Thuc tien - Kinh ngiiiem Tt^p chf C d n g s d n
DUONG TRVONG SON - DUONG HO CHI MINH:
MOT SANG TAO DOC DAO V l BU CHI DAO CHIEN LUOC CUA DANG TRONG KHANG CHIEN
CHONG MY, CUV NUOC ^
LEHUtlDlTC*
Trong cupe khdng chiin chdng My, citu nu&c cua nhdn ddn ta, du&ng Tru&ng Sffn - du&ng Hd Chi Minh dugfc biit din nhu mpt con du&ng huyin thogi, chuyen van todn bp sue mgnh tiim tdng, to l&n tu hgu phuffng l&n miin Bdc ra tien tuyin miin Nam. Bdng qua bao nui cao, song sdu, vu0 qua bao s^ ddnh phd, ngdn ehdn khde Hit cua ke thil, sudt 16 ndm rong, ki tir ngdy m& du&ng cho den khi kit thde chiin tianh, du&ng Tru&ng San - du&ng Hd Chi Minh dd hodn thdnh ve vang su minh tigng dgi cua minh, tgc vdo Ueh suhiin dgi Vipt Nam mpt mde son chdilgivey chi Me lap, tudo vd thdng nhdt non song eua todn ddn tge.
T T S N ANH gid ve dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - i I I P^^B Tradng Son, cd Tdng Bi thu J L^:x Ran Chdp hanh Trung ucmg Dang COng sdn Viet Nam Le Duan, trong Sd Vang tinydn thdng cua BO dOi Tradng Son, da vidt:
Dudng Tradng Son - dudng Hd Chi Mmh da hoan thdnh su menh lich su ttpng dgi efta no frong sy nghiep khang chien ehdng My, cuu nudc. Dd Id eon dudng gidi phdng, con dudng efta y chi quydt tiiang, cua ldng dung cdm, efta khi phach anh hung. Dd la con dudng Nam - Bac, thdng nhdt nude nhd, la con dudng tuong lai gidu cd cua Td qudc ta.
Dd ciing la con dudng dodn ket eua cac dan tde, efta ba nude Ddng Duong Viet Nam, Ldo, Cam-pu-chia.
Tft quydt dinh dftng bao luc dd gidi phdng miln Nam (nam 1959 - 1960), BO Chinh tii,
Trung uong Dang vd Tdng Quan uy Trung uong dd dinh hudng dftng va ehi dgo tridn khai ngay vide xay dyng con dudng ehidn lupc:
dudng Tmdng Son - dudng Hd Chi Minh, dl sdm dap ftng y nguyen thdng nhdt Td qudc efta toan dan tpc. Dd la khuc dgo ddu efta mOt ban anh hung ca vd y ehi, nghi lyc lao dOng, chidn ddu diing cam, sang tao efta qudn va dan ta, mOt bidu tuong sang ngdi vd khd nang ky didu efta con ngudi Viet Nam frong khdng chidn chdng gidc ngoai xam, gidi phdng dan tOc, bao vd su tmdng tdn cua dat nudc.
Trong lich su chien tranh thi gidi, dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Tradng San thudng duoc nhdc tdi nhu mdt huyIn thogi,
* Thugrng tirong, TS, IJy vien Trung ucmg Dang, Thir tniong B6 Qu6c phong
bdi ddy khdng chi Id tuydn ehi vidn chien lupc quy md ldn, ma cdn la mdt chidn tradng thyc sy, nai ddu tri, ddu lyc quydt ii?t gifta mOt bdn Id todn ddn tpc Viet Nam ed ndn kinh td ngheo ndn, ehua phdt tridn vdi mdt ben Id dd qudc My cd tiem lyc kinh te, qudn sy hung mgnh, vdi bO mdy chidn franh khdng Id, cung nhung vfl khi, frang hi tdi tdn nhdt thdi dgi.
