TRifiT HOC, S6 12 (259), THANG 12-2012
TINH BIEN CHUING CUA KHONG GIAN VA THOTl GIAN THEO QUAN NIEM CUA VAT LY HOC
PHAMPHAT*'*
Vdi nhiiu ly thuyit khoa hgc mdi ra ddi trong khoa hgc tU nhiin tit ddu thiky XX, quan ni^m siiu hinh vi thi gidi dd bi phd vd vd bu^c phdi nhUdng chd cho quan ni^m biin chitng vi thigidi vd cdng do v^y md quan ni^m vi khdng gian vd thdi gian da cd Bit thay dot diphdn dnh ngdy cdng ddng ddn hdn vi tinh biin chiing cua khdng gian vd thdi gian hi^n tkifi:. Bdi viit ndy gdp phdn ldm rd tinh biin chiing cda khdng gian vd thdi gian theo quan niim cOa vdt ly hgc.
f
hoa hpc tfl nhidn tfl diu t h i ky XX dfi ed nhflng bfldc phat triin vfldt bfic vdi nhilu phat minh dfin den sfl ra ddi cac ly thuyet khoa hpc mdi.Cac ly thuyit nfiy dfi pha v3 gidi ban eua quan nipm sieu hinh vl the gidi de di tdi khang dinh ring, mpi qua trinh dien ra trong gidi tfl nhidn diu mang tfnh bien chiing. Ciing xuit phat tfl dd, quan nipm vl khdng gian va tbdi gian cung cd sfl thay doi de phan anh ngay cfing dung dfin hdn ve tinh bidn chflng cua khdng gian va thdi gian hipn thfle. Bfii viet nfiy gdp phin lfim rd tinh biin chitng cda khdng gian vd thdi gian qua sfl phfit trien eua lieh sut tfl tfldng nhfin loai.
Khong gian vfi thdi gian ludn la ddi tfldng nghidn cflu cua cfic ngfinh khoa hpc, trong dd ed trie't hpc. Trong mpi linh vflc cua tfl nhidn vfi xa hdi, sfl ton tai vfi phat trien cua cac sfl vfit, hien tfldng, cung nhfl sfl tac ddng Ifin nhau cua chflng lufin dien ra trong khdng gian vfi thdi gian. Chinh vi vfiy, chung ta khdng t h i nghidn cflu cfic sfl vfit, hien tfldng ciing nhfl sfl tac dpng lan nhau cua chung mfi thieu nhiing quan
ni^m nhfi^t dinh v l khdng gian vfi thdi gian. Cac ly thuyit, cae quy lufit khoa hpe ciing chi trd ndn cd y nghia khi gfin vdi cfic quan niem nhfit dinh ve khdng gian vfi thdi gian, chfing ban nhfl khi dl cfip din nhiing vfin de v l cac hinh thflc cd ban cua ton tai, v l sfl van ddng vfi tfldng tae eua v^t the trong vu try...
Ciing chfnh vi vfiy, nhfin thflc cua eon ngfldi ve khdng gian vfi thdi gian, dfic bipt la ve cfic hinh thflc ton tai cua nd ludn cd sfl thay dii cung vdi qufi trinh phfit trien cua lieh sii tfl tfldng nhfin loai, nhfi't lfi khi xufi't bifin cfic phat minh khoa hpc mdi, ciing nhfl sfl ra ddi cfic Iy thuyet khoa hpc mdi. Tuy nhifin, de ed sfl hieu biit dung d i n v l nhflng ^ tfldng mdi, phfit hien mdi, quan niem mdi thdng qua nghidn cflu sfl vfin ddng vfi phfit trien ciia efie hinh thflc khae nhau ciia khdng gian va thdi gian, chung ta can phai dfla tren cd sd ly lufin cua phdp bien chflng duy vfit. Chinh Ph.Angghen, trong Biin chitng ciia tii nhiin da chflng minh ring, cac quy lufit eiia phdp bidn chflng lfi nhiing "quy lu^t (*) Tb^c 81, Higu tradng TrUdng Cao d&ng C^ng ddng DSng Thap.
