^ NHlNRATH^GKSn
Di Cir quoc te: Thach thiire
trong van tfe an sinh, nhan dao
OiNH HUNG*
tb
KetHkbi chu nghia tuban hinh thanh va qua trinh khai thac, bde lot cac ._upc dia dien ra (tvt khoang theky XVI - XVII) din nay, di cU quoc ti trd tbanb mgt hien tUdngxa hgi, gin Uin vdi qua trinh phat trien cua loai ngUdi.
Ben canh nhiingyeu to'tich q^Uc, nhU tai phan bo cac nguon liic, tao diiu kiin thu&n ldi cho phan cong lao dgng tren toan ciu, di cU qudc te gay ra nhiiu thach thUc doi vdi cgng dong qudc tetmng vin dinhan dao, bao dam quyin con ngUdi, nhat la trong xu the toan cSu bda dang phat triin manh m e . f c
Ding ngUdi di cU ithong lo Trong lich sU, di cU quoc te lft mpt vft'n de mang tfnh xa bfii sftu s i c ; eo nhflng giai doan, di cU qufic te cdn mang y nghia tfch cue nhft't dinh.
NgUdi dftn di eU tfl nudc nay sang nUdc khae lft mot dftc (Ulm ldn trong ddi song quoc te. dftc biet khi viee di chuyen bfing cftc phUdng tien giao thfing da trd nen thuftn ldi, nhanh chfing vfi de dfing hdn.
TrUdc dfty, sau khi phat hien ra ehfiu My, nhflng Iftn song ngUdi chftu Au dft tran sang lyc dia nfiy vft d i n trd thanh nhflng "ong chu" cua vimg dft't mdi. Hdp chung qudc Hoa Ky la mpt bftng chflng diin hinh nhft't cua lich sU di eU quoi; te. Da sd ngudi ,Anh,
ngfidi Ai-len, ngudi Dfic,...
vUdt Dai Tay DUdng s a n g dinh eU d Bfic My. Con ngudi Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha,...
sang chiem linh cac vung dft't Nam My - ndi mft ngfty nay tieng Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dfto Nha lft ngon ngfl ehinh thfic ciia hp, nhu Bra-xin, Ae-hen- ti-na, Me-hi-c6, Pe-ru, Ve- ne-xu-e-la, Cu-ba... Tai day, nhflng ngUdi di cU gdp p h i n xay dfing nen nhflng vflng dfi't, nhiing qufi'c gia tru phu va phat trien, tao nen nhflng cpng ddng da vfin hda, da sfie tpc, lam phong phu them cupc sfi'ng cua nhftn loai. Nguyen Tfing Thu ky Lien hpp quoc Co-phi An-nan tUng n h a n manh: "Neu cfi chinh sach dung dfin. ngUdi di cU se mang
lai nhie'u ldi fch eho ea nhflng nude hp rdi di vft nUdc t i i p nhftn".
Tuy nhien trong bfil canh the gidi hien nay, khi mfi cae ngudn lfic tai nguyen thien nhien danh eho sfi phat trien, n h u dft't dai, d i u mo, than da, khoang san,,,, ngay cftng han hep; kinh te' tri thfic dupc d l eao, ngUdi lao dpng d ckc niidc phftt t r i l n e i n ed nhflng tieu chuftn, t r i n h dp nhft't dinh, khong phai ai cung c6 cd hfii de di eU de'n nhflng nudc nfty.
Trai lai, dong ngudi di eU khdng Id trong nhflng nftm g i n day lfi gfin liln vdi chidn tranh, xung dot d cac quoc gia ma hp ra di.
* B6 t'onir an
Tap ctii Cong iim [Chuyen de cO sg
I CI*rtHMi|i lilt Kc p i i . nail, intaBiilMiiiiijlMi^liM«dWi^HiB«ni«iifa tiii »«•<» :
Tfaeo s.') Ueu thdng ke eua cac td chuc (]uan ly v l vfin de di cu quoic te, trong n&m 2015.
the gidi chimg kien eon so' ky Itic: tren 40 trieu ngUdi (U cU vi chidn tranh. xung dot, thien tai, trong so dd l& ngUdi dan d cic nfldc Xy-ri. Y-e-men vft I-rftc. N6i each khfic, n&m 2015. mdi ngfty cd khoang 66.000 ngudi phai rdi bo nfaft CUa dl chfy trfin nhiing nguy h^m do chidn tranh. bf o Itlc, tfaien tai. Trong dd, chidn tranfa vft bfo lfic lft nfaiing nguydn nhftn chti yeu.
