sir DUNG N G C CANH T O I T H I E U T R O N G GIAI N G H I A
VA G H I NHCl Tir VUNG CHO HOC SINH TIEU HOC
H O A N G T H U B A "
Torn tat: Bai viet nghien cUu vi hieu qua sd dung ngU canh tdi thieu trong doan nghia vk ghi nhd td vpng ddi vdi hpe smh tieu hpe nhkm danh gia mdc dp, hieu qua eua viec diia td viing vao ngd canh td'i thieu; tH do, cd thi xem xet hoe sinh co ghi nhd, de dang doan td, hoac hdng thii vdi ki thuat day va hpe nay hay khdng. Kit qua nghien ciiu da lam sang to hieu qua cua ngU canh tdi thieu dUdc sd dung de giai nghia td mdi kha nang ghi nhd tH viing va hang thu cua hoc sinh. Tif nhiing ke't qua thu difdc, tac gia chira mptsd'ldiieh tif ky thuat giang day tif vpng nay, dong thdi de xu^'t nhiing gdi y sii pham, chien liidc giang day tii vpng hieu qua.
Td khoa: TU viing; tre em; ngU canh toi thieu; giai nghia; hieu qui.
Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of using minimal context in guessing and remembering new vocabulary in students' vocabulary improvement, ease of vocabulary acquisition, and learning motivation. Results showed that the use of minimal context in guessing and remembering new vocabulary was linked to vocabulary improvement, ease of vocabulary acquisition, and learning motivation. Benefits of this teaching technique and pedagogical implications for teachers were discussed.
Key words: Vocabulary; children; minimal context; guessing; effectiveness.
Ngay nhan bai: 12/6/2019; Ngay sda bai: 05/7/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 29/7/2019.
1. Dan nhap
Tfl vflng la mpt trong nhflng ye'u td' quan trpng dd'i vdi viec hoc va sfl dung ngoai ngfl (Bromley, 2007; Laufer, 1997)™.
Thie'u tfl vflng la nguyen nhan chinh din tdi giao tie'p tha't bai. Do do, ngudi day va ngudi hpe ngoai ngfl cin phai nang eao nhan thflc va vai trd cua tfl vflng.
Hien nay, nhieu nghien eflu dupe tap trung vao tam quan trong cua tU vflng &
phUdng phap ghi nhd tfl vflng qua ngfl canh. Tuy nhien khdng cd nhieu nghien eflu tap trung vao anh hUdng cua ngfl canh tdi thieu vdi viee ghi nhd tfl vflng, cung nhu hieu qua cua viec day tfl vflng eho tre em trong ngfl canh va ngfl canh td'i thieu.
Laufer and Shmueh (1997), Web (2007), va Balegbizadeh & Shahry (2011)*^* la nhflng tac gia da nghien eflu sau vao linh vflc nay.
[ Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
Cac nghien eflu cua hp deu cho thay viec nghien eflu mfle dp hidu qua cua sfl dung ngfl canh vao ghi nhd tfl vflng la ra't can thiet va ed y nghia.
'*' Tracing Dai hoc ThUdng Mai;
Email: hoangthuba@gmail,com
'" Bromley, K (2007), Nine thmgs every teacher should know about words and vocabulary instruction, Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 50(7), t r . 5 2 8 - 537; Laufer, B. (1997), Second language vocabulary acquisition- A rationale for pedagogy, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, tr.20-34.
'"' Laufer, B., & Shmueh, K, (1997) Memorizing new words: Does teaching have anything to do with it, RELC Journal, 28, tr. 89-108; Webb, S. (2007), Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: Tbe effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge.
Language Teaching Research, n , tr.63-81' Baleghizadeh, S. &, & Shahry, M. N. N. (2011) The Effect of Three Consecutive Context Sentences on EFL Vocabulary-Learning, TESL Canada J o u r n a l 28/2, tr.74-89.
