H A N H DONG XAY DL/NG
"GIA DINH V A N HOA"
TRONG HOAT DONG XAY DL/NG DOI SONG V A N HOA 6 KHU D A N CU
§
PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Hoa
Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hgc thuc nghiem, Vien Tdm ly hgc.
T O M T A T
Gia dinh Id gid tri quan trong hdng ddu cua ngudi Viet Nam. Vdn de gin gilt cdc gid tri gia dinh truyen thdng, bo sung nhiing gid tri m&i de dgt lieu chudn "Gia dinh vdn hda" trong thdi ky hien dai Id vdn de dugc Ddng, Chinh phii vd todn xd hdi quan tdm Trong hoat dgng xdy dung ddi sdng vdn hda & khu ddn cu, muc lieu xdy dung "Gia dinh vdn hoa " duac phdn lan ngu&i ddn nhdn ihuc tdt, hdnh dgng dd dugc thuc hien lot vd thu duac nhung thdnh lich ddng khieh le.
Tir khoa: Gia dinh vdn hda: Hdnh dgng; Muc lieu; Nhdn thirc.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 20/11/2015; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/3/2017.
ABSTRACT
Family has always been the most important value lo Vietnamese people. In modern time, preserving tradilional family values as well as adding new values to meet the standards of "Civilizedfamily" have become the concern of Vietnamese Communist Parly, Government and the whole society. With regard to the activities of developing cultural aspects in residential areas, the goal of building "Civilized family" is acutely aware by most people, actions to reach this goal are well performed and the outcomes are encouraging.
Tit khoa: Civilized Family; Action; Goal; Perception.
1. D a t v a n de
Gia dinh la mdi trudng xa hpi dau tien, la chd dua chii yeu trong sudt cugc ddi ciia mdi ngudi. Gia dinh la mgt trong nhirng yen to co ban anh hudng den viec hinh thanh va phat trien cac dac diem nhan each, dao dire, tri tue ciia eon ngudi.
Kinh nghiem thuc te cho thay. ddi vdi nhirng ngudi thanh dat. trong nhirng
TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd4 (217), 4 - 2017 51
khoanh khSc hanh phiic nhat (vao thdi diSm dupe nhan giai thudng Idn, duac vinh danh) khdng ai khdng nghT den sir ddng gdp to Idn cua gia dinh cho hanh phuc ciia hp. Trai lai, khi de cap din nhiing yeu td din den that bai, hu hdng ciia mdt ca nhan nao dd, y6u td gia dinh thudng dupe nhSc din dau tien. Hau het ngudi ViSt Nam, cho den nay, Siu coi gia dinh la mpt gia tri quan trpng bac nhat (Nguyin Thi Hoa, 2012, 2008).
Tuy nhien, ngay nay, trong thdi dai cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, trong xu thi md ciia va hdi nhap qudc te, mpt sd gia tri gia dinh truyen thdng cd xu thi bi mai mdt, sir ben vUng, dn dinh cua gia dinh Viet Nam bi de dpa. Van de phat huy gia tri gia dinh ddi vdi ddi sdng cua mdi ca nhan, ddi vdi mpi linh vuc ddi sdng xa hdi dang la van dl thdi su, dupe Dang, Chinh phu va toan xa hpi het sure quan tSm. Trpng phong trao "Toan dan doan ket, xay dung ddi sdng van hda", muc tieu xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" la mdt muc tieu quan trpng hang dau.
Trong bai vilt nay, chiing tdi tim hieu nhirng khia eanh tam ly cua hanh dpng xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" ctia ngudi dan nhu: nhan thue ve muc tieu xay dung "Gia dinh van hda", hanh ddng hudng den muc tieu nay va mpt sd ket qua dat dupe trong boat ddng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu.
2. Stf lupc ly luan ve hanh dong
v i n de nghien ciiu duoc tiip can theo ly thuyet Tam ly hpc boat dpng.
Trong nghien ciiu nay, chiing tdi xac dinh khai niem boat ddng nhu sau:
Hogt ddng Id qud trinh con ngudi thuc Men cdc mdi quan he giira bdn Ihdn vdi the gidi xung quanh, vai nhirng ngudi khdc, vdi chinh minh, lam bien ddi the gidi xung quanh, tdc ddng den ddi sdng cua nhimg ngudi khdc, thay ddi mdi quan he vdi hg vd thay ddi chinh minh.
Tren co sd khai niem tren day, cau tnjc ctia mdt hoat ddng cd the dupe md hinh hda (so dd I):
rheo md hinh nay, mpt hoat dpng bao gdm nhieu hanh dpng hay de hoan Ihanh mpt hoat dpng can thuc hien nhieu hanh ddng. Mdi hanh ddng lai bap gdm nhicu thao tac va nham dat dupe mdt hoac mdt sd mue lieu nhat dinh. Khdng cd hanh dpng nao khdng cd miic tieu. Mdi quan he giira hanh dpng vdi mijc tieu cung tirang tu nhu mdi quan he giua hoat ddng va ddng co.