Dfc bift, (U cu chay trdn diidn tranh cfing ofi xu hudng
tang tdic khi xay ra Iftn song
"Mua xuftn A-r&p' d Trung Dong - Bfte Phi, ciing nbu sfi
"trdi d&y^ cita Td chfie Nhft nude Hdi giao (LS) tu xUng, gfty ra chien tranh. xung dot, bao lUc khip khu vile. Xy-ri, Y-e-men, l-rftc lft nhiing qudc gia chiem phan niia sd ngudi phai rdi bd nhft cfia d l chfy trdn cftc cudc chien tranh trong nfim 2015. Tiip de'n la ngudi dan mdt so nUdc khae ciing dang c6 xung dot tren lanh thd, nhU Ap-ga-ni-xtan.
Trung Phi. Cd-ldm-bi-a, .Ni- gie-ri-a. Nam Xu-dfing vfi U-crai-na. Tinh hinfa cd ve
khdng thay dfii trong nhflng nfim g i n dfty khi cftc nude, nhu Trung Phi, C6-16m-bi-a, l-rfic vft Nam Xu-dfing,...
ehua bao gid ra khdi danh sach 10 nudc cfi sfi' ngudi di eU ldn ke tU nfim 2003.
Khae biet van hoa va thim lioa nlian dao
Ddng ngUdi di cU khdng Id trong nhflng nfim g i n day trd thfinh vft'n de dudc ca the gidi quan tam, theo ddi do nhfing he qua mft nd gfty ra khdng chi anh hudng den mpt qudic gia, khu vtic mft dft trd tfaftnh vfin de toan ciu.
^ ^ / N H I N RA THi Gidn
Mgt la. tfl phfa nhiing ngudi di eU, dd lft nhflng t h a c h thfic t r o n g vftn d l nhftn dao. Tren con dudng di cu, nhieu ngudi da khdng bao gid cfi ed hpi dupe dftt chan de'n m i l n dft't mdi khi phai bd mang tren dudng ii.
Trong bfto efto cdng bd' ngfty 2-8-2016, Td chfle Di cU qufiic te (lOM) eho bie't, t r o n g 7 thftng dau nfim 2016, da cfi 4.027 ngUdi di eU thiet mang tren toftn the gidi, tfing 26°b so vdi con so cung ky nftm ngofii. Theo lOM, con so tren gdm nhflng trUdng hdp thiet mfng khi dang vUdt bien Dia Trung Hai de sang eh&u Au, nhiing ngUdi thiet mang d khu vfic Bftc Phi, vft nhflng ngUdi di eU hi sat hfi tai bien gidi Thfi' Nhi Ky Xy-ri.
Trong so' nfty, lupng ngudi di ei( thiet mang tren bien Dia T r u n g Hai chiem phftn ldn vdi 3.120 ngUdi.
Ben canh vide phai hfing chiu day bfi't trfic nguy hiem de'n t i n h m a n g t r e n con dUdng tdi nhflng "miln dfi't hfia", mpt khi nhflng ngUdi di eU deh dupe "ben do tfm thdi"
la quoic gia ho can, nhieu vfi'n de khae dupc dftt ra eho ca ban thftn va gia dinh hp - dd lft nhflng khfi kfaftn trong cupc song do nhflng yeu to', n h u sfi phan biet dfil xU. sfi chenh lech v l t r i n h dd d&n
tri. sfi khfte biet ve vfin hda, xa hpi... Ddn cfi nhU, viee tim ehd d, vide lam, chfi hpc tftp, bao d a m t h u nhftp,... lft nhiing bai toan d i y nan giai dftt r a dfil vdi ngUdi nhftp cU.
Hp phai sdng trong nhflng trai ti nan dUpc dfing tam cho nhflng ngUdi nhap cU vdi difi'u kien sfi'ng day thie'u thfin, khd khftn. Nhiing rfto can ve ngfin ngfl, vftn hfia khien hp khd cfi the hda nhfip vfio xa hpi sd tai. Thftm chf, hp luon phai song trong tam trang sd hai.
