LICH SU - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
^i DICU KI€N BCN NGOdi CUA HOP TflIC QUOC TC'
Hoang Khac Nam
Tom tat: Tren thuc le, quan he qudc le ndi chung, hap tdc qudc te ndi rieng dien ra trong moi truang quoc te von gdm nhieu qudc gia, da linh vuc vd lam vdn de nen chiu rdi nhieu tdc ddng tic ben ngodi Quan he qudc te cdng phdt trien, cdc quoc gia cdng md cua, tdc ddng tic ben ngodi idi hap ldc qudc te cdng manh Vi the, cdc dieu kien ben ngodi ngdy eang cd dnh huong den hap tdc qudc te. Chung ldc dong den cd dpng ca, lien trinh vd kil qud cita hap tdc qudc te Vi the. viec tim hieu cdc dieu kien ben ngodi Id cdn thiet trong nghien cuu hap tdc quoc te.
Tix khoa: hap tdc quoc te, quan he quoc te, dieu hen hap tdc, he thdng, chu thi, lai ich quoc gia
Tir thap nien 1970, ttong boi canh ndi len cua Chii nghia Tu do Mdi, viec nghien edu ve cac dieu kien ciia hgp tac qudc te mdi bat dau dugc ehii y den. Co the ke din mgt sd cdng trinh ban ve chii de nay nhu
"Cooperation" Gerald Marwell and David Schmitt, 1975), "Cooperation under the Security Dilemma'" (Robert Jervis, 1978),
"After Hegemony (Robert Keohan, 1984), "International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs'' (Charles Lipson, 1984),
"Cooperation under Anarchy' (Kenneth A.
Dye edit, 1986), "Cooperation among Nations'" (Joseph Grieco, 1990),
"International Theories of Cooperation Among Nations, Strengths and Weaknesses"
(Helen Milner, 1992),...
Dang ehu y, eac nghien cuu khi do tap ttung kha nhieu vao cac dieu kien ben ngoai.
Do da phan cac nghien cuu nay dya tten each tiep can phan tich cap do he thong hoac sd dung ly thuyet iro chai ciing tren cap dp he thong ma Helen Milner da ggi chiing la nhung dieu kien ciia he thong quoc t^
{International System Conditions)^. Tuy
* f . ^ ? ' ^^: ' ^ ' y ° ^ § ^ ? ' ^^^ Y^^^ ^9*^ X^ 1 Helen Milner (1992), "Imemational Theories of hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ngi Cooperation Among Nations, Strengths and
^ihi. iuin. AeM ngjoai,,. 51
nhidn, theo chung tdi, trong sd cac dieu kipn nay, cd cai lien quan den he thdng qudc te, cd cai khdng, ed cai thude ve ben ngodi cac chu the, cd ,cdi thugc ve bdn trong. Khdng nhung the, cdc dieu kien de cap den cung ehua du^. Do vgy, chung tdi se tien hdnh sdp xip Igi, bo sung cung nhu cd gang dua them nhung dilu kidn vd cac lugn giai mdi. Bai vilt ndy se xem xet cac dieu kien bdn ngodi.
1. Sv bat doi xirng quyen luc Hgp tac qude te tiong su bat ddi xung quyIn luc la sy hgp tac giua nhung nude ed sue mgnh/quyen lye chenh lech nhau d muc dang ke. Do cdc qudc gia tien the gidi ed vi the rat khdc nhau, ndn tinh ttang hgp tac kieu nay dien ra rit phd bien. Su bat ddi xung quyen lyc cd tac dgng khdng nhd den hgp tac qude te nen dugc coi nhu mgt dieu kien quan ttpng. Ve tac dgng nay, cd hai ludng quan diem khac nhau.
Quan diem thu nhat cho rang bat ddi xdng quyen luc dem lai tac ddng thuan lgi cho hgp tac qudc te. Di theo quan diem nay ndi bat nhdt la Thuyet On dinh Ba quyen {Hegemonic Stability Theory). Th eo thuyet nay, cac nude Idn cd kha nang loi keo hoac tham chi la dp dat nen hgp tac qudc te de dat
Weaknesses", World Politics, Volume 44, Issue 3, April, p. 488.
Helen Milner da tong ket ve 6 dieu kien tir he thong qu6c te dugc cac hoc gia dua ra bao gfim: 1/ Lgi ich tuy?t d6i, lgi fch tuong doi v^ sy c6 di c6 lai; 2/ S6 lugng chu thi; 3/ S\r lap di lap lai; 4/ Cnk dg quoc te;
5/ Cgng d6ng nh^n thiic luan; 6/ S\r bit d6i xung quy£n lirc.(Xe m Helen Milner (1992), tldd).
dugc hon. Hgp tac qudc te se dn dinh ban neu cd td chdc, cd lanh dao va dd chinh la vai tid cua nude Idn. Cdc nude Idn cd kha nang dua ra cac lugt choi va lam cho chiing cd hipu lye, ^ u p hgp tac van hanh cd tidt tu ban. Do vi the Idn hon, nen eac nude nay se cd lgi nhieu ban ttong hgp tac vdi cac nude nhd vd vi the se mong mudn duy tn hgp tdc.
