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CUA DOI IVI6I SANG TAO
DINH T H I PHONG
Stf phit tri^n dOt bifin v^ cOng ngh$ vd cac djnh ens'kinh doanh todn c l u tjT cuflfi thfi* k} XX da ldm thay dtfi toan bO triet iy, each thifc vd mfi hinh phdt tritfn cAa cac mrdc, cdc khu vtfc vd xa hOi iodi ngirdi. Ngdy nay, dtf ttfn tgi va phdt tritfn trong thfi'gidi "md", dn c6 vdn hda dtfi mdi sdng t9Q (DMST), tdc ia chuytfn sang ddng nhifiu tri thdc, khoa hQC vd cfing ngh$ (KH&CN) trong phdt tritfn. Chinh VI v^y, trong Dtf an thifin nifin ky (IVIiiienium Project) cua Lifin htfp qufic, DIVIST di/tfc coi id hdnh trang khfing thtf thifiu cho tat cd cdc mrdc d thtf ky XXi. Tuy nhifin, no cung id thach thdc idn dtfi cdc nirdc dang phdt tritfn, trong do cd Vift Nam, vl DIVIST id mQt djnh chfi'lifin ngdnh, da chdc ndng; ddi hdi phdi cd vdn hda sdng tao vd xa hgi sdng tgo; mQt nfin kinh tfi'ndng dfing...
DMST la mot djnh che lien nganh, tfa ctiirc nang va kien thiro tdng hen
DMST Id Idm nhDng cdi mdi theo hudng thdm dyng tri thUc, KH&CN trong phdt trien kinh te.
D l DMST c l n : "KH&CN hoa"
doanh nghidp di ddi vdi "doanh nghidp hoa" n i n KH&CN. Ndi each khde Id, dUa KH&CN vdo doanh nghidp, vao nen kinh t l va doanh nghiep hda mpi hoat ddng KH&CN. Nhu vay, trong vdn hda DMST, khdng cdn kinh te hay KH&CN dUng rieng nQa ma ca hai da hoa lam mot. KH&CN g i n
vdi n i n kinh t l Id g i n vdi t i t cd cdc nganh, cdc khdu hoat d|ng.
Ddy Id thdch thUc Idn d l i vdi mpi t l ChUc DMST vd vdi tUng con ngUdi DMST. Sp thdm nhap, hoa trdn cdc ngdnh vdo nhau ddi hdi nha nUdc, cdc bp/nganh, cdc t l ChUc phdi cd cd c h l hoat ddng lidn nganh cao. Vide Bd KH&CN thdnh lap cdc cd quan h i trp sdn nghidp hda, Ung dpng cdng nghd trong doanh nghidp nhU: Cue L/ng dgng vd phdt then cdng nghd, Cpc Phat triln thi trudng va doanh nghiep KH&CN... Id nhOng n6 lpc dung hudng de dUa KH&CN d i n vdi DMST, dUa KH&CN tham nhdp n i n kinh t l .
Mdc du da nd luc hudng d i n DMST nhu viee thanh lap cac ed quan hd trp sdn nghidp hda, Ung dyng cdng nghp trong doanh nghidp, nhung k i t qud vdn chua dupc nhu mong dpi vl quy che cdn cUng nhdc, khdng phu hdp vdi hoat ddng cua DMST - ludn mang tfnh md, sdi dpng, kilu tdp md va d i y tuong tac (open, dynamic, fully interactive and fuzzy game).
Sp kho khan cua Viet Nam khi trien khai vUdn UOm la vi dp dien hinh v l sp lung tung, chua thich nghi dupc vdi tinh "md", linh hoat cCia DMST. Du da dUdc mpt so dp dn nUdc ngodi ddo tao, tdp huan, thf diem tu 2002, nhUng den nay
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vudn Udm vdl dung nghTa cQa nd v i n ehua cd d Vidt Nam m$c du d i y Id md hinh thieh hdp nhlt d l phdt triln doanh nghidp, ddc bidt Id doanh nghiep KH&CN.
Mot s i chlnh sdch, trong dd cd chinh sdch uu dai ve cdng nghd khd Qng dung dupe trong thue t l vl sU phQc tap, khd dinh gia d l Uu ddi khi cdng ngh$ khong Id mdt hdng duy nhlt dupc chuyin giao ma nd g i n vdi mit "md" cdc y l u to phi cdng nghe nhu dao tao, thi trudng, d i u tU, hdp tac... Chlnh vl vdy, can phdn bi§t glQa DMST mang tlnh cdng nghd vd DMST phi cdng nghd (teehnelogieal innovation and non teehnelogieai innovation).
