Doanh nghiep xa hoi
trong ITnh vi/c du Ijch cong dong tai Viet Nam
• • v a HCTdNG GIANG'
DAG NGOC TIEN"
Tom tat
Muc tieu cua nghien cdu ndy Id nham tim hieu thUc trgng hogt dong cua cdc doanh nghiep xd hoi (DNXH) trong linh vytc du lich cdng dong (DLCD) tgi VietNam trong nhitng ndm gdn day Dua tren ket qud nghien cdu khdo sdt duac thUc hi$n tren 59 td chdc hogt dgng trong linh vUc DLCD, bdi viet da chi ra duac thuc trgng phdt trien cdc DNXH trong iTnh vUc DLCD tgi Viet Nam, cUng nhu nhUng khd khdn, md cdc doanh nghiep ndy phdi cdn nhac khi ra quyet dinh ddng ky/chuyen ddi thdnh DNXH theo dung Ludt Doanh nghiep ndm 2014, nhdt la khi chua co mot DNXH trong linh vUc DLCD ndo ddng ky kinh doanh theo quy dinh cua Ludt.
Tuf khoa: doanh nghiep xd hdi, du lich cdng dong, phdt trien doanh nghiep xd hoi trong linh vUc du lich cdng ddng
Summary
The paper aims at investigating the current operating situation of social enterprises in the field of community-based tourism in Vietnam in recent years. Based on a survey of 59 organizations in the field of community-based tourism in Vietnam, the study shows the current development situation of social enterprises in the aforementioned field as well as the difficulties those enterprises have to face while considering to register/transform into a social enterprise under Enterprise Law 2014 in the context that there has not yet been any community-based tourism organizations registered as official social enterprise under the Enterprise Law 2014.
Keyvi'ords: social enterprise, community-based tourism, development of social enterprise in
community-based tourism ^
GlOfI THIEU
Trong nhffng nam gan day, DNXH da trd thanh mdt xu hffdng phat trie'n ed quy md va tam anh hffdng toan eau. DNXH cd boat ddng kinh doanh nhff mgi doanh nghiep khac, nhffng lai dat sff mang giai quye't cae van de xa hdi va mdi trffdng lam trgng tam. Chinh vi vay, cae DNXH can mdt he sinh thai dac thii hdn de thiie day sff phat trien tinh than kinh doanh va sang tao xa hdi.
Trong ITnh vffc DLCD, viec phat trie'n eac DNXH cd y nghia rat ldn trong viee nang eao chat Iffdng cude sd'ng eua ngffdi dan dia phffdng tai die'm de'n. Trong dd, hg la mdt nhan td eau thanh cac san pham DLCD, dffdc trffc tie'p tham gia vao eac boat ddng du lich trong qua trinh phue vu du khach. Va, thdng qua DLCD, thu nhap ciia cgng ddng gia tang, chat Iffdng cude sd'ng dffdc cai thien va hg trd thanh dd'i tffdng hffdng ldi chinh tff cac boat ddng du lieh ay. Tren thffc te', ne'u chi xet ve phffdng dien san pham du lieh, thi DLCD
chi la mdt nhan td eau thanh san pham du lieh nham mang lai nhffng trai nghiem cho du khach ve truyen thd'ng van hoa, tap tue va iS nghi sinh boat eua dan cff dia phffdng trong qua trinh tham gia vao cac boat ddng du lieh. Dd cung la vai tro cua edng ddng dia phffdng trong eac chffdng trinh DLCD ddn thuan cua eac doanh nghiep kinh doanh du lich truyen thdng.
Tuy nhien, DNXH se khdng chi mang lai nhieng ldi ich cho dan cff dia phffdng trong ngan ban, ma hg cdn sff dung phan ldn l0i nhuan tff hoat dgng du lieh dd cung cap eho edng ddng dia phffdng sinh ke de tif hg chu dgng tham gia va tie'n dan tdi quan ly hoat dgng du lieh tai dia phffdng minh.
Dieu nay khie'n cdng ddng dia phffdng cd the lam chu dan cude sd'ng, cung nhff hoat dgng du lich trong dai ban.
*ThS., Vien Dai hoc Md Ha Noi
** PGS, TS., Tru'dng Dai hoc Ngoai thircing I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhan bdi: 30/08/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 08/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 18/10/2018
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Kinhte vaDU baoVi the, nhffng tac ddng tich cffc ve lau dai, ma cac DNXH trong linh vffc DLCD mang lai eho dan cff dia phffdng tai diem de'n, se mang lai nhffng hieu qua ben vffng tren ca ba tru cdt (kinh te', xa hdi va mdi trffdng) tai die'm de'n du lieh.