Trong khi dd, cac nude nhd tham gia hgp tac dudi sy lanh dao cua nude Idn thi ciing dugc lgi tu gia tri bd sung do cac nude Idn cd nhieu thu ma cac nude nhd rit cin. Ca Grieco vd Haas deu cho rang cac nude nhd deu gianh dugc nhung dieu khoan cd lgi ttong hgp tac vdi nude Idn"'. Cac nude Idn cd the nhudng bdt lgi ich cho cac nude nhd de loi keo nham tap hgp lye lugng, tgo long tin va dan tao lap duge su phu thugc, nhim tao dieu kien hgp tac lau dai. Cac nude nhd do lo ngai bi ttd diia va mat nhieu ban ttong quan he vdi nude Idn nen ciing it ddm bd cugc hay Ida ddi ban. Nhd the, hgp tac qudc te giiia cac nude Idn va nude nhd da va dang diln ra tten khap the gidi. Va khdng it trudng hgp, cac nude nhd chgn lya uu tidn hgp tac vdi cac nude Idn ban la giiia cac nude nhd vdi nhau. Thue te lich su quan he qudc te hien dgi da cho thay, hau het cac nude nhd diu cd hgp tac vdi cac nude Idn nao dd. Ngay ttong mdt td chuc khu vyc gdm toan cae nude vda va nhd nhu ASEAN cung cd quan he hgp tac vdi hau het cac nude Idn tten thi gidi.
' Helen Milner (1992), tldd, p. 480.
52 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 1 {194).2016
Quan diem ngugc lai cho rang su bat doi xdng quyen luc khdng phai la dieu kien thuan lgi eho hgp tac quoc te. Thic nhdt, tac dgng tao su phan hda. Cho dii ca hai ben eung CO igi song viec nude Idn vdn da manh lai thu lgi nhieu hem cac nuac nho se dan den su phan hda ngay eang sau sac giua chiing.
Cac nude nhd se mac ket d tang dudi va khd cd eo hgi dat dugc vi tn' cao hon. Chae chan do khdng phai la ket cue mong muon ciia eac nude nhd trong hgp tac vdi nude Idn. Thic hai, nguy co phu thugc bat tuang xiing ngay eang cao giua nude Idn va nude nhd se dan den sy phu thugc mgt chieu. Su phu thugc nay se de dga tdi doe lap va chu quyen cua cac nude nhd. Dieu nay se ludn tao su nghi ngai tu phia cac nude nhd, lam giam y chi hgp tac cua hg. Thic ba, nam quyen luc chi phdi trong tay, khong loai trd cac nude Idn se lam dung quyen luc de lan toi, ep bugc nhieu hon, thay doi luat ehoi theo hudng ngay eang eo lgi cho minh. Dd la chua ke tien le lich su da khong it lan xay ra Irudng hgp nude Idn "bo roi" hoac "ban dung" cac nude nho. Rd rang, cae nude nho khd dat het niem tin de theo dudi hop tac lau dai vdi cac nude Idn. Cudi ciing, cae nude Idn kha khac nhau, khong phai nude Idn nao cung co y chi tuan thu earn ket vdi eac nude nho giong nhau, khong phai nude Idn nao ciing hao phong nhudng nhung nhung dilu khoan co lgi cho cac nude nho nhu nhau. Vi thi, quan diem cua Thuyet On dinh ba quyIn khong
han ed gia tti phd quat, tue la khdng diing trong mgi trudng hgp. Tdt ea nhiing dilu tten deu tac ddng khdng thuan lgi tdi y ehi va kha nang hgp tac quoc te cua cae nude nhd.
Ca hai quan diem nay deu cd kha nang xay ra trong thyc tiln. Tham ehi, chung con cd the ton tai ddng thdi hoac ttong tung giai doan khac nhau cua mgt mdi hgp tac. Tac dgng cua chung la khdng nhd, dae biet dii vdi cac nude nhd. Va day la dieu cac nuctc nho luon phai tinh den ttong bgp tac vcri nude Idn.
2. So lirgng chu the tham gia hgp tac quoc te
Dieu kien nay duge xay dung dua tten mdi quan he giiia lugng va chit. Theo do, s6 lugng chii the ed anh hudng din su thuan lgi ciia hgp tac qudc te va ddng vai ttd nhu dieu kien cau tnic cua he thdng quoc tl. Tuy nhien, trong dieu kien nay ciing ed hai quan diem khac nhau.
