Nghien cOu - Trao doi
Nghien cuti thiet ki, che tao, uhg^dung thir nghiem hp gian l(hoan ffia chat bien hong
O ThS. DAO MANH HONG, ThS. NGUYEN THj THU HUONG
Trudng D9I hoc Til nguydn vi Mdl trUdng Hi Ndi
Mddau
Nhl$m v{i thu th$p, tong hpp ve cae lo^i glin khoan trdn bien, sdng, hS tren thegldl va Vi$t Nam li mgt h^ng miic quan trgng thugc de til khoa hgc cdng ngh$ cap Bg "Nghien cuU thiet ke, che^, Ong dgng thvfngiii$m bg gian khoan dja chat bien ndng"
I. Muc tl&u, nhif m vg
Thu thap cae tai lieu v l cac loai gian khoan, tau khoan de ed dUdc cac danh gia phuc vg cdng tac thilt k l , e h l tao gian khoan dia chat bien ndng.
II. Tong quan ve cac lo^j gian khoan tren
bien, ho, sdng tren the gidiTrgn the gidi, he thong gian ho^t ddng tren biln chu y l u phgc vg eho cdng tac tim kiem, tham dd, khai thac dau khi, khoang san rlin va eac muc dfch quan sg. Tuy sis dgng eho da muc dich, nhUng nhin chung ehung d I u cd cau tao tUdng ddi gid'ng nhau (dli vdi tUng kieu eg the) va d I u nham phgc vu hoat ddng sinh hoat va lam vi§c cOa ngudi lam nhiem vg dilu tra, khao sat d tren bien.
/. Cae lo^i giin khoan phgc vg khoan sau
Giin cd dinh: cae gian eo dinh thudng dUde sil dgng chu y l u cho cac vijng nUdc ndng vdi dp sau cot nude khdng Idn va ed dieu kien c6 dinh bang epe hoac bang trpng ige hay eac phUdng ti§n khac.
Gian CO djnh ed Uu the la tfnh on dinh trong khi lam viec eao, phu hdp vdi vung nUdc ndng, tuy nhi§n tinh linh ddng cCia nd thi gan nhu bang khdng.
Giin tUnang:G'\an tg nang cd rat nhieu uu diem so vdi cac loai gian khac nhu tinh I n djnh lam vide tit, tUdng doi linh ddng va chieu sau hoat dong cDa nd rat phu hdp vdi mUc nude bien d mdt so khu vgc bien ed trtJf lupng dau Idn tren the gidi nhU: Biln Blc, Vinh Mehicd thupc My hay Trung Odng. Tuy nhien ngoai nhupe dilm la bi hgn e h l ve dp sau lam viSc, thi yeu dilm Idn nhit cCia gian tg nang la nd phu thupc rat nhilu vao c l u tac dja chit cua day biln.
Giin bin chim: Cae gian ban chim thudng hoat ddng pho bien d eac vung biln vdi chilu sau cua cot nUde Idn hdn 200m (chieu sau ho^t ddng Idn nha't hian nay la 2.375m}. Do eac Idi t h i ve chilu
sau lam viec, kha nang doe lap tUdng doi vdi c l u tgo dja chat cua nen day biln, tinh on djnh tUdng dd'i trong cac dilu kien bien khdng thuan Ipi, cung nhu kha nang di ehuyen cao, gian ban chim dUde SLf dgng rat nhilu eho eac vung bien nudc sau, cd thdi tilt khdng thuan Idi va dae bi§t la cho eac md dau, khi dUdc tim thay trong thdi gian gan day. Gian ban chim cung cd mdt nhUde dilm la khi khai thac nd can dupe neo giU, ma he thong neo giU thudng chiem mdt khdng gian rat Idn, nen cd the anh hudng d i n cae phUdng tien di Iai tr§n biln.
Giin neo dUng: Gian neo dCfng dupe co djnh xuIng dudi day bien bdi cae day neo (thudng dUdc lip d cac gdc ci!ia gian) thang dUng. Sg keo thang cua cae day neo nay chu yeu la do sufe day cija nudc. Do cd clu tao tUdng tg nhu gian ban chim ndn tinh nang va hoat ddng eCia gian neo dUng cung gid'ng nhu cCia gian ban chim.