68
TINH BIEN CHUNG C O A K H 6 N G GIAN VA T H 6 I G L \ N . . thfit sfl" cua sfl vfin dfing, phfit triin
cua gidi tfl nhidn, cua xa h$i vfi cua tfl duy con ngfldi; r i n g "phfip bi$n chflng lfi mdt hinh thflc tfl duy quan trpng nhit dd'i vdi khoa hpc tfl nhidn bi^n dai"
va "ehi cd phfip bifin chflng mdi ed t h i giup cho khoa hpc tfl nhifin vflpt khoi nhflng khd khfin v l 1^ lu§n"(l).
Khai niem khdng gian, thdi gian, ve ban chit, la sfl phan finh khdng gian vfi thdi gian khfich quan cua t h i gidi vfit chat. Tuy nhien, trong nhiing linh vflc tri thflc khac nhau, trong dd cd Iinh vflc trilt bpc vfi vfit 1;^ hpe, nh^n thfle v l khdng gian, thdi gian se khfic nhau.
Trong lich sfl trilt hpc, quan ni^m ve khdng gism, thdi gian da dfl^e efie trUdng phai triet hpc khfic nhau lufin giai mdt each khfic nhau. Tu^ theo Ifip trudng triet hpe cua minh, vfi tbeo nhfin thflc cua mdi trfldng phai, cfic trfldng phai triet bpc nfiy da dfla ra nhflng quan niem khac nhau v l khdng gian va tbdi gian, trong dd ed hai khujTih hfldng ldn la chu nghia duy tfim vfi chu nghia duy vfit.
Chu nghia duy tfim, nhin chung, coi khong gian va thdi gian lfi do y thfle, y niem quyet dinh. Chu nghia duy tam chu quan cho ring khfing gian vfi thdi gian la do cam giac chii quan cua con ngUdi quyet dinh va do vfiy, khfing gian va thdi gian phu thudc vfio cam gific chu quan cua eon ngfldi. Vdi quan nifim nay, hp dfi phu nh^n thfle tai khach quan eua khdng gian vfi thdi gian. Chu nghia duy tam khfich quan thi quan niem khong gian thdi gian do lflc Ivt^ng sifiu nhien (y nifim tuyfit ddi, Thflpng de) sinh ra, tfl dd, ho eung phu nhftn tfnh thflc tai khfich quan cua khfing gian vfi thdi gian.
Trfii lpi, chu nghia duy vfit da khing dinh sfl t i n tai khfich quan cua khdng gian vfi thdi gian. Tuy nhifin, chii nghia duy vfit sifiu hinh lpi xem khdng gian, thdi gian t i n tpi m^t each thuin tuy, bfi't biln, tach rdi vfit ehfi't, vfin ddng.
Chi cd chu nghia duy v^t bi^n chflng mdi dem lai quan nidm dflng din, khoa hpc vl khdng gian vft thdi gian.
Chu nghia duy vfit bidn chflng khi thfla nhfin sfl t i n tpi khfich quan cua t h i gidi vfit ehfi't, cua vfin ddng dfi cho ring, trong the gidi khdng cd gi ngofii vfit ehfi't dang vfin ddng vfi vfit ehfi't khdng t h i vfin ddng b dfiu ngofii khdng gian vfi thdi giEui. Tfl dd, ehu nghia duy vfit bien chflng da thfla nhfin tfnh hidn thfle khfich quan eua khdng gian vfi thdi gian. Dong thdi, ehu nghia duy v^t bipn chflng cdn thfla nh^n khdng gian vfi thdi gian lfi phfldng thflc tin tai cua vfit chlit, Id thudc tinh ciia vgt chdt dang van ddng. Nhfl vfiy, cd the thiy, chu nghia duy vfit bidn chiing xem khdng gian, thdi gian eung gid'ng nhfl vfit ehfi't la cai khdng bfi't bien mfi ludn vfin ddng, bien dii cflng vdi sfl bien doi cua the' gidi vfit ehfi't. Nhflng quan nifim tren day hofin tofin phu hdp vdi thflc t l khfich quan va dfldc chflng minh bdi sfl phat trien cua khoa hpc tfl nhien, dfic biet la vfit ly hpc.