Quan diem thu nhat cho rang "trien vong cua hap tdc gidm di khi sd luong ngudi chai tdng len"'*. Nhiing ngudi theo quan diem nay lap luan rang eang ddng chii the.
eang lam sy da dang va td dd la eang kho co Igi ich chung va hanh dgng chimg. Dong thdi, so lugng chii tiie ddng thi nguy eo bo cugc, dao ngii lai eang cao va se dan den hgp
' Kenneth A Oyc edit (1986), Cooperation under
^narc/TV, Princeton University Press, Princeton p 18,
^UMJL kien. bin, ngMfol... 53
tdc khd dn dinh. Ngodi ra, de ddp dng dugc yeu ciu da dgng ciia ddng ddo chu thd, hgp tdc qudc te thudng phai long leo, chung chung, hinh thuc vd nhu thd tin khd dem lai nhdng ket qud thyc chat. Cd the thay rd tinh trang nay Id rat phd bien ttong cdc co ehl hgp tac da phuong ddng thdnh vien tii Hdi (Julc hen, Lidn hgp quoc, Phong trao Khdng hen kit din cac hgp tdc khu vuc nhu AU, OAS, OSCE, APEC, ASEM,... Ben canh do, quan diem nay cung la mgt lap luan cho sy hgp tac giiia nam nude Idn ttong vide chdng phd bien vu khi hgt nh an khi cho rang it nude se dl thda thudn va kiem soat hem la nhieu nude.
(Juan diem ngugc lgi, nhu ciia Joseph Grieco^, cho rang "cdc quoc gia se thich nhieu ddi tdc han vi sd luong Idn hon se giup ndng cao viec cd the dgt duac cdc lai ich tuong ddi". Hay Snidal cho rang "cdng nhieu ngudi choi cdng ndng cao khd ndng bdo ve minh thong qua viec lap lien minh, vd ndi chung, ke thii cdng khd thdng nhdt thi minh cdng an todn han "*. Nhiing ly do khae cho quan diem nay Id sd lugng ddng giup de dat dugc mdt thda thuan can bang hon, cd nhiSu CO hpi trao ddi ban, de ed sy ung hd tu eac nude thanh vien khac hon, kha nang bi liia ddi it hon,... Mdt Iy do khac nua la hien
Joseph Grieco (1990), Cooperation among Nations, Cornell Univereity Presss, Ilhaca New York, p. 228.
* Snidal, "Relative Gains and the Pattern of International Cooperation", American Politicai Science Review 85, September 1991, p. 716.
nay, can cd bgp tac ddng de ddi phd vdi cac van de chung cd tinh xuydn qudc gia dang ngdy cdng tang trong ddi sdng qudc te.
Nhiing ngudi theo quan d i ^ nay dua ra minh chung bdng sy hgp tdc da phuong quy md ddng chu the da tang len tu thdi can dai vd dang ngay cdng phat triln trong thdi hien dai d k h ^ mpi noi trdn tfal gidi, Idi cudn hau nhu tit cd eac nude tham gia vdi nhiing hgp tac cd d c%} do khu vyc va toan cau. Mdt lap ludn khac ddn tu gdc dp tap hgp lyc lugng cua cae nude Idn khi cho ring cdng Idi keo dugc nhieu nude tham gia, co hpi (» them ddng minh hoac md rgng khu vyc dnh hudng cua cac nude Idn se ngdy cdng IOIL
Thyc ra, sd lugng nhieu hay it chu the hgp tac qudc te deu cd tinh hai mat Tinh hai mat nay dugc the hien rd ttong nhiing thuan lgi va khd khan ed trong ca hgp tdc song phuong lan da phuong. Sd lugng it khd md rgng hgp tac. Sd lugng ddng, nhu Helen Milner da chi ra, chua chic da tgo ra dieu kien can true ma cd the xay ra tinh ttang chia re va loi keo . Do cac nude cd quy mo, anh hudng va vi the khdng giong nhau, cac nude de ed xu hudng chia thanh cac ddi tugng dam phan khae nhau. Day la each cac nude hay lam khi dam phan gia nMp WTO chdng hgn. Dd la chua ke den kha nang hinh thanh cac nhdm ngay ttong sd cac ddi tac. APEC da tung nhu vay ttong quan diem vl ty do
' Helen Milner (1992), p. 474.
54 NGHIEN CCru CHAU Au - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N**11 (194).2016 hda thuong mgi khi chia thdnh hai nhdm
gdm cac nude chdu A mdt bdn va My cung mdt sd nude khdc ben kia. Ngay mgt td chdc khd chat che nhu EU cung cd su phdn nhdm nhit dinh giiia cdc nude Tay Au vd Ddng Au mdi gia nhgp sau ndy. Nhiing bat ddng ttong vipc xu ly khiing hodng di cu ndm 2015- 2016 la mpt vi dy. Nhu vay, dd tdc ddng khdng phdi Id qua Idn nhung sd lugng chd the ciing nen dugc tinh nhu dieu kien bdi nd cd anh hudng it nhieu den hgp tac quoc te.
3. Luat le trong quan he quoc te Luat le d ddy chinh Id luat phdp qude te vd cac chuan myc ttong quan he quoc tl.
Chiing bao gdm cdc didu luat, quy dinh, nguydn tdc, thdng le, thu tyc,... lien quan din viec ra quyet dinh va thyc thi chinh sdch doi ngoai ttong quan he qudc tl.
