2016