Cum kit du da ning: Gian cdng nghg va kho chLfa noi: Cau tao cua nd la kit eau dang tau cho nen tinh linh ddng trong di chuyin ci!ia cum FPSU nay kha eao va chju dupc cac dilu kien sdng gid. Chinh vi t h i cgm cdng trinh nay thUdng dupe sii dgng cho cac gilng khoan nhd, khdng dCi san lUdng d l xay dgng gian khai thac, nim 6 khu vgc sdng gid va xa bd.
2. Cic logi giin, tiu phgc vg khoan ndng Doi vdi cdng tac khoan ndng (dp sau vai chge met) tren bien, tren he (chu y l u de nghien eCfu dja chit cdng trinh phuc vu lap dat gian khoan) thi hau het sii dgng tau khoan. Tau khoan ed eau tao (vd tau) tUdng tg nhu cae logi tau khac, nhUng chung cd mdt khdSng hd rlt Idn d l dat cae thiet bj cdng nghe (moon pool). Tau khoan co t h i dupe ddng mdi hdac dUde ehuyen doi, nang cap tU cac dang tau khac.
Mdt dae tinh rd rang cua tau khoan la kha nang cd ddng cgc ky cao, ngoai ra nd edn cd the mang theo mdt lUdng hang dg trD Idn, tuy nhidn dp on dinh lam viec cua tau khoan thi kem hdn so vdi gian ban chim. Khi di ehuyen den vi tri djnh trUde, tau khoan se dupc c6 djnh tUdng doi so vdi day bien bang phUdng phap neo thdng thudng (conventional positioning) hoac phUdng phap c l djnh ddng. Ngoai ra, doi vdi
Tai nguyen v6 Moi tru'dng | Ky 2 - Thang 2/2019 ^^
khoan dja chat tai mdt s i ho, tren the gidi ngUdi ta si^r dgng eac dang gian khoan ISp ghep bang boong- t o n , phao n l i .
3. Tinh hinh siJr dgng:
T h e o con so thong ke c u a O D S - P E T R O DATA
& M A R I N E T A L K thi hien nay tren the gidi cd khoang 6.500 cdng trinh b i l n khac nhau phuc vg cho cdng nghiep dau khi. Tuy nhidn, con s i thd'ng ke cu the cho thay, hien nay trdn the gidi ed k h o a n g 1152 cdng trinh bien dang hoat ddng d nhOng mUc do va tinh trang khac nhau.
III. C a c togi g i a n k h o a n t r e n b i e n , h i , s o n g tai V i ^ t N a m
1. Khoan siu: 04 gian dd Vietsovpetro da dUa vao v a n hanh trong thdi gian gan day la: D a i H u n g , Tam Bko, CLTU Long, Trident 09.
2. Khoan ndng: Doi vdi c d n g tac khoan n d n g (dp sau vai ehgc met) tren b i l n (chD y e u de nghien eUu dja c h i t cdng trinh phuc vu ISp dat gian khoan) thi nganh dau khi d Viet Nam t h u d n g SLf d g n g tau khoan. Mdt so loai nhu: Gian khoan trdn phao n l i ; Gian khoan t u nang loai nhd; Khoan may bai t r i l u .
IV. D a n h g i a c h u n g
Cac loai gian khoan sau chCi y l u phuc vg c h o nganh d I u khi, tinh nang ky thuat, c d n g nghd sii dgng tUdng dUdng vdi cac gian khoan tren t h i gidi.
Hien tai d Viet Nam chua ed tau khoan chuyen dung, de thi cdng cac c d n g trinh khoan ndng cac ddn vi {chu y e u la nganh d a u khi") d e u thue tau khoan c u a nudc ngoai.
Tai cac vung v e n b d , khi xay d u n g cac c d n g trinh b i l n nhu cau cang, cae ddn vj trong nudc chu yeu sil dung gian phao noi (bong t d n g hoac t h u n g phi) de t i l n hanh khoan.