SO 8-2019
HOANG THU BA Hdn nfla, hien nay tai eac trUdng tieu
hoc, viec day ngoai ngfl va tfl vflng dupc cac giao vien d i u tfl nhieu thdi gian, ap dung cac phfldng phap giang day nhU dich nghia, sfl dung tranh anh... Tuy nhien, nhieu hpe sinh mdi chi dflng d viec ghi nhd tfl ddn le hoac kha nang ghi nhd chfla dupe td'i Uu, hp cam thay khd khan khi gap phai tfl mdi, viee do can trd hp trong dien dat. Mpt cau hdi dat ra la each giang day nao hieu qua nha't de tang cUdng ghi nhd va sfl dung tfl vflng cho tre. Tfl thflc td' nay, chung tdi tien hanh nghidn cflu ve tinh hieu qua cua vide sfl dung ngfl canh toi thieu sfl dung ngfl canh tinh hud'ng vao viec doan va ghi nhd tfl vflng cho hoc sinh tidu hpe (Nghien eflu trUdng hdp TrUdng Tidu hpe Dan lap Le Quy Ddn, Ha Ndi).
2. Mot so khai ni&m cong cu Trong nghidn cflu ve ngdn ngfl va dien ngdn, khai nidm "ngfl canh" (context) tUdng doi md nhat va kho hidu. Nhieu nha nghien eflu da cd' ging dinh ngMa ngfl canh trong pham vi hoc tfl vflng nhU Crystal (1991:78), Blackburn (1984), Nguyen Hda (2000), Nunan (1999)*^'. Cac tac gia nay deu cd ciing quan diem rang ngfl canh gom hai thanh td' gom ngfl canh ngdn ngfl (co-text) - sfl lien ke't gifla cac tfl trong mpt thdng diep, va ngfl canh tinb hudng (situational context) - bd'i canh tao nen tinh huohg ngdn ngfl, nd dUde tao bdi nhieu yeu td' nhU tfl sfl kien/ tinh hud'ng giao tidp, chu d^ giao tie'p, muc dich, bd'i canh, moi quan hd, kie'n thflc ngfldi tham gia giao tiep...
Do'i vdi thuat ngfl "ngfl canh td'i thieu", nhieu nha nghien cflu nhU Laufer va Shmueh (1997) sfl dung nd trong nghien ciiu vdi y nghia la mdt cau cd nghia, Webb
Sii 8-2019
(2007)*''^ dflng thuat ngfl eau ngU canh ddn (single - context sentence) trong nghien eflu anh hudng eua ngfl canh ddn dd'i vdi viec hpe tfl vflng, ma d dd tac gia danh gia viee hpe tfl vflng qua 5 phUdng didn: Chinh ta; nghia; loai tfl; su ke't hdp tii/ ca'u true;
ngfl dung va ngfl phap. Ca hai tae gia tren deu tap trung nghien cflu va sfl dung loai ngfl canh ngdn ngfl tdi thieu, va ban che sfl anh hudng cua ngfl canh tinh hud'ng.
Tfl khoang trdng nghien cflu tren va pham vi nghien cflu hep, nghien eflu nay eua tdi chi tap trung vao viec sfl dung ngfl canh td'i thidu "minimal context" vdi y nghia gidi ban mdt eau dd'i vdi ngfl canh ngdn ngfl va ngfl canh tinh hud'ng lien quan tdi kie'n thflc nen cua ngUdi tham gia va tinb hud'ng giao tie'p dd. De lam rd hdn dinh nghia cho nghien cflu, vi du gidi thieu tfl "pancake" dUdc sfl dung de md ta chi tie't:
Vi du 1: Doreamon really likes pancakes. (Meo may Doreamon rat thich banh ran.)
Vl du 1 da sfl dung ngfl canh tinb hud'ng chinh la kie'n thflc cua ngudi hpe dUde xay dflng de suy luan ra nghia cua tfl mdi.
Vi du 2: A pancake_is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a starch-based batter that may contain
'^* Crystal, David (1991), A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. 3rd edition, Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell; Blackburn, Simon. (1984), Spreading tbe word, Oxford UP; Nguyen Hoa; (2000), An Introduction to Discourse analysis, Hanoi; Nunan, D.