Nhirng thanh td trong cau triic ciia boat ddng vira cd mdi quan he dpc.
w a cd mdi quan he ngang va chiing cd mdi quan he hai chilu \di nhau.
Mac dii, so dd cau trtic ciia hoat dpng do Leonchiep dua ra cdn mdt sd ban che, song nd da co ban phan anh mdi quan he giira eac thanh td chinh Irong mpt boat dpng. Cho den nay. so dd cau triic hoat ddng nay dang duoc cac nha
52 TAP CHI'TAM L-t-HOC, Sd4 (217), 4-2017
tam ly hpc Viet Nam cdng nhan va van dung rdng rai trong hoat ddng nghidn cuu, giang day ciing nhu trong hoat dgng irng dung Tam ly hpc vao thirc tien cuoc sdng.
D5ng hoat dong
Hoat ddng Ddng CO
Hanh ddng Muc tidu
Thao tae Phuong tien
Sa do 1: Mo hinh cdu triic cua hoat dgng
Trong nghien ciru nay, ehiing tdi dua tren md hinh cau true hoat ddng tren dd tim hieu mdt lat cat ngang: hanh ddng - muc tieu xay dung ''Gia dinh van hda" trong hoal ddng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan eu ciia ngudi dan. Ndi cu the hon, chiing tdi se tim hieu muc tieu xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" trong nhan thiic eiia ngudi dan va nhung hanh ddng dupe hp thuc hien dd dat dugc muc tieu dd.
3. Phirong phap nghien ciru
De nghien ciru van de nay, chiing tdi su dung kdt hpp cac phuong phap nghien euu cua khoa hpc Tam ly hpc, trong do, ehii yeu la phuong phap nghien cuu tai lieu, dieu tra bang bang hdi, phong van sau.
Bang hdi gdm cac cau hdi tim hieu nhan thiic vd muc tidu xay dung
"Gia dinh van hda" va nhung hanh ddng hudng ddn muc tieu dd.
Mdi cau hdi gdm 3 phuong an tra Idi Cac eau hdi ve eac thanh to khac nhau cd cae phuong an tra Idi khae nhau nhu sau:
1) Ve nhan thirc muc tieu gdm: ''Khdng biet" urng vdi 1 diem, "Khdng rd" - 2 diem va "Biet rd" - 3 diem;
2) Ve thuc hien hanh dpng gdm: "Thuc hien khdng tdt" iing vdi i didm,
"Thirc hien tdt mdt phan" - 2 diem, "Thuc hien tdt" - 3 di6m.
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017 53
3) v l kit qua hanh ddng gdm: "K^m hon trude" ilng vdi I diem, "Nhu trude" - 2 diim vi "Tdt hon trude" - 3 diim.
Diim cang cao chiing td: 1) Nhan thilc cua ngudi dan v l muc tieu cang rd rang; 2) Thuc Uang thuc hien hanh dpng cang tdt va 3) Ket qua dat duoc ngay cang tdt ban.
Miu khach thi tra idi phieu hdi gdm 605 ngudi dan ciia 4 thdn (thudc tmh Thira Thien - Hul va Thanh Hda) va ciia 4 phudng (thupc thanh phd Da Nang va Ha Ndi). Tuy nhien, trude khi xir 1^ thdng tin, 7 phieu hdi thu dupe cd nhiiu npi dung thiiu thdng tin da bj loai, sd philu dupe xii ly la 598 phieu.
Khach thi tra Idi phdng van sau gdm 16 ngudi khdng thudc mau khach the tham gia tra Idi bang hdi. Khao sat dugc thuc hien trong thdi gian tir thang 3 den thang 5 nam 2013.
4. Ket qua nghien ciru thuc tien
4.1. Nhan thirc eda ngudi dan ve muc lieu xay dung "Gia 0nh vdn hda"
Xuat phat tir vai trd, vi tri ciia gia dinh ddi vdi mdi ea nhan cung nhu ddi vdi su phat trien xa hpi, muc tieu xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" la mdt miie tieu Idn nhdt, quan trpng nhat trong boat ddng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu. Viee hoan thanh mue tieu nay la co sd chinh de hoan thanh boat ddng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu.
Bdng 1: Nhdn thirc ciia ngudi ddn ve muc tieu xdy "Gia dinh vdn hda "
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cac muc tieu cu the
Moi nguai trong gia dinh co viec lam on dinh, co thu nhap thuong xuyen.
Gia dinh em am, hoa thuan.
Gia dinh khong co nguoi mac te nan xa hoi
Gia dinh co nuac sach, cong trinh phu hgp ve sinh.
Gia dinh lich cue tham gia cac hoat dpng ciia dan \i dan cu.