Tuy nhien, de ed the de xua't xay dffng nhffng ehinh sach hdp ly va hieu qua, thi viee xae dinh rd nhffng DNXH la can thie't. Tai Viet Nam, Luat Doanh nghiep da cd quy dinh ve viec dang ky DNXH da dffdc the che hda, nhffng tren thffc te, chffa cd mgt doanh nghiep du lich nao dang ky DNXH theo quy dinh nay, mac du cd kha nhieu cac doanh nghiep du lich boat dgng vdi nhffng dac diem tffdng tff va phan nao phu hdp vdi DNXH. Viee tim hieu nhffng khd khan, ly do eua tinh trang nay se la ed sd de thifc hien quy dinh dang ky DNXH, eung nhff hffdng tdi thue day sff phat trien eua DNXH trong linh vffc DLCD.
CO SOf LY THUYET VA PHl/ONG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Khdi niem
O Viet Nam, mac du da cd rat nhieu td chffc hoat dgng theo md hinh DNXH va dat dffdc nhieu thanh tffu, mang lai ldi ieh khdng nhd cho cdng ddng, nhffng den nam 2014, loai hinh doanh nghiep nay mdi dffdc luat hda trong Luat Doanh nghiep nam 2014. Theo Dieu 10 eiia Luat nay, DNXH phai dap ffng dffdc cac tieu chi sau day:
-I- La doanh nghiep dffdc dang ky thanh lap theo quy dinh ciia Luat Doanh nghiep;
-I- Muc tieu boat ddng nham giai quye't cac van de xa hgi, mdi trffdng, vi ldi ieh edng ddng;
-I- Sff dung it nha't 51 % td'ng lgi nhu|n hang nam cua doanh nghiep de tai dau tff nham thffc hien muc tieu xa hdi, mdi
; trffdng nhff da dang ky.
• Nhff vay, vdi khai niem nay, DNXH trffdc he't la mdt doanh nghiep. Dd la mdt td chffc ed ten rieng, cd tai san, tru sd i giao dich, dffdc dang ky thanh lap theo quy dinh cua phap luat nham mue dich kinh doanh.
Theo nhffng quy dinh eiia Luat Doanh j nghiep nam 2014, thi DNXH dffdc hieu la mgt dinh che' ed nhieu dieu kien rang huge nha't dinh.
Vdi each tie'p can tren day, DNXH dffdc hie'u la mdt loai hinh kinh doanh nham thu ldi nhuan. Trong dd, thay vi td'i
da hda ldi nhuan cho eac cd ddng hoac chu dau tff, thi ldi nhuan se dffdc tai dau tff cho boat dgng kinh doanh va thifc hien cae mue tieu xa hdi, mdi trffdng, vi ldi ich cdng ddng.
Trong khi dd, DLCD mang lai cho du khach nhffng trai nghiem ve euge sd'ng dia phffdng. Cu the, d dd, eac cgng ddng dia phffdng tham gia trffc tie'p vao cae boat ddng du lich va thu dffdc cac ldi ich kinh te' xa hdi tff cac boat ddng du lich va chiu trach nhiem bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien, mdi trffdng va van hda ban dia. Nhff vay, DNXH trong ITnh vifc DLCD trffdc he't la mdt DNXH. Doanh nghiep nay boat ddng trong ITnh vife DLCD. Muc tieu va tdn ehi boat ddng cua doanh nghiep la nham thffe hien eac muc tieu xa hdi va sff dung ldi nhuan de' tai dau tff cho mue tieu do hoac eho edng ddng dia phffdng tai die'm de'n, thay vi td'i da hda ldi nhuan eho cd ddng hoac ehu sd hvtu.
PhiiOng phdp nghien citu
Viec dieu tra bang phie'u dffdc thffc hien vdi 59 doanh nghiep/td chffc ed kinh doanh san pham DLCD (bao gdm: kinh doanh dich vu lffu tru homestay, dich vu an ud'ng, dich vu hffdng dan du lieh dia phffdng...) tai 3 tinh, thanh phd ed cac die'm DLCD tai Viet Nam la: Sapa (Lao Cai), Mai Hich (Hda Binh), Ban Lac (Hda Binh).
MSU dieu tra dffdc Iffa chgn ngiu nhien. Danh sach cac dd'i tffdng dieu tra dffdc td'ng hdp tff nhieu ngudn khae nhau va viec tie'p can ehu ye'u dffa tren md'i quan he cua tac gia trong thdi gian tff thang 09/2016- 06/2017. Dff lieu dieu tra dffdc thu thap dffdi hai hinh thffc: gffi phie'u dieu tra qua dffdng thff dien tff; gap gd de phdng van trffc tie'p.