(1999), Second language teaching and learning, Boston- Heinle and Heinle Publishers.
'•*> Laufer, B., & Shmueh, K, (1997). Memorizing new words: Does teaching have anything to do with it, RELC Journal, 28, tr. 89-108; Webb, S. (2007), Learning word pats and glossed sentences: Tbe effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge.
Language Teaching Research, 11, tr. 63-81.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [ Q
eggs, milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface. (Banh ran la loai banb det phang va hinh trdn, dUde chd' bien tfl hdn hdp bdt mi, trflng, sfla, bd va dUde ran tren chao ndng).
Vi du 2 sfl dung ngfl canh ngdn ngfl chinh la nhiing tfl ddng nghia, hoac nhflng tfl ngfl xung quanh giflp md ta/ suy luan ra nghia eua tfl mdi.
3. Phflotag p h a p nghien cflu Bai viet nay se danh gia mfle dp hieu qua eua sfl dung ngfl canh td'i thieu vao giflp cho hpe sinh Idp 5 TrUdng Tieu hpe Dan lap Le Quy Ddn, Ha Ndi doan va ghi nhd tfl vflng (xet ve mat ghi nhd tfl va ddng lUc hpe tfl vflng cua hpe sinh).
Ngfl lidu nghien cflu dUde thflc hien tai Idp hpe tieng Anh (Idp 5) gdm 30 hpe sinh ban ngfl. Trinh dp tid'ng Anh eua hpe sinh dupc do blng diem trung binh 4 ky nang tieng Anh cud! nam Idp 4, ed dai diem tfl 7.5 de'n 10 (thang diem 10), dfl doan mUe diem tUdng dUdng trinh dp Movers Cambridge. Bdi vi hoc sinh Idp 5 nen dd'i tupng tham gia ed nen tang kie'n thflc ed ban v^ khoa hpe, dia ly, lich sfl... Dieu nay cd ldi cho hoe sinh hieu va giai nghia tfl mdi mdt each da dang.
Pham vi tfl vflng dupc sfl dung trong nghien cflu la cac danh tfl, dpng tfl. Cac tfl vflng nay dUde dat trong ngfl canh ngdn ngfl va ngfl canh tinh hud'ng. Khi ngudi hoc dpc mpt cau chfla mpt ngfl canh td'i thieu, hp se phai sfl dung kien thflc cd san de hieu dupc ngfl canh td'i tbieu dd. De cd dUde ke't qua khach quan, chung tdi da thflc hien viec thu thap ngfl lieu nhu sau:
- Sfl dung cac bai kiem tra tfl vflng vao trUde va sau nghien eflu (nham danh gia ke't qua day va hpe).
- Quan sat Idp hpe de danh gia dd tham gia vao Idp hoc nghien eflu.
- Sfl dung eau hdi dieu tra de tim hieu dp hiing thu cua hpe sinh trong qua trinh tham gia Idp hpe nghien cflu.
"Ngfl canh td'i thieu" dUdc sfl dung trong nghien cflu la ngfl canh ngdn tfl (co- text), va ngfl canh phi ngdn tfl (non- linguistic context) - ngfl canh tinh huoiig.
Ngfl lieu nghien ciiu dUdc thflc hien trong hai t u i n cua hoc ky 1 nam hpe 2018-2019 (10 tie't hpe). 20 tfl mdi dUpc chpn trong phan Tfl vflng eua cua Everybody Up 5- Kathleen Kampa va Charles Vilina de thie't ke trong van canh td'i thieu. Cac tfl vflng nay n i m trong chu de ve KI ngM (Vacation).
Vdi nhiing ngfl lidu thu thap dUde, chflng tdi da sfl dung chUdng trinh xfl ly so lieu dinh lUdng SPSS 15 d^ tinh chi so'
"paired sample t-test" nham so sanh ke't qua kiem tra trUdc va sau nghidn cflu, tinh ti le phan tram de xac dinh mfle dp hflng thu cua hoc sinh. Ngoai ra, phieu dieu tra ciing dUde sfl dung di danh gia sfl hflng thu/ ydu thich cua hoc sinh trong buoi hpe va nhflng ldi ich hoc sinh nhan dupe sau qua trinh tham gia hoat dpng thi nghiem nay.