Gia dinh khong co con thir ba
Phuo'ng an tra loi (tyle%) Khong
biit 11,2 8,0 14,2 14.2 1.1 14,4
Biet khong
ro 5,9 3,0 4,3 4,5 7,7 7,2
Biet ro 82,9 89,0 81.5 81,3 82.6 78.4 Toan thang do
DTB
2,72 2,81 2,67 2,67 2.73 2.64 2,72
DLC
0,65 0.56 0.71 0.71 0.73 0.72 0,53
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4 - 2017
Nhin lai qua trinh xay dimg va ph4t triin 6k nude dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang Cong san ViSt Nam, phong ttao xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" ludn la CO sd dl thuc hi$n cac phong ttao thi dua khac (Le Nhu Hoa, 2003). GSn dSy, Nghi quyit Trung uong 5 (khda VIII) vl Xay dung va phat trien nen van hda Viet Nam tien tiln, dam da ban sac dan tdc da nhan manh: "Xay dtmg gia dinh no km, binh ding, tiln bd, hanh phiic, that sir la td am eda mdi ngudi, la te bao lanh manh ciia xS hdi, la mdi trudng quan trpng hinh thanh, nudi duong va giao due nhan each con ngudi, bao tdn va phat huy van hda truySn thdng tdt d?p, tap ngudn nbSn lire phuc vu su nghiep xay dung va bap ve Td qudc" la mdt nhiem vu quan trpng cila tpan Dang va toan dan. Tu tudng dd dupe cu thi hda trong muc tiSu xay dung "Gia dinh van hda". Dudi day la nhan thu'c ciia ngudi dan ve muc tieu do nhu the nao?
Ket qua d bang 1 cho thay, muc tieu xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" dupe njudi dan nhan thirc tdt (DTB ctia tpan thang do la 2,72/3; DLC = 0,53). HSu het cae muc tieu diu dupe tren 80,0% sd khaeh thi "Biit rd". Kit qua nay nhat , quan vdi ket qua cua nhirng nghien cuu trade day ve vdn de nay. Trong mdt nghien ciru dp Vien Tam ly hpc thue hien vao nam 2008, quan niem cua ngudi dan ve vai trd cua gia dinh eho thay, hien nay, hSu hit ngudi dan vin de eao gia tri eua gia dinh: 78,0% sd khach thi cho rang, gia dinh va su nghiep la hai dieu quan trpng nhat trong cupc ddi ciia hp, gan 20,0% - gia dinh quan trpng hon su nghiep, chi 2,5% - su nghiep quan trpng hon gia dinh (Nguyen Thi Hoa, 2008). Trpng mpt nghien ciru khac (nam 2011 - 2012) ve dao dire, idi sdng ciia thanh nien cung do Vien Tam ly hpc thuc hien tren hon 700 thanh nien d 4 tinh, thanh phd tren ca nude, ket qua cho thay: gia dinh dupe xep vj tri sd 1 hong 9 gia trj sdng co ban dupe tim hieu (Nguyin Thi Hoa, 2013).
Trong cae muc tieu cu the xiiy dung "Gia dinh van hda", mue tieu "Gia dinh em am, hda thuan" dupe nhan thirc tot nhat, hau bet nhung ngudi tham gia tra Idi bang hdi "Biit ro" diiu nay (532/598 ngudi chiim ty le 89,0%) (bang 1).
Ket qua nay ndi len rang trong thdi dai ngay nay cau ea dao: "Thuan vp, thuan chdng, tat bien Ddng ciing can" van cdn nguyen gia tri.
Mdt gia dinh, trong dd, vp chdng yeu thuong nhau, hda thuan vdi nhau, con cai dupe quan tam, chain sdc, dupe binh an khdng phai chi la muc tieu ciia nhimg ngudi cd y thirc ma cdn la khao khat cua ca nhirng dira tre tho dai, vd tu.
Trai lai, muc tieu thue hien dung quy dinh ve dan sd - ke hoach hda gia dinh - "Khdng sinh con thir ba", cd sd ngudi "Biit rd" thdp nhit: 469/598 ngudi (chiem 78,3% sd ngudi trii Idi bang hdi) (bang 1).