Cac tac gia da tie'n hanh phdng van xin y kie'n ehuyen gia (bao gdm: 5 nha khoa hge va nha quan ly d Trung ffdng va dia phffdng; 3 ban quan ly cae die'm DLCD tai eac die'm DLCD (Sapa (Lao Cai), Mai Hich (Hda Binh), Ban Lac (Hda Binh)); 5 chuyen gia nghien effu ve DNXH, DLCD ve viee phat trie'n eac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD tai Viet Nam (Bdi viet sd dung cdch viet sd thdp phdn theo chudn qudc te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU
ThUc trang hoat ddng cdc DNXH trong Unh vUc DLCD tai Vi?t Nam
Ve quy md cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD, sd' lieu khao sat da cho tha'y, trong so 59 td chffc dffdc khao sat, thi hau he't cae DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD hien nay ed quy md nhd va vffa (64%), ed quy md sieu nhd (30.5%) vdi thdi gian boat ddng nhieu nha't trong khoang tff 5 de'n dffdi 10 nam (33.9%) va tff 3 de'n dffdi 5 nam (30.5%), mdt so Iffdng tffdng dd'i cac doanh nghiep ed thdi gian hoat ddng tren 10 nam (16.9%).
Td'ng sd' vd'n kinh doanh eiia eac doanh nghiep nay khi mdi thanh lap nhin chung rat tha'p. Trong dd, cd tdi 42.4% doanh nghiep ed ngudn vd'n kinh doanh dffdi 0.5 ty ddng vao thdi die'm thanh lap. Tuy nhien, so lieu thd'ng ke ngudn vd'n kinh doanh ciia eac doanh nghiep vao thdi diem nam 2015 da ed sff thay ddi rd
Economy and Forecast Review
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HINH 1: Cd CAU CAC DNXH TRONG LINH VCTC DLCD
3-4% _l-7%-^i.7% 3-2% • Doanh nghiep nha nipac 18 ^i^^^.
" ^ ^ ^ e Doanh nghiep tif nhan
• Congty TNHH mpt thanh vien
• Congty TNHH hai thanh vien trd len
HINH 2: jvvofc DO ANH HddNG CUA CAC ISHAN TO THUOC MOI TRtfCJNG Vl MO TCJI SCT P H A T TRIEN CAC DNXH
TRONG LINH VCfC DLCD
I H Rit tchong quan trong ^ B Khong quan trong • • Tnjng binh H Quan Uong ^ 1 Rat quan trong
Ntian 16 Chinh trj - Luat phap
Nban to VSn boa - Xa hfli Nhan t6 Cong nghe
Ngu6n: Ket qua l^hao sat cua nhom tac gia
ret. Ty le cac doanh nghiep cd vd'n kinh doanh tff 5 de'n dffdi 10 ty ddng da gia tang dang ke. Ngoai ra, mdt sd' doanh nghiep dac biet cd td'ng sd' vd'n kinh doanh len tdi hdn 50 ty ddng. Tuy nhien, so Iffdng doanh nghiep ed ngudn vd'n kinh doanh eao nhff vay khdng nhieu (ehi chie'm khoang 3.3%) (Hinh 1).
Mdt diem dang ehii y la trong eau hdi ve dff dinh chuyen ddi thanh DNXH, thi hau he't cac td chffc kinh doanh la cac hg kinh doanh ea the cd ty le tra ldi vdi dif dinh ehuyen ddi thanh DNXH la cao nhat. Dieu nay cho tha'y, day la mdt trong so nhffng nhdm dd'i tffdng rat ed tiem nang chuyen ddi thanh DNXH trong Hnh vffc DLCD.
Cdc nhdn td dnh hUdng tdi sU phdt trien cua cdc DNXH trong linh vUe DLCD tgi Viet Nam
Cdc nhdn td thudc mdi trudng vTmd:
Theo danh gia ciia cac doanh nghiep dffdc khao sat va y kie'n ciia cac chuyen gia ve DNXH va DLCD, trong sd' 4 nhan td' thudc mdi trffdng vT md (Van hda xa hdi, Kinh te; Cdng nghe; Chinh tri luat phap), thi nhan to chinh tri luat phap dffdc danh gia la nhan to ed anh hffdng quye't dinh tdi boat ddng kinh doanh va sff phat trie'n ciia cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD.