4. Ket qua nghien cflu va thao luan 4.1 Mvfc dp tien bp cua hoc sinh trong viec hoc tvtm&i
Bai kiem tra dau hpe phan (pre-test) dupc thflc hien vdi muc dich kiem tra danh gia vdii tfl cua hpe sinh. NhiJng tfl vflng trong bai kiem tra chinh la nhflng tfl se dUde day trong qua trinh nghien cflu. Sau 2 tuan thflc hien, bai kiem tra sau nghien cflu dUdc thflc hien (post-test) di danh gia mUe dp cai thien/ hieu qua. Ket qua dUdc md ta bdi bieu do hinh 1.
[ g NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
Sii 8-2019
HOANG THU BA
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
K^t qna bai U l m tra tnrd^c \i san ngbien cihi
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A i m tm A ^ r ^ ~ ~t ••
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D 10 20 30 40 5
• Pre-test score • Post-test score
0
Hinh 1: BiSu do ki't qua kiem tra tit vitng triidc va sau thi nghiem Trong bai kiem tra, cac tit mdi cl dang
dong tfl, danh til trong bai 1 cua giao trinh dUdc lila chon va gkn vao cac cau chiia ngii canh toi thieu sao cho phu hdp vdi kien thflc cua hoc sinh giup hp doan diidc tii mot each dl dang va cd sii lien tiidng, vi du nhu: In this summer holiday, I travelled to many cities in Vietnam such as Hochiminh City, Dalat, Danang. (Vao Id nghi hi nay, toi da di d u lich tdi rft't nhilu thanh pho d Vigt Nam nhii Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Da Lat, Da N&ng.) Dua
vao nhiing thong tin, kien thilc ve dia ly duoc dUa vao ngii canh toi thieu, hoc sinh cd the dl dang doan dildc nghia cua tii
"travelled" (du lich), cung nhu hoc sinh cd cd sd lien tudng de ho ghi nhd tif hieu qua hdn. Do v4y, ke't quik kiem tra sau khi thuc hien nghien ciiu da c6 sU tang len dang ke so vdi trUdc nghien cliu.
De ket qua phan tich dUdc chinh xac va dang tin cay, nghien ciiu da sil dung phan mem SPSS de phan tich cac chi so' trung binh, SD:
Pairl
P a i r e d Samples Statistics
pretest posttest
Mean 15.75
63.00 30
Std. Deviation 11.0 16.517
Std. Error Mean 1.750 2.612 Hinii 2: Diem trung binh va do lech chuin caa bai kiem tra trUdc
va sau thac hien nghien cHu
Hinh 2 cho tha'y ke't qua so sanh ke't lech chuiin da cd sU chenh lech dang kl.
qua 2 bai kie'm tra trudc va sau thi Bai kilm tra sau c6 mile cao hdn han bai nghiem diia tren chi so trung binh va do kiem tra trUdc.
i i 1-2019 NHAN LUt KHOA HOC XAHM Q ]
P a i r l pretest - posttest
Paired Differences
Mean
-47.250 Std.
Deviation
14.140 Std.
Error Mean
2.236
95% Confidence Interval of t b e
Difference Lower -51.772
Upper -42.728
t
-21.134 df
39 Sig. (2- tailed)
.000 Hinh 3: TUdng quan giUa ke't qua bai kiim tra trUdc va sau nghien cdu
Paired Samples Test
So sanh ket qua diem cua hoc sinh tren hai bai kidm tra vdi bai kiem tra thfl nha't (M= 15.75, SD=11.07) (M la diem trung binh, SD la dp lech chuan), bai kiem tra thfl hai la (M=63.00, SD=16.52); t (40) = -21.13, p = .000 (<
.05), cho tha'y kid'n thflc tfl vflng cfla hpe sinh da tang len sau thi nghiem.