Vdi tu each la dieu kien, cdc lugt Ip cd mdt sd tac dgng tdi hgp tdc qudc tl nhu sau:
Thir nhdt, sy ton tai ciia lugt Ip quoc tl giup ban che tinh ttang vd ehinh phu, kilm ehl su ty tung ty tac cua qudc gia. Mdt mdi trudng qude te nhu vay se gdp phdn tao thugn lgi eho hgp tac qudc te; Thic hai, lugt le quoc tl lam tang tinh hieu lyc ciia cac thda thudn va cam ket, ban che su Ida ddi va bd cugc. Sy tuan thu giup tao long tin hoac it nhdt Id su yen tam ban cho hgp tac, tu dd gdp phin ndng cao y chi hgp tac; Thd ba, luat le qudc tl giup hudng sy hgp tac di theo khudn khd vd nguyen tac mdt each ed tidt ty. Dieu nay
gidp hgp tdc dS dugc duy tri vd cd tinh dn dinh hon; Thd tu, lugt Id qudc tl giup 1dm gidm chi phi giao dich vd thyc hien hgp tac cung nhu dem thdm thdng tin vl hanh vi vd khd ndng tudn tiiu cua moi ben cho nhau^
Nlu tilt ki^m dugc chi phi vd cd the dy bao dugc sy tudn thu, hgp tdc quoc tl rd rang la de dugc triln khai hon; Thd nam, luat 1£
quIc tl gidp gidi quylt tranh chip phdt smh, giup qud trinh hgp tdc de di duge din dich hon; Thie sdu, tudn thu lugt I§ qudc tl it nhat ciing dem lai dugc su iing hg, uy tin vd tinh chinh danh, tgo thudn lgi cho viec md rdng hgp tdc vdi cdc doi tdc khae. Nhu vgy, ca sau tdc d$ng tt6n deu dem lai sy thugn lgi hon viec tien hdnh hgp tdc quoc tl.
Tuy nhidn, cdng cd quan didm ngugc Ijii khdng ddnh gid cao vai tid cua lugt phap quIc tl dii vdi hgp tdc quIc tl. Theo quan diem ndy, lugt phdp quoc tl khdng cd bo mdy chi tdi ndn tinh hipu lyc kdm, hieu lyc kdm thi tdc dgng tdi quan hp quIc tl ndi chung, tiong dd cd hgp tac quie tl, cung kem. Ludt phdp quoc tl cdn thilu byt nhi6u vd Igi de "d^ng cham" tdi chu quyIn quflc gia nen lgi cdng khd phdt huy tdc dyng. M$t quan diem khdc lgi nhdn mgnh din nhdng tac ddng khdng cd lgi eua luat Ip quIc tl ddi vdi hgp tac quIc tl. Nhiing ngudi theo quan dilm ndy dua ra lgp ludn ring luat le qudc t£
chu ylu do cdc nude Idn 1dm ra vd duac
* Helen Milner (1992), tldd, p. 475.
f^iiu. kien. bin ngsaL.. 55 menh danh la cbimg. Ca dil tgo luat nhu v^y
s€ khidn lu$t le quIc cd lgi cho cdc nude nay nhieu hon nhiing nude khdc. Luat Ip khdng cdng bdng se dem lai kit qud hgp tdc khdng cdng bdng vd dnh hudng din ^ chi vd tiln trinh hpp tdc. Do vi thi ylu hon ndn cac nude nhd bugc phdi tudn theo. Dieu ndy lgi 1dm gidm tinh ty nguydn vin Id nguydn tic quan tigng dl duy tri hgp tdc on dinh Idu ddi.
Rd rdng, khdng phdl lii|it Ip quIc te ndo nao ciing diu iing hd bgp tdc quoc tl. Van tdn tgi khdng it n h ^ g lugt le cd lgi cho nude ndy nhung khdng cd lgi cho nude Ida vd dieu nay t ^ ddng khdng thudn cho hgp tac quoc tl.
Bat chip sy khdc biet quan dilm nhu vgy, tac ddng cd tinh hai mdt ndy cdng cho tiiiy vai ttd Id dilu kien cda ludt Id quIc tl dii vdi hgp tdc quIc tl. Du lugt le quoc te cd hieu lyc khdng cao nhung van cd tdc dyng dieu chinh quan he qudc te, tiong dd cd hgp tac quIe tl. Cdc quIc gia vin phM tinh den ludt le trong hgp tac quoc tl. Thyc tl dd eho thay vai'W dieu kien cda ludt Id dii vdi hgp tdc quoc te. Hgp tac qudc tl da phdt trien Idn ciing vdi sy tdng din cda ludt phdp vd chuin myc quIc tl. Trong thdi cgn dgi, khi ludt Id quIc tl chua rd rang, hgp tdc qudc tl khd manh miin vd chua phat triln. Din thdi hidn dai, khi ludt le quIc tl ngdy cdng cd cbS ddng tioi^ quan he quoc te, chiing ta ciing chiing kiln sy phat trien mgnh mS eiia hgp tdc qude tl nhu mdt xu hudng Idn tiong quan hd quIc tl. Ngugc lai, nhu ciu md rpng hgp
tdc qudc tl lgi din din yeu ciu phat triln ludt le quoc tl. Ngdy nay, hiu hit cdc hgp tdc quoc tl giiia cac chu thi quan h$ quIc tl deu dugc xdy dyng it nhieu dya ttdn cac quy dyih cda luat Id quoc tl. Chinh quan h$ cd tinh tuong h5 ndy dd gdp phin quy djidi vai trd dilu kidn cda lu^t Id quIc tl dii vdi hgp tac quIc tl. Cuoi cimg, nlu xem xet todn bO qud trinh cda lugt 1§ qudc tl, cung cd thi thay lugt 1^ qudc tl cd xu hudng ngdy cdng dan chd hon vd tao thugn lgi cho hgp tdc qudc td hon.