Tim hieu sau vl vSn dl nay cho thjy, theo quy dinh ciia Ban Chi dao phong trao "Toan dan doan ket xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu", muc tieu thuc hien dung chinh sach dan sd - kl hoach hda gia dinh - mdi gia dinh
TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So' 4 (217), 4 - 2017 55
nen chi dimg lai d hai con la mdt tieu chuAn cung 6% danh gia thanh tich cua cac gia dinh va cac don vi dan cu. NghTa la, niu gia dinh nao, dem vi nao khdng dat duac muc tieu n^y thi bj "di€m liet", bi loai ngay tiJr dau, khong duoc dua vao danh sach binh xet cac danh hieu thi dua. Ddi vdi khong it gia dinh, dac biet, cac gia dinh d ndng thdn huyen Quang Dien, tinh Thua Thien - Uui - viing dat Uhn ke cd do, muc tieu n^y chua dugfc tham nhuan. Trong mdt cuoc toa dam vdi ngudi dan va can bo ciia mdt thdn thuoc thi tran Quang Dien, huyen Quang Didn, tinh Thira Thien - Hue, cd nliidu y Iden Ididng mudn chap nhan muc tieu nay. Mdt so ngudi dan Iy luan rang, trude day, trong dieu kien kinh t^ nude nha cdn ngheo, eac gia dinh deu co rat ddng con nhung the he nhiJng ngudi Idn len trong thdi dai do deu khde manh, cd nhan each, dao due tdt, edng hi^n nhiiu cho dk nuac. Mdt sd khac lai neu iy do: d ndng thdn rat nhiiu cdng viec nang nhoc, trong gia dinh rit can cd ngudi dan dng. Hp mudn sinh con trai dd sau nay ve gia cdn cd ngudi cang dang cdng viec gia dinh. Cung cd y kiln cho ring, d day, thdi tilt, khi hau khSc nghiet, trong nhung trudng hop thien tai, bao lut, trong gia dinh khdng ed dan dng, con trai, mpi ngudi thudng cd cam giac lo sp, khdng an tam vi khdng cd ehd dua. Cd thi thay rang:
khi eon ngudi danh gia eao dieu gi, ho cd nhieu ly do de benh vuc cho dieu dd.
Khdng it can bd thdn va can bd doan the td ra "di img" vdi muc tieu nay.
Dac biet, hp khdng mudn ddng y vdi quy dinh coi viee vi pham muc tieu nay la bi "diem liet", vi theo hp, quy dinh dd vd tinh phu nhan rat nhieu thanh tich ma hp da nd lire phan dau de dat dupe. Mdt trudng thdn d huyen Quang Dien, tinh Thira Thien - Hue ndi: ""Nam vira qua, thon toi bi gat khoi danh sdch xet thi dua ngay tir vong ddu chi vl mgt gia dinh vi phgm tieu chudn ddn so - ke hogch hoa gia dinh. Toi thdy nhu vdy la khat khe qud. Chung toi phdn ddu rdt tot trong mgi mat, chiing toi dgt duac nhieu thdnh tich, ddc biet sir phdt trien kinh te, ca s& hg tdng vd ty le hoc sinh hgc gioi, do dai hgc. Chi vi mgt gia dinh sinh con tim ba md chiing toi mdt hit'" (nam, trudng thdn, 67 tudi). Mdt sd can bd td dan phd d Da Nang trong khi tra Idi phdng van sau ve van de nay cung cd y kien tuong tu. Mpt sd can bp phudng d Ha Ndi eung chia se, viee nhan thirc chua tdt ve muc tieu "Gia dinh khdng cd con thu ba" la mpt can trd Idn ddi vdi thanh lich cua td dan phd cGng nhu ciia phudng trong hoat ddng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu.
Nhin chung. muc tieu xay dung "Gia dinh \-an hda" duoc ngirdi dan nhan ihiJc tdt. Rieng muc lieu thuc hien dung ehinh sach dan sd - ke hoach hda gia dinh cdn mpt bd phan khdng nho ngudi dan chua mudn ihCra nhan,
4.2. Thuc trgng thuc hien hdnh dpng xdy dung "Gia dinh vdn hda"
Danh gia cao vai tro. vi tri cua gia dinh va nhan thirc tdt ve muc tieu \a\
dung "Gia dinh van hda'' trona hoat dpng xay dung doi song van hda d khu
56 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 4 (217). 4 - 20i 7
dan cu cd tac ddng nhu thi nao din viec thuc hiSn hanh ddng nay cila ngudi dan? Kit qua nghidn ciiu dudi diy se cho thiy ro diiu dd.
Hanh ddng xiiy dung "Gia dinh van hda" dupe thuc hien tdt (DTB thang do la 2,84/3; DLC = 0,29). Kit qua vl sd ngudi thirc hien hanh ddng d cac mure (tinh theo ty le %) eung nhSt quan vdi diiu dd: tir 85,5% din 96,4% sd ngudi
"Thue hien tdt" cae hanh dpng xay dung "Gia dinh van hda".