Tie'p dd, Kinh te. Van hda xa hdi eung dffdc coi la nhffng nhan to cd mffe do anh hffdng quan trgng tdi sff phat trie'n cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD. Nhan td cdng nghe dffdc coi la khdng cd anh hffdng ldn tdi boat ddng eiia cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD. Nguyen nhan la do DLCD la boat ddng du lieh dffa vao cac gia tri van hda va truyen thd'ng ban dia cua edng ddng dia phffdng, nen nhan td Cdng nghe khdng anh hffdng nhieu tdi chat Iffdng dich vu va san pham DLCD cung cap cho du khach (Hinh 2).
Cdc nhdn td thudc mdi trudng ngdnh kinh doanh:
Ngoai eac nhan td thudc mdi trffdng vT md, cac nhan td thudc mdi trffdng nganh kinh doanh (bao gdm cac nhan to: Dd'i thu canh tranh; Khaeh hang; Nha eung
ffng) eung ed anh hffdng ldn tdi sff phat trie'n eua cae DNXH trong ITnh vtfc DLCD. Trong dd, dd'i thii canh tranh trong cung nganh kinh doanh la ni6t thach thffc ldn dd'i vdi viee van hanh va phat trien cae doanh nghiep nay. Bdi, trong khi eac doanh nghiep kinh doanh truyen thd'ng ehi phai phat trien hoat ddng kinh doanh de thu ve ldi nhuan, thi vdi DNXH khdng ehi kinh doanh de thu ldi nhuan, ma cdn phai phan phd'i it nhat 51 % ldi nhuan dd de thffc hien cac muc tieu xa hdi. Ben canh ngudn life ve kinh te', cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD con phai dd'i mat vdi khd khan ve chat IffOng ngudn nhan life lao ddng, Idii 70%-100%
lao ddng trong cae DNXH d ITnh vuTc DLCD la ngffdi dan dia phffdng vdi tnnh do va ky nang phue vu du lieh khdng cao.
Trong khi day lai la nhan td' quye't dinh tdi chat Iffdng eac dich vu DLCD cung cap cho du khaeh.
Cdc nhdn td thudc mdi trUdng ben trong doanh nghiep:
Ke't qua khao sat eho tha'y, nhifng nhan td', nhff: Ngudn nhan Iffe; Nguon life vat chat; va mdt sd' nhffng nhan to khac cd anh hffdng quye't dinh tdi chat Iffdng boat ddng cua eac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD. Trong dd, Ngudn nhan life dffdc coi la nhan to' quan trgng bac nha't (Hinh 3)
Nhu'ng kho khan trong viec ra quyfe't dinh dang ky/chuyen d^i thanh DNXH trong Unh vtfc DLCD tai Vi$t Nam
Hien nay, ed rat nhieu cae doanh nghiep/td chffe/cd sd kinh doanh cd day dli cae thanh td eau thanh eac DNXH.
Tuy nhien, tren thffc te, chffa cd doanh nghiep nao dang ky trd thanh DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD theo dung quy dinh ciia Luat Doanh nghiep nam 2014. Ket qua khao sat da chi ra rang, cd hai nhom khd khan, ma cae doanh nghiep/td chiJc/
cd sd kinh doanh phai can nhac khi difa ra quye't dinh dang ky/chuyen dd'i thanh DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD. Dd la:
Mot Id, nhitng khd khdn ve the che- luat phdp:
Chffa cd khung phap ly day du va thuan ldi cho cac DNXH trong ITnh viic DLCD phat trie'n.
- Chffa cd he smh thai thuan ldi cho cac DNXH trong ITnh vifc DLCD phat trien.
Han che trong kha nang tie'p can cac ngudn tai ehinh.
Han che'trong kha nang tie'p can cac ngudn tai trd/vien trd.
48
Kinh levaDiJ baoHai Id, nhitng khd khdn ve ndng lUc quan tri, van hdnh DNXH trong Unh vUc DLCD. Bao gdm:
Han che ve nang life quan ly cua DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD. DNXH la mdt loai hinh doanh nghiep ed nhffng dac diem khac biet so vdi cae loai hinh doanh nghiep truyen thd'ng. Muc tieu tien quye't cho boat dgng kinh doanh cua cae DNXH dd la viee thffc hien cac mue tieu xa hdi. Vi the, van hanh boat ddng kinh doanh chinh la edng eu de' cae doanh nghiep nay thife hien sff menh xa hdi, ma minh da dinh hffdng. Do dd, cae DNXH can dffdc trang hi nhffng kie'n thffe va ky nang dae thu de ed the van hanh boat ddng kinh doanh cua cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD mdt each hieu qua, de' ed the thife hien dffdc mue tieu kinh te', lam nen tang eho viec thffc hien cac muc tieu xa hdi da theo dudi. Trong khi do, d Viet Nam hien nay, mac dil tinh than kinh doanh xa hdi rat cao vdi rat nhieu cac td chffc cd day du cae nhan td' ca'u thanh DNXH, nhffng hau he't cae doanh nghiep nay chffa dffdc dao tao mdt each bai ban ve viec quan tri DNXH.