4. Cau true cua hp thong quoc te^
c i u true dugc binh thanh td sy phdn bo quyIn lyc trong quan hp quoc te. Cau tnic d day cd till dugc hinh dung nhu "sy sdp xep'*
hay "tidt tu" cda cac chd thi quan hp quIc t l tiong hp thdng. Ciu true tdc dpng tdi quan h$
qudc ^ tii vai trd cua cdc eye, tiie Id nhung cudng qudc Idn cung nhu quan h$ gida chung. c i u tide dugc cbo Id cd dnh hudng Idn din quan hd qudc tl khi ddng vai tid nhu phuong thdc s ^ xIp td chdc ttong hp thong qudc tl, qua vipc dinh ttinh cac ludt choi va nhiing quy d|nb vl hdnh vi di^ xd cua cdc chu the ttong hp thong quoc tl. Day la quan diem chiu dnh hudng nhat dinh cua Chu nghia Hipn thuc Mdi. Cho dd 1^ tiiuylt ndy khdng ddnh gid cao hgp tdc quIc tl nhung chung ta van cd thi ^ dyng cdch tilp can
' Do sy quan trpng \k ihxa anh hu6ng cua c^u tnic cho n€n t&c dQng tiT cau true dupe t&ch thdnh m$t d i ^ ki^n ri6ng.
56 NGHIEN cijru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° I I (I94).201«
cau tnjc cua n6 de tim hieu vai tro di^u ki6n cua ciu true ddi voi lipp t ^ quoc te.
C6 the thay ro tic dpng ciia cau tnic qua viec hpp tac quoc t^ s€ khdc nhau trong nhiSng cau true kliac nhau. Trong ciu tnic dofn c^c, hgtp tac qu6c te sS thuan lgi hon n^u phii hgrp voi loi ich vh lu^t choi cua bd chii.
Sic hiit hpp tac voi hi chii 58 IcSti hon vk su clii phoi ciia ba chii tdi hpp tdc quoc te cung s€ Idn hon. Hpp tac quoc t^ trong m6t s6 tni6ng hpp se co tinh 6p bupc nliieu hon 1^
t\r nguyen. C6 thi thay r6 dieu ndy trong thoi gian "khodng khac don c\rc" cua My sau Cliien tranh Lanh. Hau hit cdc nuoc nh6, kl ca cdc nude Ion nhu Trung Qu6c va Nga diu plidi lua chpn hpp tac voi My. Cdc ludt choi khi nay chu ylu d^u do Mf vd phuong Tdy dua ra. Nhiing co gdng hpp tdc di ngupc lai hoac khdng phii hpp vdi My diu gap phdn ling bat thu|n tu My vd cdc nude phuong Tdy nhu quan he Trung Quoc - Cong h6a Dan chil Nhdn ddn Trilu Ti6n, Iran - Syria, hpp tdc giOa cdc nude di theo dudng l6i cdnh ta d My Latinh hay kl cd BRIGS.
Trong cau true hai cue, hpp tdc quIc te cdn chiu tdc dpng them tir s\r gidng keo giiia hai cvrc. Cac chu thi bupc phdi lua chpn hpp tdc vdi mpt ben hoac ddng giiia. Dung vl mpt ben thi hpp tdc trong khdi do se manh do yeu ciu cung cd khoi, nhung khd nang xung dot vdi ben kia sS tdng len do y dd tranh gidnh anh hudng hole 1dm ylu doi
phuong. Diing giiia hgp tdc vdi cd hai bdn hoac ddng ngodi thi hop tac quoc te s€ han chi bdi chinh cdc chii thi khdng muon ddn than sdu hon vdo hpp tdc do lo ng?i bj phii thude vdo ben ndy vd gap s\i chong doi ciia bdn kia. Tinh tr?ng ndy thiy rat r8 trong thdi ky Chiln tranh L^nh. Hpp tdc trong hai khdi xd hOi chii nghia do Lidn Xd diing diu va trong khoi tu bdn chu nghia do My diing diu deu sdu sac, the che cao vd khd todn d i ^ Trong moi kh6i, ddu cd nhjjng td churc hpp tdc manh vd Idn nhu Td chiic Hidp udc Wasawa vd Hpi ding Tuong trp Kinh tl (SEV) cua cdc nude xd hpi chu nghia hay Tl chiic Hipp udc Bdc Dp Tay Duong (NATO), nhdm 7 nude c6 nen cdng nghipp hdng diu thi gidi G7, Ti chiic Hpp tdc vd Phdt triln kinh tl (OECD) ciia cdc nude tu bdn chu nghia. Trong khi dd, nhiing nS Ivrc hpp tdc rieng eiia cdc nude Thi gidi thii Ba lai to ugt vdi hidu qua khdng cao. Ho^t d§ng hpp tdc trong Phong trdo Khdng Lien kit, td chiic lidn chinh phii ciia cdc nude dang phdt triln G77, ASEAN hay Td chiic Thing nhit Chdu Phi (OAU) khi do ddu cd chung tinh trang nhu vdy. Titnliidn tinh trang ndy cdn c6 nguydn nhan th\re luc han ehl cua cdc nude Thi gidi thii Ba nhung tdc ddng tCr elu trie hai cue la khdng the pbii nhdn.