Trong cupc dp sftc quydt lipt dd, do dupe td chftc hop ly, cdc luc lupng frdn toan tuydn dd ddnh bai chidn tranh ngdn chgn khde lipt cua ke tiiu, md dudng tiidng lpi, chi vien ddy du vd kip thdi eho cdc chien tradng Nam Ddng Duong ddnh thdng dd qudc My. Do Id mpt sdng tgo, mOt thdnh cdng xudt sac, ndt dOc ddo vd sy lanh dao, ehi dao chidn lupc cua Dang ta vd Chu tich Hd Chi Minh frong cuOc khang ehidn ehdng My, ciiu nude.
Vipc md dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Tradng Son vao mien Nam xuat phdt tft y ehi, quylt tdm ddu franh thdng nhdt nudc nha vd chft truang chidn lupc efta BO Chinh tri, Trung uong Ddng, dung dau la Chu tich Hd Chi Minh: bi mat chi vipn sue ngudi, sftc eua cho chien trudng midn Nam;
quydt tdm danh tiidng dieh d miln Nam, khdng cho dich kidm ed md rOng ehiln tranh ra midn Bdc, bdo vd vftng ehdc hdu phuang cua cdch mgng. Chinh vi vdy, khi giao cho "Doan cdng tde qudn su dae bidt" nhidm vu md dudng, vgn chuyen hdng qudn sy vdo miln Nam; td chftc dua ddn bp dOi, can bO; chuydn cdng van, tdi lieu til Bdc vdo Nam vd tft Nam ra Bde, BO Chlnh tii vd Tdng Qudn fty Tnmg uong yeu cau tuydt ddi khdng dd ddi phuong biit sy ehi vidn efta mien Bdc ddi vdi mien Nam, cftng cdc hogt dOng ndi ttdn, dft chi la mOt hogt dOng nhd.
Tuy nhidn, vdi bd may chiln franh khdng Id va chuydn nghiep, tii cudi ndm 1959, My dd phat hien ta van chuydn hdng quan sy vdo midn Nam vd lap tiic tidn hdnh cdc bien
phdp "ngdn chan bdng mpi gid". Vdi nhung kd hogeh vd thu dogn tham dOc, mdt mdt, dd quoc My tgp trung mpi phuong tidn vdt chat, ky thudt, tiln hdnh hdng nghin frdn ddnh phd bdng khdng quan, thuc hien hdng vgn lupt mdy bay chidn lupc B-52 dd nem hdng tridu tdn bom, dgn, chat dOc hda hpc xudng todn bd tuyen dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Trudng Son; ddng thdi lap hang rdo didn tu, sft dyng mdy dd nghe frOm didn thoai, tidn hdnh hdng trdm eudc hdnh qudn ddnh pha ty do vd hang nghin vy phd hogi bdng bidt kieh. Mgt khae, dd qudc My ra sftc tuydn mO, hudn luy^n lye luong bidt kieh Ldi Hd, Phi Hd, thdm bdo, thdm kich, ddn su chidn ddu de san sang phd hogi tuyen dudng. Ddc bidt, sau khi nhan dupe bdo eao ve vide Vidt Nam quydt dinh xdy dyng dudng mdn chidn lupc Hd Chi Minh, Chinh phft My edng quydt tdm ngdn chan va tim each pha hogi bang dupc con dudng tidp td chidn lupc nay.