Bdng 2: Thuc trgng thuc Men hdnh ddng xdy dung "Gia dinh vdn hda "
Nhirng hanh dong
1. Giai quyet nhirng viec idn cua gia dinli (viec lam nha, viec lion nlian.. ).
2. Xay dung hoac sua chQa cong trinh ve sinh ciia gia dinh cho hap ve sinh.
3. Thu xep chi tieu gia dinh.
4. Giai quyet bat hoa trong gia dinh.
5. Don ve sinh nha cira.
6. Cham lo cho nguai trong gia dinh gap rin ro/benh nang.
Mirc do thu'c hien (%) Thyc
hien khong
t6t 2,1 2,8 4,1 5,3 3,0 9,2
Thyc hien tot
mot phan 1,5 2,6 2,9 4,2 11,4 2,3
Thyc hien tat 96,4 94,6 93,0 90,5 85,6 88,5 Diem thang do
DTB
2,94 2,92 2,90 2,85 2,83 2,80 2,84
DLC
0,31 0,36 0,42 0,48 0,45 0,60 0,29 Trong cac hanh ddng cu the xay dung "Gia dinh van hda", hanh ddng giai quyet nhirng viec Idn eua gia dinh: Xay dung nha ciia, lo viec hdn nhan cita ngudi than, chuan bi cho tre em bat dau di hpe, thu xep edng viee eho ngudi mdi di lam, lo viec hieu... dupe hau het cac gia dinh thuc hien tdt (96,4% sd ngudi cho rang gia dinh hp da thuc hien tdt: DIB = 2,94; DLC - 0.31) (bang 2).
Ket qua nay phan anh ro gia trj cua truyen thdng doan ket, tuong than, tuong ai ciia ngudi dan nude ta. Mot phu nu d Thp Xuan (Thanh Hda) ndi: "Oday, khi ai CO cong to. viec lan thi tru&c het Id bd con, anh em xum lai lo lieu tir ddu, sau do, hdng xdm, Idng gieng giup da cong sire, lien bac Moi ngu&i mot tay, mot chdn nen cong viec suon se md ngu&i cd viec ciing da kho" (nir, ndng dan, 50 tudi). Trong mot cupc tpa dam vdi ngudi dan Thanh Khe (Da N^ng), nhiiu nguoi chia sc rang, ho cd ngudn gdc tir ndng Ihdn. hp ihlxy d thanh Ihi. linh
TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 4 (217), 4-2017 57
lang, nghia xdm khdng dupe nhu d ndng thdn. Tuy nhidn, khi cac gia dinh cd viec Idn nhu lam nha, cudi xin, ma chay boSe cd ngudi dm dau phai chOa chay tdn kem, hp thudng nhan dupe sir giiip dp, hd ttp t&i tinh ciia hp hang, ban be, ddng nghiep va ba cpn khdi phd.
Mdt nguyen nhan nOa dl nhiing viec Idn duoc lam tdt la nd it khi xay ra, vi vay nd thudng thu hiit sir quan tam, nd luc thuc hien cua mpi ngudi trpng gia dinh.
Nhu vay, nhttng viec Idn ciia gia dinh, tiic la nhihig viec quan trpng, khd khan ddi hdi nhieu sure ngudi, siic cua van dupe gi^i quyet tdt vi ben canh su nd lire ciia gia dinh, hp cdn nhan dupe sy hd trp ca vB vat chat va tinh than cua nhttng ngudi ciing huyet thdng, eiia ban be, ddng nghiep va cua hang xdm, lang gilng.
Hanh ddng x4y dung hoac sua chua cdng trinh ve sinh cua gia dinh cho hpp ve sinh theo tieu chuan edng trinh ve sinh cua "Gia dinh van hda" ciing dupe hiiu bet ngudi dSn thuc hi$n tdt (94,5% sd ngudi cho rSng, gia dinh hp da thuc hien tdt: DTB = 2,92; DLC = 0,36) (bang 2). Trong phong trao xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu, viec xay dung mdi hoac sua chua cae cdng trinh phu (nha ve sinh, nhit tam, duimg dng dan nude sach ve cae gia dinh) sao cho hpp v^ sinh theo tieu chuan cua "Gia dinh van hda" dupe Ban Van ddng phong trao rat quan tam. Hien nay, tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng la mdt van de ndng d nude ta cung nhu tren toan cau, nd keo theo tham boa thien tai, dich benh, anh hudng den su an toan tinh mang va ddi sdng mpi mat eiia con ngudi.
Ve nguyen nhan cua tinh trang dd khdng the khdng ndi tdi tap quan xay dung, sir dung eae edng trinh ve sinh (nha tSm, nha ve sinh, nude sinh boat) lac hau, khdng dam bao ve sinh cita mdt bd phan khdng nhd ngudi dan d khu vuc ndng thdn. Do dd, van de nay tir lau da dupe Chinh phii cung nhu nhieu to chuc phi Chinh phil tai Viet Nam rat quan tam va cd nhttng chuong trinh hanh ddng cu the nham hd trp ngudi dan thay ddi tap quan lac hau dd. Mpt trong nhung chuong trinh dd la Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve nude saeh va ve sinh mdi trudng d ndng thdn dupe Thii tudng Chinh phii phe duyet vap ngay 12 thang 11 nam 2006 (6). Cac td chirc phi Chinh phii, trong dd cd Ngan hang Thi gidi ciing da cd khdng it du an hd trp ngudi diin d ndng thdn (ca vl kinh phi cung nhu y tudng ve md hinh) xay dyng lai eac cdng trinh phu hpp ve sinh (8).