Vfit ly hpc dfldc xem nhfl lfi mfit trong nhflng mdn khoa hpe cd ban nhfi't cua khoa hpc tfl nhien. Tfl khi ra ddi cho den nay, vat ly hpc da ed dfldc mpt vi tri quan trpng trong vific phat trien cac linh vflc khoa hpc ed ban, khoa hpc cdng nghe ciing nhfl sfl phat trien di len
(1) CMac vk Ph.Angghen. Todn t^p. t.20. Nxb Chinh tri QuSc gia, Hk Noi, 1994, tr.488,489.
PHAM P H A T
cua xa h0i lofii ngfldi. Din nay, qua trinh hinh thfinh vfi phfit triin cua v^t 1^ hpc da chuyin tfl v^t 1^ cl diln sang vfit 1^ hi$n dpi, tfl nghidn cflu t h i gidi vi mfi sang nghidn cflu t h i gidi vi md.
Cung chinh sfl phfit triin dd dfi din din sfl thay ddi quan nipm vl khdng gian vfi thdi gian. Dilu dfing ndi lfi, nhflng sfl thay dii nhfl vfiy lfi minh chflng ro rfing vfi thuyet phue nhfi't vi tinh bi$n chitng cda khdng gian vd thdi gian.
Vfit ly hpc vi md lfi mfin hpc nghifin cflu vl vfin dfing cua cac vfit the. Vide nghien cflu vfin ddng cua efic v^t the trong t h i gidi vi md, thoat diu, dflpc md ta bdi cd hpe mfi cd sd lfi thuyit hdp ddn cua Newtdn; sau dd, vipc nghien cflu vfin dpng cua cae vfit t h i dfldc gin vdi cfi'u trflc eua chung vfi dfldc trinh bfiy bdi thuyit tUOng dot cua Einstein.
Trong sudt 200 nfim, vfit ly hpe cua Newtdn da dfldc sfl dung de giai thfch nhieu sfl vat, hidn tfldng tfl nhidn trong thigidi vi md. Khfing gian trong vu tru Newtdn lfi "khdng gian tfl nd", mdt khdng gian bfi't ddng, khdng biln ddi theo thdi gian, la ndi ehfla cae hanh tinh, cac vi sao va cae thien hfi cflng vdi sfl tfldng tac gifla ehung. lOidng gian nfiy dfldc bao bpc bdi mdt mdi trfldng ete khong nhin thfi'y vfi cd kha nfing truyen lflc bfi'p dfin. Vl thdi gian, Newtdn cung cho ring, thdi gian Ifi tuyet ddi, vi gia td'c lfi dp tfing td'c dd theo thdi gian, mft gia tde lfi tuyfit ddi, ndn tbdi gian cung phai tuyfit ddi.
Khong gian vfi thdi gian lfi mdt cai nin ma trong dd, eac sfl kipn diln ra.
Nhflng sfl kifin nay khfing bi anh hfldng bdi thdi gian vfi khdngi gian. Thdi gian la vinh ettu, cd nghia 1ft thdi gian da ton tai va se mai mai ton tai. Khdng gian
vfi thdi gian t i n tai tfieh bidt nhau. Thdi gian dfldc coi nhfl mot con dfldng kdo dfii din vd eiing theo ca hai chilu dm xflng nhau lfi qua khfl vfi tfldng lai, xac dinh dfl^c qua khfl thi se bid't dfldc diln bien cua tfldng lai, bifi't dfldc hidn tai thi cd t h i suy ra tinh trang cua qua khfl .