Han che' ve dich vu nang cao nang life van hanh va nang life canh tranh cho cac DNXH. Trong khi ngay cang nhieu cae td chffc, doanh nghiep dang cd tiem nang phat trien hoac cd nhu cau chuyen ddi sang md hinh DNXH, thi he thd'ng cac ddn vi ed Idia nang cung cap cac dich vu tff van, dao tao edn rat mdng, chffa phat trie'n. So Iffdng cac khda tap hua'n, dao tao so vdi nhu eau edn rat ban che', chffa the dap ffng dffdc mgt phan nhu cau ngay cang tang ciia cae ea nhan, td chffc dang quan tam hoac cd mong mud'n chuye'n ddi sang loai hinh doanh nghiep nay.
HINH 3: MCfC DO ANH HCTCiNG CUA CAC N H A N TO THUOC MOI TRtfCiNG BEN TRONG DOANH NGHIEP TCJI SCf P H A T TRIEN CAC DNXH
TRONG LINH VCfC DLCD
H I R^t khong quan trong ^ B Khdng quan trong M i Trung binh • • Ouan Irong • • R i l quan trong
30 20 to
0
^iHH
Nguon nhan ILTC Nguon li/c vat chat Khac (Ghi ro)
N g u 6 n : Ket qua l<hao sat cua n l i o m tac gia
MOT SO GIAI PHAP
Cd the ndi, Viet Nam la mdt da't nffdc ed nhieu tiem nang phat trie'n DNXH, dac biet la trong ITnh vffc DLCD. Tuy nhien, de phat trie'n nhffng tiem nang ay, thuc day sff gia tang cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD ca ve Iffdng va chat, thi rat can sff phd'i hdp tff nhieu phia. Trong dd, vai trd dinh hffdng va tao mdi trffdng kinh doanh thuan ldi eho eac doanh nghiep nay thdng qua cac ehinh sach cua Nha nffdc cd y nghTa quye't dinh, bao triim tdi toan bd sff phat trien ciia cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD. Cu the': can sff hd trd ve cac chinh sach thuc day DNXH ndi chung va DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD ndi rieng de' tao ra mdt khung phap ly day dii, mdt he sinh thai thuan ldi eho cae doanh nghiep nay phat trien. Nhffng chinh sach nay can mang tinh thffc tien, giup hd trd nang cao nang life van hanh va nang life canh tranh cua cac DNXH trong ITnh vffc DLCD, ma cu the la nhffng chinh sach hd trd thue, ehinh sach hd trd tie'p can cac ngudn vd'n vay; tiep can cac khoan tai trd, vien trd tff cac td chffc khac... Va dac biet, rat can nhffng chffdng trinh hanh ddng cu the giiip nang eao nhan thffc ciia edng ddng ve DNXH, eung nhff nhffng chffdng trinh dao tao bai ban ve DNXH nham nang cao nang life eiia cac DNXH va nang life canh tranh ciia cac doanh nghiep nay.Q
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Qudc hdi (2014). Ludt Doanh nghiep, sd 68/2014/QH 13, ngay 26/11/2014
2. Trffdng Dai hge Kinh te'Qud'c dan, Hdi ddng Anh tai Viet Nam (2012). Ky yeu Hoi thdo khoa hoc "Phdt trien DNXH thdng qua cdc trudng dgi hoc tgi Viet Nam "
3. Trung tam hd trd sang kie'n phue vu edng ddng (CSIP) (2015J. Ky yeu Hoi thdo khoa hoc
"DNXH Cdch tiep can sdng tgo hudng tdi ben vvtng cho cdc td chdc Xd hoi"
4. Laura Scheiber (2012). Social Entrepreneurs in Rio De Janeiro: Learning Experiences and Social Capital, Columbia University
5. Melody Lee (2012). The Value Creation of Social Enterprise in Tourism Industry, Bachelor Thesis, Imatra Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Degree Programme in Tourism, Saimaa University of AppHed Sciences Business and Cuhure
6. W. Legrand, P. Sloan, C. Simons-Kaufmann (2012). Social entrpreneurship in the hospitality and tourism industries as a business model for bringing about social improvement in developing economies, 25-27th October 2012
Economy and Forecast Review