Dd la nhiing dieu kien khach quan bet sire thuan loi de ngudi dan thuc hien hanh ddng xay dyng mdi hoac sua chira edng trinh ve sinh. Tra Idi phdng van sau ve van de nay, mpt phu nu noi: "Hien nay, d day, hdu hat cdc gia dinh da cd cdng trinh phu theo kieu mdi. nhd ve sinh tu hoai, nhd tdm kin gid nhimg nude sach nhieu nhd chua cd. Duac nhu vdy Id nhd sir tuyen truyen. van ddng
58 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd4 (217), 4-2017
cua chinh quyin, hoi phu nit & dia phucmg vd sif guang mdu cua mgt sd gia dinh tich cue a dia phuang''' (ngudi dSn, nu", 62 tudi).
Hanh dgng cd hieu qua thSp nh§t trong nhdm n^y la chdm lo cho ngu&i trong gia dinh gap riii ro/benh nang (DTB = 2,80; DLC = 0^60). Nhung nam gan day, mdi trudng d nhidu dia phucmg ciia nude ta bj d nhiem d cap dp nang va van dd v6 sinh an toan thue pham chua duac kiem soat tdt cd tac dpng ti^u cue din tinh trang siic khde cua ngudi dan. CJ khdng it dja phuang, sd lupng ngudi mac cac benh hiem ngheo, vi du, cac loai benh ung thu, cd xu hudng ngay cang tang [theo 16], Trong khi dd, dieu kien may mdc, ky thuat, sd lupng va chat luong ddi ngii can bd y td d cap ca sd cdn han che, chua dap iing du nhu cau kham, chiia benh tai dja phuang cho ngudi dSn: "Hau het cac ea sd y te tuyen ca sd khdng cd bac sT ma chi cd cac y sT tdt nghiep cao dang, trung cap y hoac bac sT lien thdng" [theo 14]. Khi cd ngudi than bj benh hiem ngheo, eac gia dinh thudng phai dua hp di kham, chua benh vupt tuyen, d cac benh vien tuyen Trung uong. Trong dieu kien "say nha ra that nghiep" va tinh trang qua tai d cac benh vien tuyen Trung uang, ngudi benh eung nhu ngudi nha hp gap rat nhieu khd khan va chi phi tdn kem cho viec an, d, di lai trong thdi gian dieu trj. Trong dieu kien nhu vay, eae gia dinh ed ngudi than bi benh nang that khd cd the cham sdc tdt cho ngudi than ciia minh nhu hp mong mudn. Trong mdt budi tpa dam vdi nhdm ngudi cao tudi d Thp Xuan (Thanh Hda), nhieu ba con ndi rang dieu hp khdng hai Idng nhat la dia phuong rat xa benh vien huyen, mdi khi trong gia dinh ed ngudi dau dm, nhat la ngudi gia hoac tre nhd thi nhung ngudi trong gia dinh rat lo lang.
Tdm lai, hanh dpng xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" ndi chung va nhiing hanh ddng cu the deu dupe thuc hien tdt. Rieng hanh ddng cham sdc nhiing ngudi trong gia dinh bi benh hiem ngheo ehua dupe nhu mong mudn cua ngudi dan.
4.3. Mpt so kit qud cua hdnh dpng xdy dung "Gia dinh vdn hda"
Trong bao cao tdng ket ve phong trao Toan dan doan ket xay dung ddi sdng van hda mdi d khu dan cu, cac tac gia Le Doan Hgp (2007), Huy Vu (2011), Tr^n Thi Tuyk Mai (2008), Hdng Ha (2009) da chi ra nhiau thanh tuu dang ghi nhan cua hoat ddng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d Idiu dan cu, trong dd ndi bat la thanh tuu xay dung "Gia dinh van hda". Ty le cac gia dinh duac cdng nhan gia dinh dat chuan "Gia dinh van hda" cang ngay cang tang: neu trong nam 2002, ca nude cd 8.253.932 gia dinh dat chu^n "Gia dinh van hda" [theo 2] thi d6n nam 2012. ca nude da cd 16.421.740/2 L516.714 gia dinh dat tieu chu3n dd (dat 76% sd gia dinh d nude ta) [iheo 10] Cac "Gia dinh van hda" la cac gia dinh tu giac. guong mlu thuc hien quydn va nghTa vu cdng dan. tham gia d^y du
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd4 (217), 4-2017 59
cac phong firao boat ddng d dia phuong, chip hanh chu truong, dudng Idi cita Dang, ehmh sach, phap luat eua Nha nude, cMm lo cho ddi sdng vat chat, tinh th&i cua cac thanh vien gia dinh, xay dung mdi quan he gan bd, yeu thuong, hda thuan trpng gia dinh, giao due cac thanh vien trong gia dinh thue hien tdt hucmg udc, quy udc cua khu dan cu, cd ddng gdp tich cue xay dung co sd vat chat ha ttog van hda - xa hdi d khu dan cu. Sy gia tSng sd lupng gia dinh dupe cdng nhan dat chuin "Gia dinh van hda" dem lai nhttng ddng gdp tich cue, dang ke vao viec nudi dudng, phat trien eon ngucri Vidt Nam; vao viec nang cao chat lupng sdng cua eac gia dinh, gdp phan lam cho gia dinh Viet Nam phat trien dn dinh va bin virng.