Uy-li-am Cdn-bi (William Colby), trum Cyc Tinh bdo trung uang My (CIA) luc do, da ra Ipnh cho luc luong bidt kieh "mu ndi xanh" tien hdnh gdn 41 cudc hanh qudn do thdm todn bO hd thdng dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh, nhdm ngdn chan vd cat dut tuyen vgn tdi chiln luoc nay; ddng thdi phdi hop vdi Ban Tham muu hdn hop cua Bd Tu l$nh qudn vidn chinh My d midn Nam Vipt Nam (MACV) soan thdo kl hogeh ddnh phd todn dipn hO th6ng tuyIn dudng. Thdi ky ddu, djch thyc hidn ngan chgn bdng each tdng cudng cftng cd "phdng tuydn chdng thdm nhdp" do ehung thilt lap tft sau Hiep dinh Gio-ne-va;
dung cdc lyc luong bdo an, ddn vd, thdm bdo Iftng sue khap noi de bdt bd can bO, chien sT van tdi, giao lidn yd tidn hdnh cac eudc hdnh qudn cdn quet de triet phd co sd vdt chit, khung bd nhan ddn hdng tach nhan ddn khdi dnh hudng cua edeh mgng. Tft khi ta phdt
92 So 859 (thdng 5 nam 2014)
Thuc tien - Kinh nghipm Tpp chf C d n g s d n
ttien vgn tai ea gidi thdnh mdt phuang thuc van tdi co bdn (giua ndm 1964), cung vdi vipc diing lye lupng khdng qudn vd hdi qudn nem bom, bdn phd mien Bdc, dd qudc My bdt dau tien hanh cuOc "ehidn franh ngdn chdn" tuydn chi vipn ehidn lupc efta ta vdi cudng dp ngdy cang cao tren todn tuydn, bidn tuyIn dudng thdnh mOt ehidn tradng vd cftng ae lidt. Gidi quan chftc M5' cho rdng: Vide nem bom trye tiep danh pha midn Bde Viet Nam khdng ngan chdn dupe viOc tidp te vao midn Nam.
Giai phdp duy nhdt la bdng cdch nay hay cdch khac, ngdn eh^n ngay tren dudng mdn.
Trdn thyc td, dd qudc Mf da sft dyng mpi lyc lupng, mpi bipn phdp dd ngdn chan sy chi vi^n eua hdu phuang ldn mien Bac cho chiln ttudng midn Nam. Chiing tdp trang lue lupng vd phuang tipn ddnh pha lien tye tdt cd cdc myc tidu efta ta frdn todn tuydn dudng mdn Ho Chi Minh, nhdt la su dyng khdng qudn, frong dd cd "phao ddi bay" B-52 dd Iftng sue, ddnh phd cde edn eft, kho tang, bai ddu xe, ti-gm ky thugt, sd chi huy cdc don vi efta ta,...
Ddm dem, chung sft dyng may bay AC. 130
"tuc trye" frdn khdng tft ddu tuyen den cudi tuyen; khdng mOt dodn xe nao efta ta khdng bi chung phdt hien vd tin cdng. Dd dd phdt hidn myc tieu, dich nem bom phat quang, rai chdt dOc hda hpc huy dipt cdc thdm cay xanh;
ddng thdi su dyng cdc phuang tien ky thudt dipn tu, nhu hang rdo dipn tft Mac-na-ma-ra,
"cay nhipt ddi", "ngudi gdc dudng can mdn";
chung cdn gdy mua nhdn tgo dd lam ldy lOi dudng sd. Trong vdng 10 ndm, kd tft khi ta td chftc vgn tdi co gidi fren tuyen dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh eho ddn khi Hipp dinh Pa-ri dupe ky kit, khdng quan M5' da sft dyng 733.000 lugt mdy bay, ddnh pha 152.000 ttgn vdo tuydn dudng nay vd nem xudng do gdn 4 tripu tin bom, dgn, vupt xa sd bom, dsui ma phe phat-xit su dung ttong Chiln tranh thd gidi tiift hai.
Trdn bd, dich huy dOng lyc qudn, tft nhfing dpi biet kich, thdm bdo cho ddn edc binh dodn CO dOng efta My, qudn dpi Sdi Gdn vd quan nguy Ldo, md cde cuOc hdnh quan cdn quet, ddnh vdo cdc can cu, co sd cua ta frdn tuydn dudng mdn Hd Chi Mmh. Tinh tu ndm 1959 din nam 1975, dich dd md 120 cupc hdnh qudn can quet, ndng ldn vd tung 1.235 vp bidt kich vao pha hogi tuydn dudng nay.