Tuy nhien van edn mpt vai hpe sinh ed diem kiem tra sau tha'p hdn diem kiem tra trUde. Dieu nay dat ra eau hdi ve anh hudng nao tdi kha nang ghi nhd tfl cua hpe sinh trong sud't qua trinh day va hoc. Do' ed the nam d phong each hoc khdng phfl hdp cua hpe sinh, tam ly va cam xflc trong bai kiem tra hoac nam d chinh ngfl canh td'i thi^u khdng phfl hdp vdi kie'n thflc cua hpe sinh dd, nhu trong mpt vi du sau dupe cho la ngfl canh tdi tbieu lam cho hpe sinh lung tflng khi cbua hieu rd/
khdng cd kid'n thflc lien he: In tbe supermarket, my mom usually buy goods. (Me tdi thudng mua hang hoa 6 sieu thi). Tfl "goods" la danh tfl mdi cd cd each viet gid'ng tinh tfl "good", dieu nay khie'n eho hpe sinh nham lin tfl hoac bi anh hudng tdi vide doan nghia dflng.
Tdm lai, qua trinh day va luyen tap tfl vflng da ed tae dpng td't vdi vd'n tfl cua hpe sinh. Giao vien ed ed hpi de giai nghia tfl Q l NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
sau do luydn tap vdi cac tfl vflng do. Sau khi tham gia vao mdt qua trinh hoan thidn, hoc sinh co th^ ghi nhd tfl mdi tot hon dac bidt qua ngfl canh.
4.2 Mvtc dp h&ng thU trong hoc tie v^ng cua hpe sinh
4.2.1. So hiu ta quan sat Idp hoc Qua trinh quan sat dUde hoan thanh sau mdi tie't hoc, phieu quan sat dUde tinh diem trung binh dfla tren cac tieu chi dUdc ma hda. Sau khi quan sat hai tie't giang day, mfle dp hflng thfl cua Idp hpe cd tang len tfl M=3.86 de'n 4.14.
Class motivation
^^^Mean score
^ 4 . 1 4
« f f l ^ "
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
Hinh 4: Miic do hvtng thu cua Idp hgc trong cac buoi hoc
Cu t h i do'i vdi giai doan gidi thieu tii viing ciia giao vien, ngudi quan sat nhan tha'y hoc sinh t&p trung va tham gia va hoat ddng doan nghia c i a tii trong ngii S( 8-2019
HOANG THU BA canh tdi thilu. M5i mSt ngii canh toi thieu
trong cau da khdi gdi tri td mo ciia hoc sinh, tao dong lilc cho hoc sinh doan nghia cua tit mdi trong van canh.
Hinh 5: Mvtc dp hiing thti cua hoc sinh khi doan nghia cua tit trong ngU canh
toi thieu
Ddi vdi giai doan luyen tap tii mdi, ket qua cho thay hoc sinh tham gia nhiet tinh vao cac hoat dong ghi nhd tii. dac bidt cac hoat ddng sang tao, xay diing ngii canh cho tit mdi va hoat dong thiic hien theo nhdm.
Hinh 6: MUc dd hilng thii caa hgc sinh (xet vedg tap trung, tham gia, thich thii,
nSlilc) trong qui trinh thilc hi$n luyen tap tit vilng
Nhu v4y, viec ngii canh toi thilu dUOc sii dung vao day tii vUng dem lai nhieu dieu thii vi va cd hen quan tdi kiln thiic, kinh nghiem sd'ng cua ngUdi hoc, ket qua quan sat da khang dinh ky thu4t giang day hieu qua, gay hling thii va tham gia cua ngudi hoc.