Theo tidn d l cua Einstein thi cac dinh lufit khoa hpc phai lfi iihfl nhau ddi vdi mpi quan sat vien quan sfit chuyin ddng tfl do. Cu t h i Ifi, hp phai do dfl^c tdc dp finh sanh nhfl nhau, khdng phu thudc vao chuyen ddng cua quan sat vien. Tdc dd anh sang khdng phu thudc vfio chuyin ddng eua quan sat vien vfi nhfl nhau theo mpi hfldng.
Trong chuyin ddng cua cac thidn the, lflc bfi'p dfin tac dpng len tfi't ca cae vSit t h i trong the gidi vi md vfi lfim cho chung hut Ifin nhau va rdi vao nhau.
Chuyen ddng rdi vfio nhau cua cfic vfit t h i hda vfio chuyin ddng gian nd chung cua vu tru. Dfldi tac dpng ciia chflng, trfii dfi't quay xung quanh mfit trdi, mfit trdi lai keo theo trfii dfit quay quanh trung tam Ngan ba. Ngan ha lai rdi vl phia thien hfi ding hfinh vdi nd lfi Andromede. Din Ifldt cum thien hfi dia phfldng cd chfla thien ha eua chung ta vfi Andromede lai rdi ve dam Vierge.
Dam Vierge lai rdi vfio mdt tfip hdp ldn cfic thien hfi gpi lfi Nhan hut ldn,v.v..
Theo thuyet hfi'p dfin eua Newtdn, tai mpt thdi dilm bfi't ky, cac vfit the ludn tfldng tac (hut) vdi nhau theo mdt lflc phu thudc vao khoang cfich gifla chung tai thdi dilm dd. Tuy nhien, thuyit tfldng ddi cua Einstein lai khdng chip nhfin khai niem thdi gian tuyet dfii.
Theo thuyl't nay, chung ta khong thi xfic dinh dfldc khoang each gifla cfic vfit dfldc do khi nao. Ndi khfic di, khdng 70
TiNH BifiN CHdSTG CtiA KHONG GIAN VA THCJI GIAN...
gian va thdi gian theo 1^ thuyit tfldng ddi lfi cd thay d6i.
Theo thuyfi't thuyl't tfldng dii eua Einstein thi thdi gian vfi khdng gian 1ft nhflng dpi Ifldng d$ng lflc; nghia lfi khi mfit vfit t h i chuyin d^ng trong khdng gian theo thdi gian, nd se tfic ddng dfi'n khong gian vfi thdi gian, anh hfldng den dp cong cua khdng gian vfi thdi gian. Ngfldc lai, cfi'u true khdng gian vfi tbcii gian cung se tfic ddng de'n qufi trinh ebuyin ddng cua cfic vfit thi;
khdng gian vfi thdi gian khdng chi gfiy anh hfldng mfi cdn bi anh hfldng bdi mpi tac ddng xay ra trong vu try. Theo thuyet tfldng ddi nay, thdi gian cd t h i dfin hoi, cd t h i co gian, khdng gian ciing vay, nd ed the gifin ra, ngin lai, nb ra, eo lai, ud'n cong tao thfinh mdt cfip thd'ng nhfi't, gin bd vdi nhau trong qua trinh chuydn ddng.
Tbeo Einstein, trong vu tru, thdi gian kbong hoan toan tach rdi va cung khdng hoan tofin ddc Ifip vdi khdng gian.
Thuyet tfldng dca tong quat da kdt hdp chilu thdi gian vdi ba chilu khdng gian thanh mot dfii tfldng chung gpi la khdng - tbdi gian. Do sfl phan bd' vfit ehfi't vfi nang Ifldng trong vu tru mfi khdng • thdi gian da bi u&i cong vfi do vfiy, cac vfit the ehuyen ddng trong khdng - thdi gian cung vi the mfi bi ud'n eong giong nhfl bi anh hfldng eua trfldng h i p din. Ta cd thi xem sfl bien dang cua khdng - thdi gian chfnh lfi qufi trinh chuyin hda khfing gian thftnh thdi gian. Khdng gian CO lai se chuyin hda thfinh thdi gian, lam cho thdi gian gian ra, tflc la chpy cbSim lai. Do dd, tbeo thuyfi't tfldng ddi thi ta khdng t h i ndi ve cac sfl kifin, cae tac dpng xay ra trong vu tru mfi khdng de cfip dIh cfic khai nifim khdng gian vfi
thdi gian. Ndi each khae, thuyit tfldng ddi rdng se khdng cdn y nghia khi de cfip den khdng gian vfi thdi gian nfim ngofii gidi ban cua vu tru.