Dd qude My dd bidn tuyen dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Trudng Son thdnh chidn tradng thft nghidm h ^ g loat chft traong chidn lupc vd thft dogn chien thugt eua chftng, ddng thdi cflng la chidn tradng tiift nghidm cdc logi vfl khi, phuang tipn ky thudt hipn dgi nhdt cua My tiidi dd.
Dd ehdng lgi cudc "chiln tranh ngdn chdn" cua dd qude My, Bp Chinh tri vd Quan fty Trang uong da chi dao td chftc vd sft dyng cae lye lupng fren tuydn dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Tradng Son phu hpfp vdi tiing thdi ky, tftng giai dogn cua cuOc ehidn franh - tft td chftc md dudng, td chftc van chuydn ddn td chftc ddnh dich. Nhd dd, nhung con dudng mdn len ldi gifta rftng sdu, nfti cao da dupe phat trien thdnh mOt he thdng cdu - dudng md ke thft gpi la mOt "frdn dd bat quai". Vdi y chi quyet tdm ddnh bgi cdc logi hinh ehidn tranh ngdn ehdn cua qudn My vd qudn dOi Sai Gdn, bdo dam tuydn ehi vien chien luac thdng sudt tdi eac chiln tradng, Bd dpi Tradng Son, trade hdt la luc lupng edng binh, eftng vdi lue lupng thanh nien xung phong, nhan dan dia phuang vd dan edng hda tuydn, dudi mua bom bao dan dc lidt efta dich, bang mpi phuang tidn tti thd so din hidn dai, da khai pha, md dudng Ddng - Tay Tradng Son vdi 5 tine dpc dudng chiln lupc, 21 true ngang dudng chiln dich xuyen Bdc - Nam, xuyen ba nudc Ddng Duong, vuan tdi cac chidn tradng, cac dia phuang mdt each
lien hodn, ddng bp, thdng sudt, lap nen mOt ky tieh ttong cupc khdng chidn chdng My, eftu nudc, gdm gdn 17.000 km dudng cho xe CO gidi, hang nghin ki-16-met dudng sdng, cd ed he thing dudng dng xang ddu hoan ehinh va dudng ddy thdng tin tai ba keo dai sudt dpc tuydn. Cftng vdi su phat tridn he tiidng cdu - dudng, quy md vd ndng lyc van chuydn cung ngdy cdng dupe ndng eao. Chinh dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Tradng Son Id nai ra ddi nhung su dodn vgn tai d-td dau tidn cua qudn dOi ta. Bd dpi van tdi Tradng Son da sang tao ra mdt kidu "chidn dich van tdi", dupe thue hidn bdng vide td chftc van chuydn quy mo ldn kit hop vdi nhiing fran ddnh chdng dich ngdn chgn theo mOt kd hogeh thdng nhdt, dudi su chi huy thdng nhat, nham dat chi tidu kd hogeh de ra frong mOt thdi gian nhdt dinh frdn todn tuydn hoac frdn mdt cung dudng, doan dudng nhdt dinh.
Do phuang thfte td chftc vd hogt ddng dac bidt, tuyen dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Tradng Son khdng ehi la hgu phuong qudc gia true tiep cua cdc chidn tradng, la bdn dgp cho cae binh doan co dOng chidn lupc xudt kich, ma cdn la mOt chidn tradng tidu dipt dieh vdi hidu suat cao. 6 ehidn tradng midn Nam, thdng thudng hogt dOng tac ehiln chidn dich cua cac binh doan chu luc didn ra ttong mfta khd; mdi mua khd chi co thd thyc hidn mOt hoac hai chidn dich va dupc chudn bi rdt ky. Nhung d ehidn ttudng dudng Tradng Son, thdi gian hoat dOng ehiln ddu didn ra quanh nam va ddc bidt Id frong sudt mfta khd.