Hien mdi cd gian khoan tU nang 86 da dUdc e h l tad trdng nudc (thi cdng cang Cai Lan), tuy nhien gian nay chT khoan 6 dd sau <11,5m va d u n g chan cam xuong day b i l n de eo djnh gian. D o n g thdi gian nay khdng cd tinh cd ddng; viec di c h u y e n den eac vung bien khac ddi hdi tau keo Idn hoac c h d b a n g tau Idn, nen chi phi rat cao.
V. K e t L u a n
Qua t i n g hpp thu thap tai li§u chung tdi ed mdt so' k i t luan sau:
1. Doi vdi cac cdng trinh thuc hien d vung nUdc sau (hang tram met) va khoan sau (hang nghin met), thudng sCf dgng gian khoan rat hien dai, kich thudc Idn {kich thudc eho ca ba chieu da; x rpng x cac cd the lan den hang tram met), gia thanh rat cao (cd the len d i n hang tram tneu dd la My). V i du nhU mot s 6 gian da va dang sLf dung trong cdng nghiep dau khi:
1 8 Toi n g u y e n v d Mdi tru'dng [ Ky2-Thing2/2019
Gian co djnh (Fixed Platform); Gian t g n a n g (Jack Up Platform); G i a n b a n c h i m ( S e m i Submersible Platform); G i a n neo dCfng (TLP or Spar); C g m ket ca'u da n a n g : Noi, s a n xuat va Kho chLfa (Floating Production & Storage Units, FPSU).
2. Dd'i vdi cac c d n g trinh khoan may bai t r i l u da thi c d n g d Viet Nam dgt hieu q u a r i t c a c , nhung chi khoan d ddi d d s a u toi da la 0,5m nude.
3. Cae c d n g trinh khoan tren s d n g , vinh,...phMc vg nghien cUu dja chat c d n g trinh 6 Viet Nam cung dupe a p d g n g hai phUdng p h a p :
PhUdng phap gian t u n a n g loai n h d : day cung la gian hien dai, kfeh thudc gian 21 x 7,5 x 1,5m, gia t h a n h cao.
PhUdng phap gian tren phao n i l , day la phUdng phap ddn gian, gia thanh t h a p , de v a n hanh, nhUng ddi khi edn q u a s d sai c h u a d a m b a o y e u eau ky t h u a t va an t c a n lad d d n g . C h i n h vi vay can phSi nang cap t h e m tii m d hinh k i l u nay d l thiet ke, che tao k i l u gian khoan tr§n phao noi bao dam ydu c l u ky thuat c u n g n h u an t o a n lao d d n g , thiet bj, hieu qua lam viec.
L 6 i c a m d n
Nghien cCfu nay dupe thge hien dudi sU h i trd c u a n h d m c h u y e n gia n g h i e n cUu T h u d c d l tai K H C N c a p Bp " N g h i a n cUu thiet k e , c h i tao, Lfng dung thl!r nghiem bp gian khoan dja c h i t bien ndng".
T a i l i e u t h a m khko
1. Nguyen Tien Khiem, 2005. Bao cio tong ket de tii KHCN "Cd sd khoa hoc cho vi$c xay dung vi khai thic cdng trinh bien dl ddng tren vung blin Vi^t Nam" (mi sd KC.09-13). LUu trU B6 KHCN;
2. Tran Minh Quang, 2006. Cdng trinh bien. Nha xuat bkn Giao thdng van t ^ i ;
3. Vu Trudng Sdn, Le Anh Thang va nnk, 2002.
Bio cio kit qui thuc hien dU in hap tic quoc te vdi cong ty Timah. LUu trU Trung tam Dja chat va Khoang san bien;
4. Hideki Miura. Shallow marine drilling project for high-resolution reconstruction of East Antarctic Ice and Southern Ocean history during the late Quaternary (The Fourth International Polar Year Japanese Proposal on Research Program);
5. J . Wang, S. Berg, Y . H . Luo, A. Sablokand L Finn. Structural Design of the Truss Spar-An Oven/iew.
Proceedings of the Eleventh (2001) biternatlonal Off- shore and Polar Engineering Conference Stavanger, Norway, June 17-22, 2 0 0 1 ;
6. Ocean Drilling Program - Final technical report 1983-2007;
7. Lake and marine drilling planning and opera- tions manual.^