Nhfl v^y, quan ni^m khdng - thdi gian theo thuyit tfldng ddi da lfim thay doi quan ni§m trfldc dfiy vl vu tru.
Theo quan ni^m cu, vu tru Ifi khfing thay dii, t i n tpi vinh viin. Quan ni^m nfiy dfldc thay thl^ bing quan ni^m vu tru cua thuyfi't tfldng dii rdng mfi theo dd, vu tru lfi mdt vu tru ddng, dang gian nd, mdt vu tru dfldc khdi diu tai mdt thdi dilm hflu ban trong qua khfl vft cfing cd the k i t thflc tai mdt thdi dilm hflu ban trong tfldng lai. Din Iflpt thuyit tfldng ddi, tai thdi dilm 1 0 "
gifiy sau vu n l Big Bang mfi ta gpi lfi *' thdi gian Planck", khdng gian vu tru luc dd ed dfldng kinh vdi kfch thfldc bfing 10'^^ cm mfi ta gpi lfi "chieu dai Planck"
vfi tai dd, cac dinh lufit cua thuyit tfldng ddi khfing cdn tfic dung. Ndi khac di, md hinh vu tru theo Newtdn lfi md hinh mfi trong dd, vu tru ebi cd mpt lich sfl dfi nhfldng cho cho md hinh Einstein ma trong dd, vu tru ed the xufit hifin bit k;^ mdt lieh sfl kha di nfio, mii m$t lich sxt khi xufi't hifin se flng vdi mfit cfldng dd hay mdt bien dp xac suat ridng cua efie thuye't Ifldng tfl khi nghien cflu vl t h i gidi vi md. Nhfl vfiy lfi, ngay trong pham vi nghien cflu the gidi vi mfi, chung ta da thfi'y bilu hien rd nfit tinh bifin chflng cua khdng gian vfi thdi gian thdng qua sfl thay doi tfl cd hpc Newtdn dfi'n 1;^ thuyit tfldng ddi cua Einstein.
Vfit ly hpc vi md nghidn cflu t h i gidi eua cac hat vfit ehfi't vd cflng be, nhfl eac nguyen txt, electron, proton, neutron, quark. Vide nghidn cflu chuyen ddng vfi cfi'u tnic ben trong cua cfic hat vfit chit 71
PHAM PHAT
v6 cing hi nky dUdc m5 ta b4ng ca hoc lu<?ng tii. Trong ly thuyit ca hgc lUpng tu:, hEit v6 ciing h6 khdng dUdc xem nhU mdt chSCt di^m chuydn d$ng, mk Ik mgt bo song dinh xi2 trong m$t mi^n khdng gian tfli m0t thcli dilm vk thay d6'i theo thtii gian. T?ii mSi thcli dilm, chiing ta chi c6 t h i tfnh xkc su^t d l xac dinh toa dd cua hat c6 gi^ tri n^m trong khoang khdng gian nko do. V&t ly vi md di sfiu nghi§n ctjlu nhiing th&nh ph4n cd ban ciia vfiit chlit vk cdc tuong tkc giiia chiing. V|lt 1^ vi md ra ddi cing vdi sil ra ddi ciia cO hoc laong tii vko d^u th^
ky thii XIX v^ phat triin manh me, lien tuc cho dd'n nay.
Ndi d^n the' gidi vi md hay thd' gidi lUdng tii, ngitdi ta thudng nhSc de'n Planck vdi nguyin ly lUOng tit va Heisenberg vdi nguyin ly bat dinh.