Hogt dOng chiln dau d dudng Tradng San ludn gdn lidn vdi hogt ddng van chuydn, vd hogt dOng van chuydn khdng tiid tach rdi hogt dpng chiln diu. Cftng vdi vide chdng frd sy danh phd cua dieh vdi tinh thdn "danh dich ma di, md dudng ma tidn", Bp dpi Tradng Son cdn phai ddi phd vdi thdi tilt khde nhidt.
vdi nhung khd khan, frd nggi do mua lu gay ra. Nhfing trdn mua rung d Trudng Son co thi gdy lu lyt, lam hu hdng tii 70% din 80%
cdng su, phd buy he tiidng cau - dudng, gay dch tde tidn todn tuydn.
Mac du dich danh phd de Hdt va thdi tidt khde nghidt nhu vdy, nhung tuydn chi vidn ehidn luoc Tradng Son - dudng Hd Chi Minh da hodn thanh xudt sde nhidm vy efta minh, van chuydn ngay edng nhidu vfl khi va cde mat hang quan su thidt yeu cho eae ehidn tradng. Neu nhu frong 5 ndm dau (nam 1959 - 1964) mdi ehi ehuydn vao tdi Khu 5 dupe hon 2.500 tin vu khi va eac mat hdng qudn su, tiii tu ndm 1966 dd bdt ddu chuydn tdi Tdy Nguydn va Nam BO nhflng vfl khi vd cac mat hang qudn sy khdng ehi dap ftng ydu cau tac chien chien dich, md cdn dap ung cd yeu cdu tien cdng chien luoc.
Chi rieng thang 7 mfta khd nam 1967 - 1968, de dap ftng yeu edu efta cupc Tdng tidn cdng va ndi day frdn toan midn Nam, toan tuyen da van ehuydn dupe 63.024 tan vu khi va eae mat hang qudn sy, frong do, giao cho eac chidn tradng vd bdo dam vat chat cho bp dpi hanh qudn dgt 51.034 tdn; ban red 330 may bay cdc logi, diet 1.275 tdn dieh. Mfta khd ndm 1971 -1972, toan tuyen giao cho cae chien tradng va bdo dam hdnh qudn la 64.785 tdn hang, dat 145% chi tidu vd kd hogeh, dd la chua kd 15.483 tin khai thde tai ehd d Ddng Bae Cam-pu-chia; eftng vdi thang lpi efta lye lupng van tdi, cdc luc luong phdng khdng bao vp tuydn van tdi ehidn luoc da bdn roi 194 may bay cac loai cua dich; lyc lugng bd binh lien tuc phdi, kit hgp chiln ddu, gift vftng cac vi tri xung ylu, tidu diet 1.924 tdn dich, thu vd phd huy nhidu phuang tien chidn ttanh efta ehung, md rOng vung gidi piidng, bdo vd vung chdc tuydn hdnh lang ehidn lupe. Trong ban hai nam chudn bj va van chuydn bdo ddm cho cuOc Tdng tiln cdng vd ndi day mfta Xuan
94 So 859 (thdng 5 nam 2014)
Thuc tien - Kinh nghipm Tpp chf C d n g s d n
nam 1975, tuydn chi vidn ehidn luge dd giao eho eac ehidn tradng 413.453 tdn vfl khi, dgn duge vd hdng hod edc loai, trong do cd cd vu khi hang ndng, nhu phdo co gidi tdm xa, xe tdng,... Tdng cOng frong 16 nam, tuydn ehi vidn chidn luge Tradng Son - dudng Hd Chi Minh da van chuydn dugc 1.349.060 tin vu khi vd hang hda (trong dd ke ca sd giao cho cdc chidn tmdng bdo ddm hanh qudn vd sft dyng ldn sd tdn thdt trdn todn tuydn).