Ddng thdi, cae "Gia dinh van hda" ciing ddng gdp tich eye vao sy phat triin kinh tl, xa hpi va mdi trudng d cac khu dan eu ndi rieng va mdi trudng xa hdi ndi chung. Trong sd cac gia dinh dat tieu chuan "Gia dinh van hda", ed tren 16.000 gia dinh da lam giau tir san xuat ndng nghiep hang hda, md mang nganh nghi, thu but va tao viec lam cho hang van lao ddng d ndng thdn. Xuat hien nhiiu md hmh "Gia dinh van hda" tieu biiu lam kinh te gidi tren cac linh vyc ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, ngu nghiep, cdng nghiep, kinh doanh san xuat Trong dd, dac biet phai ke tdi gia dinh ba D.T.D. (Ha Npi). Trong gia dinh nay cd 4 the he cung chung sdng, con chau hpc gidi, thanh dat; gia dinh la mdt don vi san xuat kinh doanh ddc lap, thu hut 50 lao ddng. Ben canh dd, gia dinh rat tich eye tham gia cac hoat dpng ciia dia phuong [theo 12] dupe khen thudng tai Hdi nghi Tuyen duong Gia dinh van hda tieu bieu xuat sac toan qudc lan thii II. Trong phong trao xay dyng ndng thdn mdi hien nay, hang nghin "Gia dinh van hda"
khae d ndng thdn da va dang tich eye tham gia phong trao nay va dat dupe nhieu thanh tuu dang khieh le.
Ket qua thu dupe tir bang hdi nhat quan vdi nhung sd lieu tren: 82,1%
sd ngudi tra Idi eho rang, viec thuc hien boat dpng xiiy dyng ddi sdng van hda d khu dan eu da gdp phan lam cho cac mdi quan he trong gia dinh ngay cang tdt ban; 70,8% cho rang cdng viee lam an va mirc sdng ciia gia dinh hp ed su thay ddi theo chieu hudng tdt ban.
Trong cupc toa dam vdi mdt nhdm ngudi cao tuoi d Thp Xuan (Thanh Hda) va mpt nhdm ngudi dan d thi trin Quang Diin (huyen Quang Diin, Thira Thien - Hue), nhieu y kien cho rang, tir khi thuc hien hoat ddng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu diin cu, viec giao due thanh thieu nien dupe thuc hien tot hem rat nhieu. NhQng ngudi eao tudi d Thp Xuan (Thanh Hda) rit hai long vdi su hilu thao ciia eon chau. Hp eho biit: Thanh nien d day rat tich cue hd trp chinh quyen va cac doan the trong viec td chirc cac su kien cua thdn, eac chau rat cd trach nhiem trong viec trang hoang, sip xip ban ghe, chuan bi loa dai cho cac budi hpp ciia cac doan thi, dac biet ciia Hpi Ngudi cao tudi va Hoi Cuu chiln
60 TAP CHI'TAM L? HOC, So 4 (217), 4-2017
binh, cho cac ngay hdi thi dua ciia thdn. Ci thdn Uk Mau, thj tr^n C^uang Dien, huyen Quang DiSn, tinh Thua Thien - Hu6, nhung nam gkn day, so luong hpc sinh thi dd dai hpc, cao d ^ g ngay cang nhieu.