Theo vat ly lUOng til, du ta cd d^y du dii h^u c^n thiet dl thUc hien mdt sii kien v&t ly hudng tii hidn tai dgn tUOng lai, song ta se khdng t h i nao tidn doan dUdc chac ch&n ket qua cua cac qua tiinh vat ly xay ra nhu the' n4o trong tuong lai.
Thay vao dd, nguydn ly bd't dinh ndi ldn r^ng, vdi trang thdi ban ddu cua mgt ke thi tu nhiin se quyet dinh cdc trgng thdi se xay ra trong tuang lai cua he thShg theo mgt qud trinh bdt dinh; nd cho phip CO nhieu kha ndng khdc nhau co thi xay ra, tit do cung se co nhiiu ket qud khdc nhau xay ra trong tuang lai.
Tuy nhien, v4t ly vi md khdng dtoig lai d dfiy. Theo ly thuyet ddy, vk.t chd't dUdc tao thdnh til nhiing sOi dfiy cd n&ng lUdng cao; mdt chieu, la cac miu day vd ciing ngdn vd vd ciing manh, Id cac dao ddng cd chilu ddi nhUng khdng cd chilu cao vd chieu rong. Cac 1^
thuydt dfiy cd mdt ddc dilm khac
thudng Id khdng thdi gian trong If thuyet day khdng cdn Id khdng - thdi gian bdn chilu theo quan niem cua thuyft tUdng dd'i, md cac dfiy se dao d$ng trong khdng thdi gian mudi chilu, sd di ta khdng ddn nhdn dUdc nhSng chilu cdn lai vi theo ly thuydt day, cac chilu ndy da bi ud'n cong, bi cuOn l^i thdnh mdt khdng gi«n cd kich thudc vd ciing nho dUdc goi Id khdng gian ndi tai.
Trong thef gidi vi md, khdng gian bgn trong cfic nguyen tit theo cd lu^ng ttt khdng trdn, khdng p h ^ g 11 nhu khdng gian trong the gidi vi md, md chiing trd ndn gd ghg, khdng cd binh dang xac dinh, xud't hi^n nhigu lUdn sdng vd nhUng dilm ky di. Nhiing gdn sdng vd nhflng dilm ky di ndy ludn chuyin ddng, ludn thay d&, xudt hien vd biln m^t mdt each ngdu nhien trong khoang thdi gian vd ciing nhd. Ndi khac di, khdng gian trong the gidi vi md bi phfin hda thdnh cfic thdng giang cd tmh chSit ngdu nhidn. Den day, chiing ta lai cd dUdc mot bling chiing thuyet phue khac ve tinh bidn chiing cua khdng thdi gian: Khdng gian, thdi gian khdng bit bign, md biln doi c6ng vdi sil bien doi cua vat chd't: Co lad, gian ra; tfl sU tin tai ddc Idp vdi nhau dan din sil hinh thdnh khdng thdi gian thCbg nhlit;
khdng gian vd thdi gian khdng chi cong, trdn, md chiing cdn gl ghi, loi ldm, xu xi, bi udn, bj thu nhd lai, cd quan he bft dinh vdi nhau, tao ra cac kha ndng xudt hien (ciia cfic hat) khac nhau vdi nhflng xac sud't khac nhau.
Til vide nghidn cilu cac hinh thiic ton tai cua khdng gian vd thdi gian theo quan nidm cua cac ly thuyet hSip din, 1;^
thuyet tUdng ddi, ly thuyit lUdng ti, If 72
TfNH BifiN CHtiNG Ct!lA KHONG GIAN VA T H 6 I GIAN..
thuyit dfiy..., ta thfi'y rd tinh bi$n chiing cua khfing gian vfi thdi gian. Tfl dd, ta ed thi khing dinh ring, khdng gian vfi thdi gian lfi mfit thufic tinh khfich quan cua vfit ehfi't, cac hinh thfle t i n tai eua khong gian vfi thdi gian qua cae ly thuye't ndi Ifin trinh dd phfit triin tfl duy cua eon ngfldi tbeo qufi trinh phfit triin cua khoa hpc tfl nhien vfi xa hdi;
khfing gian vfi thdi gian lufin t i n tai, lufin v^n dpng va bien doi eung vdi sfl v^n ddng.biln ddi eua vfit ehfi't va nfing lUdng ton tai trong nd; ding thdi, trong mfit chflng mflc nao dd, khdng gian va thdi gian ed sfl ehuyen hda Ifin nhau.