4.2.2. So heu tit cau hoi diSu tra
STT 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D a n h gia
Tdi rat thich each giao vien day tii vUng trong ngQ canh tdi thilu
Tdi thich each tao c§u chuyen ciia rieng minh vdi nhiing tuf gdi y
Budi hoc trong khoa hoc tUdng ddi te nhat Doan tii trong ngii canh td'i thilu giiip nhd tit nhanh vi nd thach thiie ngUdi hoc phai doan nghia bang each sii dung kiln thUe va kinh nghi§m ciia minh Tdi cd the sii dung til da hoe vao giao tiip Tdi cd cd hdi luyen ky nang nghe khi giao vien day tii qua ngfl canh td'i thilu Tdi hoc tii theo each suy luan, doan tii qua ngii canh
Tdi cd the tu dat cau bfing tii dUdc day trong khoa hoc
Khong d o n g y 5%
0%
80%
7.5%
17.5%
0%
0%
5%
Khong chac chan
5%
7.5%
20%
25%
35%
0%
5%
37.5%
D o n g y 90%
92.5%
0%
67.5%
47.5%
100%
95%
57.5%
fflni 7: Ket qua diiu tra sd thich va lai ich hgc sinh hgc tit vifng qua ngO canh toi thieu S( 1-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA H « | | |
Ket qua phieu dieu tra cho thay, hpe sinh danh gia cao tinh hieu qua eua doan va luydn tap tfl vflng trong van canh, giup cac em cd hflng thfl trong hpe tfl vflng.
Cu the, 90% hpe sinh dupe dieu tra td ra thich thu vdi thu thuat nay vi dUde thfl thach, doan tfl, giai nghia tfl trong ngfl canh. DUdc hoi ve thuan ldi cua each giang day nay ddi vdi hpe sinh, hdn mdt nfla ngudi tham gia dong y tinh hieu qua ve ghi nhd tfl. 57.5% hoc sinh cd tb^ tfl dat eau sau qua trinh hpe. Dac biet, mdt nfla tra ldi cd the sfl dung tfl mdi trong giao tiep. Ngoai thuan ldi cua thu thuat nay eho viec hpe tfl vflng eua hpe sinh, 95% hpe sinh cd the doan tfl vflng nhd dfla tren cae manh md'i van canh. 100%
hpe sinh dong y rang viec gidi thidu tfl vflng qua ngfl canh toi thieu giflp luyen ky nang nghe hieu - mdt ky nang hien it dupe luyen tap...
Ndi chung, ket qua nghien eflu cho tha'y hpe sinh dUde ldi ra't nhieu qua each day tfl vflng nay mac dfl each day nay van ton tai mpt sd' han che va chUa gay hflng thfl cho mdt sd' hpe sinh vi phong each hpe va trinh dp ngdn ngfl eua eac em.
5. K^t luEin
Tfl ket qua thu dupe gom ke't qua kiem tra sau qua trinh thi nghiem eao hdn 4 lan so vdi ket qua bai kiem tra trUdc khi nghien eflu, mfle dp hflng thfl eua hpe sinh tang len qua quan sat cae boat dpng trong Idp hpe dfla tren 4 ye'u to' lan lUdt gom t^n sua't tham gia, mfle dp quan tam thich thu, va mfle dp tap trung cua hoc sinh; da khang dinh sfl dung ngfl Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
canh da giup hpe sinh nang cao vdn tfl, va cd ddng lflc trong hoc tfl vflng. So v6i ke't qua cua nhflng nghien eflu khae, ket qua nay da khang dinh quan didm eua Hulstijn (1992) ve ldi ich sfl dung tri lflc d^ giai ma tfl mdi va viee kd't hdp day tfl vflng mdt each rd rang va an y.
Ngoai ra, kd't qua phong va'n vdi da so"
hpe sinh ed eau tra ldi tich cflc da khang dinh mfle dp thich thu, quan tam eua hpe sinh cung nhU nhan manh ldi ich eua vide sfl dung ngfl canh td'i thieu vad doan va ghi nhd tfl. Vide day tfl vflng ra't phflc tap va yeu eau mpt ke hoaeh sang tao de tao dupc md'i lien he ca nhan vdi tfl. Hoc sinh ghi nhd va ndi/ viet ra tfl dupc gidi thieu/ day theo nhflng each tap trung vao nghia ma nd cd lien quan tdi kid'n thflc vd'n cd cua ngUdi hoc. Vi the', huy dpng het vd'n kie'n thflc cua ngudi la each ra't quan trpng va hflu ich trinh day tfl mdi.