Nhflng chien cdng eua edc luc lupng frdn tuyen chi vidn ehidn lupc Tradng Son - dudng Hd Chi Mmh Id minh chftng cu thd vd net dde sdc, dpc ddo, sang tgo cua sy ldnh dgo, chi dgo chidn lupe sat sao vd tai thao lupe cua Ddng ta vd Chft tich Hd Chi Minh. Dd tftng budc xdy dung, phdt tridn tuydn dudng chien lupe ndy, nham chi vidn ngdy edng nhidu sue ngudi, sftc efta cho cdc chien ttirdng danh thdng qudn xdm luge vd tay sai. Dang ta da phdt huy tdi mftc cao nhdt sue mgnh tdng hpp vd cung to ldn cua toan dan, toan qudn vd cua cd hd thdng chinh tri. Hang nghui cdn bd eao cap, trang cap, nhdn vidn ky thudt cua cdc quan ehung, binh chftng vd cdc bO, ngdnh dugc Dang, Nhd nudc dieu dOng vdo tuydn dudng Tradng Son - dudng Hd Chi Minh.
Hang vgn thanh nidn xung phong da hang hai cung eac dodn qudn "Xe dpc Tradng Son di eftu nudc". Nhdn dan cae dia phuong ludn sdn sang ddng gdp cua cai va cdng sftc cho tuydn giao thdng van tai chidn luge dugc tiidng sudt. Cde nudc anh em, be bgn frdn thd gidi danh cho Viet Nam sy giftp dd vat chat vd ung hd, dOng vidn vd mat tinh thdn ldn lao, quy bau. Ddc bidt, cde nude bgn Lao vd Cam-pu-chia da ddnh mOt phdn lanh thd cua minh cho tuydn hdnh lang van chuydn chiln luge vd phdi hgp vdi bO dOi Viet Nam chiln ddu bdo vd tuydn dudng.
La noi thd hidn ban linh, y chi, khdt vpng dOc lap, ty do, quylt tdm thdng nhat nude nhd cua todn Ddng, todn dan vd toan qudn ta; noi thft thdch tri thdng minh va ldng dftng cdm, ren luydn phdm chat edeh mgng cua cac lye luong bO dpi, thanh nidn xung phong; noi gdn kit lidn minh ehidn ddu dae bidt Viet Nam - Lao - Cam-pu-chia..., tuydn dudng Tradng Son - dudng Hd Chi Minh Id cau ndi ddc bipt quan frpng gifta hdu phuong ldn midn Bae vdi tien tuyen ldn midn Nam, da cd nhiing ddng gdp quydt dinh vdo thdng lgi chung cua sy nghidp khdng chien chdng My, eftu nude efta toan dan tOe. Dung nhu V.I. Ld-nin da ndi: Ydu td quyet dinh thdng lgi frong chidn tranh la vide pha hfty ngng nd hgu phuong efta ddi phuong vd ddp tan vide dOng vidn eua ddi phuang. The nhung, chung ta da hodn toan chidn thdng kd thu khi ehung khdng the ldm dupe didu do.
Ddn nay, tuydn dudng van tai chidn luge, dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh - dudng Tradng Son huydn thoai vdn tdn tai va phdt tridn khdng ngftng, la minh chung cho sftc sdng tradng tdn cua dan tOc ma khdng sftc manh nao efta qudn xdm luge ed thd ngan cdn ndi. Ngdy nay, ndu chung ta di dpc tuydn dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh ndm xua, nhdn thay dudng Hd Chi Minh thdnh thang, hidn dgi da dupc xay dung cflng bang tri tup, sftc lyc va sy sang tao cua con ngudi Viet Nam. Ndu nhu dudng Tradng Son - dudng Hd Chi Minh nam xua la mpt trong nhung nhan td chidn luoc cd y nghia quydt dinh dua cudc khdng chidn chdng My, eftu nudc efta nhdn dan ta den thdng lgi hodn toan, thi ngdy nay, dudng Hd Chi Minh la con dudng gdn kdt chat che cac ddn tOc Viet Nam sudt tft Bac chi Nam, gdp phdn quan trpng dua sy nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hidn dgi hda ddt nudc di ddn thang Ipi.Q