Tom lai, nhieu ngUdi trong sfi' nhflng ngUdi di eU chi biet lftm sao trfin chay que hUdng dang chim trong chien tranh, chfl cung khfing bie't con dudng sfip tdi, tUdng lai roi se ra sao.
Hai Ik, tfl goc dp cila nudc tiep nhfin. trudc lan song ngUdi di cU 6 at mang theo nhieu su khae biet ve nhftn thfic, tfin gifto vft vftn hoa, xa hpi, cae nU6c tiep nhfin di cU nhu Lien minh chau Au (EU) cung chiu thftcb thfic nghiem trpng. Tftm ly bai ngoai, chfing ngUdi di cU,... dang co xu hudng gia tfing b nhieu nude EU. Theo gidi phftn tieh, EU da khdng dupc chuftn bi v l mftt vfin hda cho cac bien ddng da chiing tdc. Day deu lft nhflng m i m mdng gfty ra xung dot xft hfii. Cac cupc xung dot, khung bd, tft'n cfing
tda soan bfto... xay r a d mdt so' nude chau Au. n h u Phftp, D a n Mfch,... t r o n g vai nfim gan dfty p h i n ldn do t h a n h thie'u nien nhftp cU chil yeu la ngUdi A-rftp vft ngfidi c h a u Phi gay ra, vi bft't binh vdi sfi p h a n biet dfil xii vft mfic sd'ng thft'p nen da nfii len p h a n khang, gay ra t i n h t r a n g bft't dn v l an ninh.
O My, cftc cupc bieu tinh r i m rd len den hftng nghin ngUdi trong nhieu nftm qua mft p h i n ldn la ngUdi nhftp cU ddi phai bao dam quydn ldi eho hp, ciing da lftm r u n g ddng nudc nay. De ngftn chfin tinh trang nhftp eU trai phdp, chfnh quydn My da quyet dinh xay bfic tUdng bien gidi dfti hang tram ki-16-met gifla nude nfty vdi Me-hi-ed, gfiy bfi't binh eho ngUdi Me-hi-c6 vft lfim hoen 6 hinh anh mpt nUdc My "tu do"...
Dang chu y nhft't lft d chau Au khi vft'n de nhftp eU da gay ra n h i l u cupc t r a n h cai gay g i t d h i u he't cac nude EU, nhu Dfic, 1-ta-li-a, Hy Lap,...
ndi rieng vft ca khdi EU noi cfaung vi nhflng tac dpng phflc tfp, nhieu mfit, tU an ninh de'n xa hpi do vft'n de nhftp cu gfty ra. Day cung dudc xem lfi mot trong nhUng nguyen nfaan quan trpng tac dpng de'n quyet dinh rdi khoi EU eua nudc Anh.
Tao cfn Cong l a n |Chuyen de co so
Ba Ii, tfl gdc dp cpng ddng quoi: te, do lft nhflng thach thfic dfit ra doi vdi vide dat dupe cac Myc tieu Phat trien Thien nien ky, trong vide khfic phyc cac tham hpa nhan dao, ngfin ngfla chien t r a n h va gia gin hfia binh tren the gidi... Mpt khi the' gidi vftn con ton tai ehilh tranh, xung dot, ddng ngUdi di eU vftn phai "dd deh" nhiing quoc gia an toan hdn; tinh trang bft't binh dftng, nhflng tham hpa nhftn dao quy mfi ldn se vftn khfi trftnh khoi, nhflng muc tieu eao dep mft epng ddng quoic te d l ra v l thfic hien cftc Muc tieu Thien nien ky, nhu xoa doi, giam ngheo, phftt trien ben vflng... se khfing biet bao gid mdi dat dupe.
.Nhfing ban tin thdi sU hfing ngfiy v l tham hpa nhan dao xay ra vdi ngUdi di cu d cftc khu vUc tren the gidi chftc chfin khien n h i l u ngUdi khdng khoi chanh long vi bie't rfing ngheo dfii, b a t binh dfing. chien t r a n h xung dot vfin la nhiing vfi'n nan mfi the' gidi the ky XXI vftn ehua thfi giai quydt.