Ngodi ra, each dde tao cua Vilt Nam qua ehi tilt, ehuydn sdu v l mot ngdnh, ft nhln v l didn rdng, It sang tao. Cdc trudng dai hpc cQa chung ta hau nhu khdng cd cdc nganh giao thoa glQa cdng nghe, qudn tri kinh doanh, tin dung, d i u tu, chQng khoan... Ngudi lam v l DMST, nhat la ve cong nghd, c l n
kiln thQc v l qudn \ii cing n g h | trong doanh nghidp, chuii gid tn vd chufii cung Qng, l | trlnh, xu hudng, ehu ky, khQng hoing, cd hdi cQa s i v l cdng ngh|, sd hOu tri tue, eung nhu cde ky ndng v l l l l p thi, Ihi hilu, tdm ly khdch hdng... DMST rit c l n cdc ehuyin gia vdi lu duy t i n g hdp v l cdng nghd, kinh doanh, kinh t l .
DMST ddi hdi phai cd "vdn hda sang tao" va mOt xa hdi sdngtao
DMST vd ede thudng gia - nhd Qng dung cdng ngh$ khdng nhQng phdi bllt v l KH&CN, cdc sdn phim trung gian cQa chufii cung Qng KH&CN, md edn phdi hilu rd ede quy dinh, cdch Idm dn, s i n xult kmh doanh, hoat dOng, m l hinh, ed c h l cCia nhilu ngdnh nhu t h u l , hdi quan, tai chlnh - tin dung, cdc loai gily phip, uu ddi... Khd khdng phll Id kiln thQc ehuydn m i n vd qudn ly v l KH&CN (vl chi qua 4 nam dai hpc Id cd dUdc) md cdi khd d ddy la c l n phdi ed
dpanh oh( (entrepreneurship), cd udc md, dam m l . . . Chung ta khing chl Ihllu cdc k i l n IhQc hdn Idm md d i l u cd bdn, s i u xa hdn vd cQng khd "hpc" hdn Id "bin ndng" DMST, nhOng true edm til nhlln, treng t i l m thUe, mang tlnh b i m sinh vd khdng p h i i c|y nhd d i n tu duy, ly Iri. Cdn r i t nhilu vi|e phdl Idm d l cd kiln thQc, k;
ndng cho phUdng phdp l l l p cdn dua I r i n b i l n d|ng (Based on change approach), qudn ly si/
phQc lap vd da b i l n (eemplexlty),|
tlnh b i t dinh (uncertainty), tHnh' rQI ro (risk)... DMST ddi hdi vdn hda chip nh$n t h i t bal, sU khoan dung, sQ song hdnh glQa hdp tdc vd canh tranh, sU dam md cdng n g h l , su hda d i n g vdi mpi khdc b i l l vd cd mdi Irudng da vdn hda nQa.
DMST ddi khi edn cd nhilu Irong anh ndng ddn "hai iua"
ehua qua dai hpc, ty c h l ra mdy xay, mdy s l y thdc, mdy Idm cd, true thdng_, I h j m chl cdn hon ed ede cfing chQc sd cQng du vdi hoc hdm, hpc vi d i y mlnh.
Trong mfit h | thing quan lieu, d|a vi hay b i n g d p khdng nhlt thilt di k i m vdi vdn hda DMST.
Theo Schumpeter - cha dd cOa hpc Ihuylt DMST, mpi DMST diu bdt d i u bdng mfit sU phd hiy. Bi biln mlnh thdnh mfit xa h|i sang tao, Trung Qufic bilt tao ra nhOng
"thin IUpng" DMST nhu Kai-Fu- Lee - ngudi IQ bfi chQc gidm die Microsoft Trung Quic de ehuyin sang Google vl dng muin cac sang tao eua minh Idm thay doi t h i gidi, rfii lam Giam die VUdn Udm DMST d l b i l n Trung QUIG thanh cudng quic tri thQc euathS gidi, ngudi dupe eoi nhu Jesus cua cae "tin dfi" cdng ngh| tr^
Trung Qud'c hi|n nay. Khdng
™ K H O A HOCs«**"9'2012
cd con ngUdi DMST thi cdc khu cdng nghd eao, cdc chDm DMST (innovative cluster) cung chiing cd tdc dpng. Ng$ ra dilu ndy, sau hdn 20 ndm mi$t mdi d i u tU xdy dpng khu cdng ngh$ cao, cdng vidn khoa hpc md vdn chua thiy DMST thpc sp phdt I^, cdc nhd ky trj Trung Quic da thit ldn Trung Quic dang c l n nhQng Einstein hdn Id khu cdng nghd cao" cho thiy hp c l n sp dam md vd tp do sdng tao dUpc tupng trUng bdi Einstein. Vdi biln ddng ci^a cdng nghd vd xa hdi, qudn ly DMST Id qudn l|^ "cdi chua bilt" (Managing the Un known). Dd Id cdc n l Ipc d l "biet" "cdi chUa bilt" (Know the Un known), d m|t xa hdi thy d|ng, ngUdi ta dupe trd cdng cho nhOng cdi " b i l f . 6 mdt xd h0i hudng tdi sdng tao, ngudi ta dupc ddi ngd khi cdng biet nhieu dilu
"chua bilt". TU duy DMST ludn trdn trd di tim cac v i n d l , ludn ddt cdu hdi. Khdc vdi qudn ly vdt hOu hinh, qudn ly DMST mang tfnh ho trp, tao dilu kien vd xuc tac ma it kilm sodt - de lam kim ham, bdp nghpt sang tao. Ddy Id thdch thUc Idn d l i vdi eon ngUdi DMST va he thong qudn ly hp.