Trong d u tnic da cue, do cdc c\rc d k tim cdch tdp hpp hfc lupng ndn hpp tdc quoc tl van cd the phdt trien. Cdc nude cd nhiiu
^iui- kiin bin ngji^ai,,. 57
lya chpn dii tac quan hd hon theo tinh than da phuoi^ hda. Vi cd nhiiu lya ehgn nen hgp tac cling de cd tmb ty nguyen hon la dp bupc. Hgp tac qudc tl vin cd thi dan din sy j^y tfaupc lan nhau nhung cd kha nang theo hudng da chieu ban, tdc Id thay vi phy thude sdu vdo mpt nude thi nay phy thugc ddng thdi vdo nhieu nude. Sy phy thugc vao nhiiu nude lai giup phan tan bdt su phu thugc vd g i ^ don lai khd nang gidm mdc dg phy thude vao cdc eye. Tuy nhien, do tinh de thay ddi trong quan he giua eac cue ndn hgp tdc qude tl cung khd dn dinh hon. Trong edu true da eye, cac eye de thay ddi td cgnh tranh sai^ hgp tdc vd ngugc lai. Khi cdc eye hgp tac vdi nhau, hgp tac qudc te se thugn lgi ban. Nhung khi cac eye cgnh tranh nhau, hgp tdc se ge^ khd khan. Cd the thdy ro dieu nay trong thdi } ^ da cue d chdu Au thdi can dgi, cd kha it nhung quan he hgp tac Idu dai dn dinh giiia cac nude. Ddng thdi, tiong giai dogn "Hai hda quyen lyc d chdu Au"
(Concert of Europe), khi cac eye hgp tac vdi nhau nhieu ban, hgp tac qude te da tang len va cung cd tinh dn dinh ban so vdi trudc dd.
Nhiing tdc ddng ke tten la khdng nhd, cho thiy cau tnic ciing Id mdt ttong cdc dilu kien can phai tmb den trong hgp tac qudc tl.
5. Cac thdnh to khac cua h | thong quoc te
Cdc thdnh to ndy Id tuong tdc, xu hudng vd mau hinh quan he phd bien. Moi thdnh to nay tac ddng din hgp tdc qude te theo nhiing each khac nhau. Diu tidn la mdc do tuong tdc cua he thdng qudc tl. Tuang tdc chu yeu dl hinh thdnh h^ thing quIc tl ehinh Id hgp tac. Khi tuong tdc eang nhiiu, hp thong cdng chat che. Hp thong; qudc tl cdng chat chd, cdng dem lgi thugn lgi cho hgp tac quIc t l ben trong hp thong. Tuong tdc cdng nhieu len, hgp tac qudc te cd them co hdi vd dieu kipn thuan lgi de phat trien. Tuong tdc cdng chat che, hgp tdc quoc tl cdng cd khd ndng phdt triln theo chieu sdu. Tuong tac cdng md rdng, hgp tac cdng cd them "dat" va liiib vyc mdi de lan sang. Tuong tac cdng phdt trien va md rpng, eang tdc ddng ddn mgi ting Idp va Idi cudn ngay cdng nhieu lyc lugng xd hdi tham gia hgp tac ttdn nhieu kdnh khdc nhau.
Dieu nay giup ly gidi vi sao hgp tdc quIc tl d chdu Au ttong thdi can dgi da phdt triln ban cac khu vyc khdc bdi vi he thing quoc te d day dugc hinh thdnh sdm ban nhiiu.
Dieu nay ciing gdp phin ly giai vi sao hgp tac khu vyc thudng phdt triln hon hgp tac toan cau bdi he thdng khu vyc thudng chgt che hon. Tuong ty nhu vgy, hgp tac qudc tl toan cau phat trien hon sau Chi&i tranh Lgnh ed phin bdi vi he thdng todn ciu luc dd md rdng va phat trial ban so vdi trong cugc chiln.