Vai trb cua Uen hop quoc Du nhieu no lUc dUdc thfic hien. song cpng ddng quoc te vftn chua dua ra dupe nhflng bien phftp hieu qua tnidc lan sdng ngUdi di cu vfi ti nan 6 eit,
dftn de'n hau qua lft tinh trang nfiy edn tiep then hoac thfim chf cd the cdn tram trpng hdn do nhiing van di, n h u xung dot, ngheo ddi vft thien tai gfty ra. Chlnh vi vay, tim phUdng thfic giai quyet vail de tU dan, sao eho ngUdi (U eU dupe bao dam an toftn, dUpc dap fing eae quyin tdi thieu mft khong lam xao trpn, anh hUdng deh an ninh, an toan, t r a t tfi xa hfii d nhflng qufic gia tiep nhftn, lft bfti toan mft epng dong qudc te'phai dat ra nhftm dfil phfi vdi vft'n de (U eU qufic te hifin nay.
Trong vft'n de nfty. Lien hpp qufic - td chfie lien chfnh phii ldn nhft't h a n h tinh ed vai tro va sfi menh bet sflc q u a n trpng. Mdi day. Lien hpp qufi'c da ii xuft't ke' hoach "Hiep udc toan c i u ve chia se trach nhiem", nhfim giai quyet cupc khung hoang di cu va ngUdi ti nan, dupc cho lft ldn nhfi't ke tfl Chien t r a n h t h e gidi thfl hai tdi nay, theo dd se tai dinh eu cho it nhfi't 10% sd ngUdi ti nan moi nftm vft yeu cau cftc nudc md cUa bien gidi don nhflng ngUdi ti nan, di cU tU cae kfau vfic chien t r a n h vft tham hpa.
Tdng Thu ky Lien hdp quoc Ban Ki Mun keu gpi i^c quoic gia thong qua mot hiep u6c ehia se trfich nhiem tren toftn c i u nhftm cung chung tay
gop sflc bao dam quyen eon ngUdi, sfi an toftn vft p h a m gift cho ta't ea nhflng ngUdi ti n a n va nhfip eU. Theo fing Ban Ki Mun, cftc qufi'c gia t h a n h vien Lien hpp quo'e can phai giai quyfi't nhflng van de goc re cUa hien tUdng di dan d at, bao ve ngUdi di eU dang mfic k e t t a i cac v u n g bien gidi, n g a n c h a n t i n h t r a n g p h a n biet dfil xtl doi vdi ngUdi di eU, ddng thdi tao dieu kien de hp hda n h a p vdi cpng ddng mdi. Ong Ban Ki M u n ciing keu gpi tiing qufic gia xem xet de ra mot khuon kho' hpp tac qud'e te'eho van de ngUdi di cU dudi hinh thflc mpt hiep dinh toan eau, nhftm bao dam sU an toftn va t i n h t r a t tfi cho cac cufic di cU, ddng thdi td chfle mpt hpi nghi lien chinh phii ve van de di cU qufi'c te vfto nam 2018 de thong qua hiep dinh nay.
Nhflng no lUe cita cpng dong qudc te da dUde thfic hien tai hpi nghi cfip cao eua Dai hpi dong Lien hdp qufi'c l i n thfl 71 thao luan ve t i n h t r a n g di eU vft ti n a n d at, dupc td chfle vfto ngfty 19-9- 2016. Day chfnh lfi "cd hpi dftc bift" de efte nhft lanh dao the gidi cUng cd vft thuc thi nhflng k h u d n kho hien cd, cung n h u nhft't t r i nhflng each tie'p cftn mdi de giai quyet vft'n de nay. Ket qua lft.
NHlNRATH^GICyi
l a n h dfo 193 nude t h a n h vien Lien hpp qudc da ddng long thfing qua Tuyen bfi Niu 06c v l vft'n de ngUdi (U eU vfi ngUdi ti n a n , nhfim giai quyet cupc k h i i n g h o a n g dupe dftnh gift lft t r a m trpng nhft't ke tfl sau Chien t r a n h t h e gidi thfi h a i , trong do dUa ra ke' hoach ddng bfi d l Ung pho k h u n g hoang. tfo d i l u kien gifto due tot hdn eho tre em ti nan, cai thien cd hpi lftm viec eho ngudi ti nan; dong thdi vfch ra ke hoach ve chien dieh chfing tu tUdng bfti ngoai. Tfing T h u ky Lien hpp quoc Ban Ki Mun nhfi'n m a n h , viec r a tuyen bfi ehung lan nfty eho thft'y mfit budc dot pha trong nfi lfic t a p t h e nhftm giai quyet nhflng thach thfic ve sfi di cU ciia eon ngudi.