flMST ddi hdi mdt nen kinh te nang ddng
DMST phU hpp vdi nhOng n i n kinh t l nang ddng. d nhUng nUdc cdng nghidp da phat triln, DMST ndy nd nhu mdt sy tat nhidn va ft can sp can thiep cija chfnh sdch, y chl. Doi vdi Vidt Nam va mdt s i nudc dang phat triln thi sp thach thUc eiia DMST chfnh Id nen kinh t l chUa qua thdi ky phdt triln tp than vd tp nhidn (khdng khidn cudng va thuIn y chi) cua mdt xa hdi cdng nghidp. Dieu nay
gdy ra sp y l u kdm v l ha t i n g cd sd "cUng" nhu cdc cd sd vdt chit, thilt bi~ vd "mim" nhu trong cd c h l , ludt phdp, sd hDu t r i t u i , vdn hda canh tranh, Hi sing... DMST nhu mpi hi$n tupng khdc, d i u khdi sinh Xii nhOng y l u t l vd dilu ki|n cp t h i .
Trdi qua hdn niia t h i k^ ciia n i n kinh t l tdp trung, bao d p vdi nhOng cd c h l , quy djnh, thdi quen, ludt bit thdnh vdn hdn sdu trong cdch Idm vide, nip suy nghT, cdch sing md khdng d l thay d l i dupc ngay. Cdi khd cIJa DMST hi$n nay Id chung ta phdi bit d i u ngay chfnh chd ta y l u nhlt. Du hidn nay c6 r i t nhilu vi$c lidn quan d i n nhu c l u trudc m i t c l n Idm, nhung n l u khdng ddt n i n mdng cho DMST vd KH&CN ngay tU hdm nay thi 10-15 nam nQa, chung ta se khdng cd cd sd d l phdt triln. Day Id bdi todn cdn doi giOa ydu c l u ngin han vd ddi han Idm t i t cd cdc nude dau dau.
Ngay cd m0t dat nude phdt triln nhu My, Ting thong Obama IUu y Quic hpi nUdc nay ring: du trong khCing hodng, nhUng elt gidm dau tu vao DMST cung nhu "elt gidm" chfnh cdi ddng cd cua may bay ta dang bay v$yl (thdng didp lidn bang ndm 2012).
Thpc te da chUng minh, ngUdi Viet Nam r i t nhanh trf vd sdng tao, dac bidt la cac sang tao nhd.
Tfnh sdng tao Id tai nguydn Idn nhlt cCia dan tdc. Van d l la danh thUc nd day, d l nd suy nght "ldn"
vd khai thdng trd ngai de nd phat Id. Xem xet khach quan cd the thay: Viet Nam ed nhUng tiem ndng khdng nhd cho phdt then dya trdn DMST va tri thUc. Thfeh
hpp nhlt Id md hinh DMST md vdi 2 chiln lupc song song: m0t Id, Nhd nudc xdy dpng tilm Ipc qudc gia v l KH&CN - DMST; hai Id, doanh nghi|p KH&CN, vdi xUc tdc cOa Nhd nude, tfch cpc hdi nhdp, 'dm m|t s i cdng doan canh tranh dupe trong chudi cung Ung KH&CN - DMST cila khu vpe vd t h i gidi. Dilu thU hai se giup tao ra m0t s i ngdnh kinh t l dpa trdn cdng nghd, tiln thdn cDa kinh t l dpa trdn tri thUc d Vidt Nam. Trong t h i k^ XXI, khi tri thUc trd thdnh tai nguydn Idn nhlt, c l n "cdng nghd hda" thay vl "edng nghidp hda" vd DMST Id con dUdng duy nhlt d l phdt triln •
Tai lieu tham khao
- APCTT-ESCAP, 2011: Promotion of national innovation systems in countries with special needs.
Lal! S. (1992): Technological capabilities and industrialization, World Development, vol. 20, No. 2, Oxford, U.K., Pergamon Press.
- Lundvall B. (1992): National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of innovation and Interactive Learning, London, Pinter Publishers.
- Patience Martin (1.5.2011): Big ideas wanted for China's hi-tech revolution, http7/www.bbc.co.uk/news/
world-asia-pacific-12396640.
- P6rez C. (2001): Technological change and opportunities for development as a moving target, Cepal review 75, University of Sussex.
86 thdng 9.2012 , Hoat ffOng