58 NGHliN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N^l 1 (194).2016
Tiep theo la tac ddng td xu hudng quan hd ttong hd thong quoc tl. Xu hudng ttong hd tiling dugc hinh thdnh bdi lgi ich phi bien ciia cdc quIc gia ttong he thdng. Chinh
^n nhiing lgi ich chung ndy ma cac qudc gia da tang tuong tac dl hinh thdnh ndn hp thdng. Vd tiong qua trinh ndy, lgi ich chung la ttd thdnh chdc nang cua he thdng. Tuong tac phdt trien vd hinh thanh he thong de thyc hien chdc ndng nay. Viec thyc hien chdc nang chung cd sy tham gia eua nhieu nude ttong he thing, nhat Id cua cdc cudng quIc va dien ra ttong sudt qua trinh nen tgo thanh xu hudng eua he thdng. i)e thyc hien nhiing cdi chung ttong xu hudng, cdn ed nhiing miu hinh quan he phu hgp. Cho nen mau hinh quan he ndy ttd thanh mau hinh phd biln va ciing cd tinh xu hudng. Di ngugc xu hudng quan he nay, tdc la dgng chgm tdi lgi ich cua cdc nude khac vd chdc ndng chung cda he thdng, de gdp phan ung bit lgi td he thing va cac nude dd. Ngugc lgi, tiln hdnh cdc quan hd ddi ngoai phu hgp vdi xu hudng ndy se de gap dugc sy ung hd vd nhiing dilu kien thuan Igi hon td he thing va cac nude khdc.
Day cung la dilu da dugc chdng td ttong lich sd. Trong nhiing he thdng qude tl thdi can dai, canh ttanh quyIn lyc Id xu hudng ndi ttgi nen hgp tac qudc tl chua ttd thanh miu hmh quan he phd biln va hgp tac tiong nhiing thdi ky nay la kha khd khan. Din tiidi ky hien dai, khi hgp tac ttd thanh chdc nang va xu hudng Idn trong he thing, nhit Id
trong he thing qudc tl sau Chien tranh Lanh, hgp tdc quIc tl da ttd thdnh man hinh quan he pho biln vd cd nhieu dilu kipn thudn lgi de phdt triln hon bit cu thdi ky nao trudc do.
Nhu vay, he thing qudc te cdng phat trien, tdc dOng cda nd tdi hgp tdc quIc tl cdng cao. Ngugc lgi, hpp tdc quoc te cdng tang len, hd thong qudc tl eang duge ciing cd. Mdt lan niia, ddy lgi Id mli quan he cd tinh tuong ho gidng nhu lugt le quIc te vdi hgp tdc quoc tl. Nhung quan he tuong ho tiong trudng hgp ndy cao hon do moi quan he qua lgi tdc sau sdc hon. Va dilu ndy cdng cho thay vai ttd dieu kipn ngdy cdng quan ttpng ciia he thdng quIc tl dii vdi hgp tdc qudc te.
Trong bdi canh ngdy nay, dudi tdc dpng cua toan ciu hda vd khu vyc hda, hp thong qudc tl thudng dugc hinh thdnh ca tten hai cdp dd la todn cau va khu vyc. Vi thi, hpp tac qudc te ciia cac quoc gia thudng chm tdc ddng dong thdi cua hp thong quIc tl ttdn ca hai cap dp nay.
Tuy nhidn, tiong dilu kien td he thong qudc tl, cung ed nbdng quan nipm khac nhau. Su khac nhau ddu tien din td viec danh gia vai tid cua he tiiong quIc tl. Chu nghia Hien tiiuc Mdi danh gid rit cao ttong khi Chu nghia Ty do Mdi ghi nhan vai ttd nay nhung chi d muc vda phai. Trong khi dd, Chu nghia Kiln tao thi khdng thda nhdn vai ttd ndy. Su khdc nhau tiid hai din tu tiidnh tl
^iuM. kiin bin »mfaaL,. 59
ndo tdc ddng nhiiu nhit din quan he quoc tl, tiong dd cd hgp tdc qudc tl. Chd nghia Hidn t h ^ Mdi nhin mgnh vai trd cda ciu trdc nhu ti:en da dl dqi. Cdn Chu nghia Ty do Mdi thi lgi quan tdm tdi miic d$ tuong tdc khi cbo rii^ tuong tdc phdt triln den tinh trgng phu thu^e lan nhau tid hgp tdc quoc tii chdc chdn sS ngay cdng tdng cd ve lugng vd chit.
6. Tac d$ng ttr cdc nude lidn quan khdc
Cdc nude khdc d day la nhiing nude ddng bdn ngodi moi hgp tdc quoc tl ndo do song van cd till cd tac d$ng tdi bgp tdc quIc tl. Dd Id do thyc tl lgi fch cda cdc quIc gia thudng cd sy dan xen vdi nhau vd tu dd cd sy dnh hudng qua lai din nhau. Trong boi cdnh dd, sy hgp tdc g i ^ cac nude vdi nhau, von chu ylu xuit phdt td lgi ich quIe gia, diu cd the dnh hudng tdi nbdng nude khdc.
Khi hi dnh hudng, cdc nude khdc tit nhidn se cd phdn dng. Phan dng ndy sinh ra tac dpng td cdc nude lidn quan. Do xu hudng tdy thugc lan nbau^giiia cdc quoc gia ngdy cdng tdng, ndn sy dan xen Igi ich vd dnh hudng lin nhau cung dang ngdy cdng Idn. Chinh thyc te nay da dem lgi each tiep cgn lidn quoc gia (Interstate level of Analysis) dang dugc sd dyng kha pho biln trong nghidn ciiu quan hp quIc tl. Cach tilp cgn nay ddi hdi khi nghien edu quan he gida A vd B phdi tinh din tdc ddng td C, bdi vi tdc d$ng td C hoan todn cd thi dnh hudng dka quan hd gida
A vd B. Tdc ddng ndy da khiln cho nd todr thdnh mOt trong nbdng dilu kipn phdi tinh den trong hgp tac quIc tl.