N6i each khac, khdng gian va thdi gian lfi mpt thudc tinh khach quan eua vfit ehfi't, gin liln vdi sfl van ddng va phat trien eua vfit ehfi't, ludn t i n tai dfldi cae hinh thfle khac nhau vfi cd the chuyen b6a eho nhau.
Trong thfl gfli C.Mac ngay 30 thang 5 nfim 1873, Ph.Angghen dfi gidi thieu mpt khai nifim bao ham toan bd cfic khai niem trong efie linh vflc khoa hpe mfi fing gpi la khfii niem hinh thdi van dgng cua vpt chfi^t. Ong viet: "Ddi tfldng nghien cflu cua khoa hpc tfl nhien lfi v^t ehfi't vfin dpng, cac vfit thi. Cac vfit the khong tach rdi khdi sfl vfin ddng:
cae hinh thfle va loai hinh cac vat the ehi CO the nhfin thflc trong van dong;
khong the ndi gi dfldc vl cae vfit the b ngofii vfin ddng, b ngofii mpi mdi quan he vdi nhiing vfit the khac. Chi cd trong sfl v ^ dpng thi vfit t h i mdi bde Id cho thiy nd la eac gi. Vi vfiy, khoa hpc tfl nhifin ehi nhfin thflc cac vfit the kbi xdt chung trong quan he cua ehung vdi nhau, trong sfl vfin ddng. Nhfin thflc cae hinh thflc vfin ddng khfic nhau ehinh la nhan thflc cfic vfit thi. Nhfl vfiy, viec
nghien cflu cac hinh thflc van ddng khfic nhau fi^y lfi ddi tfldng chu yfi'u cua khoa hpc tfl nhien"(2). Nhfin xdt vl quan nidm nay eua Ph.Angghen, nhfi hda hpc hflu cd vfi cfing lfi nhfi triet hpe theo Ifip trfldng duy vfit bidn chflng ngfldi Dflc, Giao sfl Dai bpc Mansexld - C.SodcIemmd da ndi day lfi mdt quan niem "rfi't hay" vfi dng eung cd ding quan niem nhfl vfiy.
Khai niem hinh thfii vfin dpng cd y nghia ra't quan trpng trong vific nghifin cflu bidn chflng eua gidi tfl nhifin vfi dinh hfldng cho viee nghien cflu nhflng vfi'n d l cd ban cua khoa hpc tfl nhifin, trong do ed quan niem bien ehiing ve khfing gian va thdi gian.
Tren day, chung ta da tim hieu vl rapt so'bieu hidn cua khdng gian vfi thdi gian trong cac ly thuyet vfit ly hpc. Tfl nhflng phfin tich tren, ehung ta cd the khang dinh ring, khdng tin tai khong gian va thdi gian thuin tuy, tach rdi khdi vat cha't van ddng; trai lai, khong gian va thdi gian la thudc tinh cua vfit ehfi't dang vfin ddng. Nlu sfl vfin dpng, bie'n doi cua vfit chat la vd cung, vd tan thi khdng gian vfi thdi gian cflng bien doi vd ciing, vd tan. Cac binh thflc khdng gian va thdi gian dfldc cac khoa hpc phat hien, sfl dung chi lfi nhflng bieu bien cu the cua khong gian, thdi gian khach quan. Cfic binh thflc cu the nfiy danh dau nhiing bfldc tifin nhfi't dinh trong sfl nhfin thfle eua con ngUdi ve khdng gian va tbdi gian ndi rieng, vl t h i gidi vfit ehfi't ndi chung. •
(2) C M a c vk Ph. Angghen. Sdd.. t.33, t r . l l 6 .
73