Cung vdi tuyen bd' tren, nfailu qufi'c gia cung n h a n h chong len tieng gop sfie de giai quyet cupc khiing hoang ti nan nfiy. Thu tfidng Nhfit Ban Sin-do A-be cho biet.
Nhft Ban se cung cft'p '2.>^ ty USD trong vdng 3 nftm (bat dau tfl nfim 2016), cdn Thii tudng Trung Qufic cam k i t gdp them 100 trieu USD. de chung tay ung phfi vdi cudc khung hoang di cU. Mot so nude, nhu Anh, Thuy Dien vft nhieu nude khfte cung cfi nhiing cam ket v l tai chfnh
nhftm chung tay dfil phd vdi cupc khiing hoang nay.
Tuy nhien, tuyen bo ehinh t r i eung nhflng khoan tfti chfnh dong gop dUdng nhU chua dti cho mdt giai phftp tofin dien, lau dfii doi vdi van d l di cu qufiic te, De co t h e giai quyet tinh t r a n g di eU qufiic te, bao dam quyen cho ngUdi di eU cung nhU giai quylt nhflng thach thfic ve di eU dfil vdi nUdc tiep nhftn.
Lien hpp quoc cftn the hien ro hdn vai trd ciia minh trong viee giai quyet nhflng nguyen nhftn gfty ra vft'n de di cU, cung nhu nhflng thach thfic do vft'n d l nfty gay ra.
Thd nhi'i't. Lien hpp qufi'c mfi eu the la Hpi dong Bao an can lftm tot hdn vai tro eua minh nhU dUpe quy dinh trong Hien ehUdng Lien hpp qufic, do la gifl gin hoa binh, an ninh tren the gidi. Dfil vdi cftc cupc xung dot cl Trung Dfing, Bfic Phi va nhieu ndi khae tren t h e gidi, ndi cac phe phai tranh gianh quyen lfic cdn ngUdi dan la n a n n h a n vd tfii, phai trfin chay bao luc c i n phai ed sfi can thiep giai quyet ciia Hoi dong Bao an nhftm chftm dfit chien tranh, bao dam hda binh mot each triet de. Day se la dong gop cd y nghia ldn nhat ciia Lien hpp quoc dfil vdi hda binh, an ninh qufi'c te.
Thd hai cac ngudn lfic cua Lien hpp qufi'c can dUdc t a p t r u n g h d n cho cac nildc ngheo. dang pfaat trien. giup ngfidi dan cac nUdc nay bao d a m nhflng n h u c i u cupc song thiet yeu, nhU nU6e sfch, ve sinh, y te. lUdng t h f i c , Ro rftng, eho du edn nhieu khd khftn nhUng ehfte c h i n khfing ai lai mufi'n rdi bd nhft eUa, qut> hfidng r a di ndu n h u cufic song d q u e hUdng dupe bao dam.
Thu ba. Lien hpp quoi: d n khuyeh khich cac qufi'c gia p h a t trien ddng gdp t r a c h nhiem ldn hdn trong viec giai quyet tinh trang ngUdi di cU bftng eftch md rpng hdn eanh cfia bien gidi vft no lfic hdn de tao dieu kifn eho ngUdi nhftp cfi on dinh cufic sfi'ng, t r a n h tinh trang ngUdi nhftp eu phai dfing ben le' xft hpi, hi ngftn can bdi nhflng bfic tfidng, hftng rfto eao ngft't mft eae quoc gia tien tie'n Iftp ra nhfim ngfin can nhflng ngUdi khdn cung khi hp tim dfldng song.
Cd the ndi, Tuyen bfi' Niu Ofic ve giai quyet vft'n de di eU qufiic td vfla qua lft mpt cam ke't ehinh tri ldn eua Lien hdp qufi'c, song cac nude cung nhftn thfic ro dfiy lft mpt "cupc chidn" Iftu dai vft cpng ddng qufiic te mft "dftu tftu" lfi Lien hpp qufiic c i n dong vai tro ldn hdn trong "cupc ehie'n" nav I 96 I Sdl18