Tuy nhien, nhin mot each bao quat, vin cdn khdng it van de ciia gia dinh Viet Nam c4n dupe quan tam mpt each thue su, can nhiing bien phap tac ddng cd hieu qua han. Chang han, tinh trang Iy hdn ngay cang cd xu hudng gia tang, dac biet, tinh trang ly hdn ciia eae cap vo chdng tre d thanh thi [theo 13], hien tuang
"ddi" giao tiep d tre em trong ehinh ngdi nha eua minh, hien tupng bao lire gia dinh ddi vdi phu nii va tre em. NhiJng hien tuang tidu cue dd xuit phat tu nhihu nguyen nhan. Mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan la sir quan tam chua diing miie ciia Ban Van dpng phong trao xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu den cac mdi quan he giiia eae thanh vien trong gia dinh (quan he vp - chdng, quan he bd me - con cai), khdng khi tam ly trong gia dinh - yeu td quan trpng tao nen su gan ket gia dinh, tao mdi trudng lanh manh cho su phat trien nhan each cua eae thanh vien. Dieu do dupe phan anh rd qua y kien ciia nhieu ngudi dupe phdng van sau trong cac budi tpa dam. ''Xdy dung d&i song vdn hda & khu ddn cu, mgt mat ndo do mang tinh hinh thirc. Nhirng nguai cd trdch nhiem & dia phuang thu&ng chu y nhac nh& ngu&i ddn thuc hien nhirng hdnh dgng be noi, trdi lai, it quan tdm, nam bdt thuc trgng cdc moi quan he trong cdc gia dinh Trong cdc cong ddng ddn cu chua tao duac luong du ludn xa hoi mgnh di phe phdn, Iin dn nhirng quan hi khong lanh mgnh (can bp khoa hpc, nu, 43 tudi). Mpt ngudi dan tra Idi phdng van sau cung cd y kien tucmg tu: "O* to ddn pho ciia toi, hogt dgng xdy dung d&i song vdn hda duac cdc gia dinh thuc Men tich cue nhimg thuc ra chi Id nhimg hdnh dgng be ngodi con cugc song bin trong gia dinh thi gia dinh phdi tir lo lieu.
Nhung noi chung, ai cung mudn "Tot dep phd ra, xau xa day lai^" (nam, 53 tudi, Ha Ndi).
Nhu vay, hanh ddng xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" trong hoat dpng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu da dat dupe nhieu thanh tuu Idn. Ben canh do, van cdn mdt sd han ehe can dupe quan tam, khac phuc.
Nhin chung, nhirng muc tieu khai quat va nhung muc tieu cu the ve xay dung "Gia dinh van hda" trong hoat dpng xay dung ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu duoc phan Idn ngudi dan nhan thiic tdt. Tir dd. hau het cac hanh ddng hudng den muc tieu nay dupe thuc hien tdt va da dat dupe nhieu thanh tuu dang khieh le.
Tai lieu tham khao
i. Nghi quycl Trung mmg 5, khoa 8 v6 Xdy dung vd phdi iriin nen vdn hda Viei Sam lieu lien, dam dd bdn sdc ddn (6c.
TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S d 4 (217), 4 - 2 0 1 7
2. Ky yiu Hdi nghj sa kk phong trao "Todn ddn doan kit. xdy d\mg d&i song vdn hda" cdc tinh phia BSc, 2002.
3. Hdng Ha, 20 nam xdy dipig long vdn hoa dd vd dang gap phdn xdy dung nong than Viit Nam hien dai. Tap chi Xay dung ddi sdng vSn hda, Sd 89, thdng 11/2009.
4. Pham Minh Hac, Tuyin tap Tdm ly hgc, NXB Giao due, 2002.
5. Nguyin Thi Hoa, Mpt sd dac diim thang gid tri cua thanh nien Viet Nam hien nay.
Tap chi Tam ly hoc, Sd 2/2012.
6. Nguyen Thi Hoa, Quan niim ciia ngu&i ddn vi mpt sd vdn di trong cupc song gia dinh hiin nay. Tap chi Tam ly hpc, S6 12/2008.
7. Le Doan Hop, Bdy mgnh xay dung vd ndng cao chdt lucmg d&i sdng vdn hoa ca sa. Tap chi Cong san, S6 773, thang 3 nam 2007.
8. Trin Thi Tuy^ Mai, Vdn hda gia dinh vd xdy dung gia dinh vdn hoa trong th&i ky hpi nhdp. Tap chi Cong sdn, S6 20, thang 8 - 2008.
9. Huy Vii, Nhirng diim sdng trong xay dung gia dinh vdn hoa & Hau Giang, Tap chi Cdngsan, Sd56(8-20n)•
10. Hgi nghi Tuyen ducmg Gia dinh vdn hda tieu bieu xudt sdc todn quae Idn thu II, http://www.dangcongsan.vn.
11. Phmmg Minh, Su dung nhd tieu Idjong hap vi sinh do thai quen, nhdn thuc, http;//www.khampha.va
12. Hpi nghi Tuyen duang Gia dinh vdn hda tieu bieu xudt sdc todn quoc Idn thu II, http://www.cinet.vn.
13. Ly hdn: Quan diem, vdn di vd phuang phdp nghien ciru, http://www.tamiy.com.vn.
14. Yte cas&- tinh trang vd diiu cdn thiit, http://www.trungcapytehanoi.edu.vn.
15. Chuong trinh muc tiiu qudc gia, http://www.chinhphu.vn.
16. Benh ung thu ngdy cdng tdng vd tre hda, https://www.ossc.com.vn.
17. http://www.khampha.va
62 TAP CHI'TAM L t HOC, Sd'4 (217), 4 - 2017