De phat huy dUdc ky thuat nay, bu6c day dupe bat dau bang each gidi thieu eac tfl mdi trong ngfl canh td'i thieu dUdc thie't kd' phu hpp, sau dd ngUdi hoc doan nghia cua tfl. Budc luyen tap, ngfldi hpe ed thd" bie'n tfl thanh vd'n tfl cua minh, sfl dung nd theo muc dich ca nhan va dfla nd vao ngfl canh do minh tao ra. Vdi nhid'u Cd hdi tUdng tac va sfl dung tfl da giup ngudi hpe ghi nhd va nam dupc tfl vflng vfla hpe.
Tfl nhflng thao luan tren, nghien cflu khang dinh vai trd cua giao vien trong viec Ifla chpn, thid't ke' ngfl canh cung nhu eac boat dpng luydn tap trong qua trinh hpe tfl vflng. Hp phai xay dflng thdng tin mdi bang each sfl dung tfl ngfl S6 8-2019
HOANG THU BA va ngfl canh tdi thieu ma ngfldi hoc eo
kien thflc lien quan hoac giai ma dupc nglua tfl ngfl canh dd. Ben canh dd, khi giao vien nhan thflc dUde lam the nao de ling dung ngfl canh phu hdp ddi vdi tflng trinh dp cua hpe sinh eung nhU khuyen khich hp tham gia vao cac boat dpng trong 16p, thi hp se han chd' dUdc nhflng di^m ba't ldi cua viec sfl dung ngfl canh vao day tfl vflng.
Khac vdi nhflng nghien eflu trUdc day - chi tap trung vao doi tUdng hpe cd trinh dp cao cung nhU khdng de cap tdi kie'n thiic vd'n cd cfla hpe vien dd'i vdi viec xay dung ngfl canh phfl hdp, nghien cflu nay da md dUdng tim hieu hieu qua eua ngfl canh ddi vdi hoc sinh cd trinh dd tha'p va ki^n thflc vdh cd - kien thflc dd chinh la nhan to' quan trpng cho viec thflc diyi phat huy qua trinh hpe tfl cua hoc sinh.
Tuy nhidn, eflu hanh ddng ehi thflc hien vdi muc dich xac dinh hieu qua cua ky thuat day tfl vflng, nhUng nd cung khd de xac dinh ehinh xac yd'u to' nao ddng gop vao hieu qua cua nd. Ben canh dd, nghien eflu thflc hidn qua qua trinh day va hgc tfl trong ngfl canh tdi thieu; do dd, CO the khang dinh moi quan he lan nhau giiia cac yd'u to' tfl vflng, kien thflc, trinh do ngdn ngfl, ngfl canh td'i thieu, each day va hpe... se dem lai mfle dp bieu qua.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Baleghizadeh, S. &, & Shahry, M.
N. N. {2011), The Effect of Three Consecutive Context Sentences on EFL Vocabulary-Learning, TESL Canada Journal, 28/2.
2. Blackburn, Simon. (1984), Spreading the word, Oxford UP.
3. Bromley, K. (2007), Nine things every teacher should know about words and vocabulary instruction. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 50(7).
4. Crystal, David (1991), A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 3rd edition, Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
5. Hultijn, J. H. (1992), Retention of inferred and given word meanings:
Experiments in incidental vocabulary learning, In P. Arnaud & H. Bejoint (Eds.), Vocabulary and Applied Linguists (pp.113-125), London: Macmillan.
6. Laufer, B. (1997), The lexical plight in second language reading: Words you don't know, words you think you know, and words you can't guess. In J. Coady &
T. Huekin (Eds.), Second language vocabzilary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy (pp. 20-34), Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
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Memorizing new words: Does teaching have anything to do with it? RELC Journal, 28.
8. Nguyen Hoa; (2000), An Introduction to Discourse analysis, Hanoi.
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SO 8-2019 NHAN LOC KHOAHOCXAHOI Q