Dilu kifn ndy cua hgp tdc quIc tl cd mpt si dilm ddng luu f. Diu tien, tdc d$ng lidn quIc gia do cd till Id tryc tilp ho$c gian tilp.Troi^ trudng hgp true tilp, do Id khi chd thi C cd tdc dgng tryc tilp din hgp tdc giiia A vd B nhu bay td tiiai dO ho$c cd hdnh vi hudng tdi sy hgp tdc ndy. Trong trudng hgp gidn tilp, do la nhOng phdn dng cua C thdng qua quan b^ cda C vdi A vd B, hodc cd nhung hdnh vi cd tiie lam thay dii mdi trudng cda moi hgp tdc gida A vd B. Tdc d0ng tryc tilp thudng thiy khi C cd quan he khd chat chd vdi A hodc B hoac cd hai. Tdc dpng ndy cui^ cd thi ed khi hgp tdc A - B dnh hudng dang kl din C. Cd thi nhdn thiy tdc dpng gidn tilp tii khdng it cdc nude trong khu vuc dii vdi mli hgp tac quoc tl ndo dd cua thdnh vien khu vyc khdc,
Tilp theo, tdc ddng ndy cGng cd thi sinh ra nhdi^ dnh hudng thu|n lgi ho$c bit lgi cho hgp tac quIc tl. Khi C cho rdi^ hgp tdc giira A vd B cd lgi cho C thi phdn dng ciia C sd tgo thudn lgi cho moi hgp tdc quIc t l ndy.
Ngugc lgi, khi C cam thiy ring hgp tac gitta A vd B cd the gdy tdn hai cho minh thi phdn dng cua C sd gdy bit lgi. Khi khdng chi cd mli minh C md cdn nhiiu nude khdc phdn dng gilng C, tdc d^ng ndy cd thi chuyin td cip dd lien quIc gia Idn tiidnh cip dg hp thing. Trong thdi dgi hipn nay, khi hgp tdc
60 NGHIEN cau CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°11 n94}.2016
kinh tl, van hda, xa hdi da tid thdnh trdo luu Idn va cd sy thda nhgn chung Id tot, thi tiong cac linh vyc ndy thudng hay thiy phan dng thuan lgi. Trong khi dd, hgp tdc chinh tri von gdy ra sy lo nggi ttong canh ttanh quyen luc ndn van chua dyng nhieu khd ndng cd nhiing chdng dii, can thiep, ngan cdn, chia re hoac cdng khai hodc ngam ngdm, hogc tryc tilp hoac gidn tilp.
Mpt dilm nua la sy manh ydu cua tdc ddng nay phu thugc vao vi the, kha nang va mdc do cua phan dng cua C cimg nhu khd nang tiep nhgn vd xd ly cua A vd B. Thdng tiiudng, phdn dng cua cdc nude Idn de gay tac ddng nhieu ban den hgp tdc qudc te cua nbdng nude vda va nhd hon la ngugc lgi.
Nhung mdt sy xu ly dung dan tii phia cdc nude vda vd nhd cd the hgn chi bdt tac ddng tieu eye nlu cd. Tuy timg trudng hgp, cac nude cd mdc do phan ting khac nhau va tac ddng se la dang ke neu phdn dng eua C dugc coi la mgnh. Mdc dp manh yeu cua tac dgng nay edn tdy thugc vao su phu thude Idn nhau gida C vd A, B. Nlu mdc dg phu thugc nhau Idn, tac dgng tu C se anh hudng nhiiu ban den A va B cung nhu sy hgp tac gida chung.
Tuy nhien, neu C d vi till ylu hoac phu thugc vdo A, B nhiiu ban la ngugc lgi, tac ddng dd se ttd thanh khdng Idn.
Sdu dilu kidn b5n ngodi kl tten khdng phdi Id tat cd nhung chiing deu cd the dem lai nhimg tac ddng khdng nhd cho hgp tdc quoc tl. Tham chi, chdng cd thd lam thay doi, thgm ehl Id chim ddt hgp tac quIc tl. Vi thi, ttong nghidn cuu cung nhu thyc tien, edn tinh den cac didu kidn nay. Ciing can luu y rdng cac dieu kipn ndy khac nhau tiong tung trudng hgp hgp tdc quoc tl cu the. Ngoai ra, cdc didu kien tten deu ed tinh kha biln nen hoan todn cd the can thiep vd dieu chinh tdi cdc didu kidn ndy.
Tdi li^u tham khao 1. Joseph Grieco (1990), Cooperation among Nations, Cornell Uruversity Presss, Ithaca New York.
2. Helen Milner (1992), "International Theories of Cooperation Among Nations, Stiengths and Weaknesses", World Politics, Volume 44, Issue 3, April.
3. Kennetii A. Oye edit (1986), Cooperation under Anarchy, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
4. Snidal (1991), "Relative Gains and the Pattern of International Cooperation", American Political Science Review 85,
September.
