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NGHIEN ClJfU CAI TIEN BEP GAS HONG NGGAI SUf DUNG CAC PHU PHAM NONG NGHIEP PHU HOP V0I QUY MO HO GIA DiNH VIET NAM GOP PHAN BAO VE MOI TRIfOiNG
V O N G N O N G T H O N M I E N N U I
Th.S Nguygn Tung Circmg, Th.S Tran Anh Tu5n'"
l.DATVANBfe
Hien nay, tren thi tnicmg c6 rat nhieu loai bep dugc su dung de dun nau phuc vu an uong hang ngay.
BSn canh nhung chiec bep hien dai nhu bep tu, bep dien, bep gas, than, dau la nhimg chiec bep truyen thong nhu bep trau, bep ciii, bep rom ra... va rat de dang c6 nhan xet:
- Cdc loai bep dung dien, gas, dau c6 im diem tien dung khi van hanh bep nhimg gia thanh cao va sii dyng nang luong la cac ngu6n tai nguyen hoa thacb khong tai tao dugc rSt gay 6 nhiem moi tnrong [4];
- Cdc loai bep dot truyen thong (ciii, rcrm ra, miin cua, trau...) c6 uu diem nguon nhien lieu sSn c6, gia thanh re, nhung hieu suat su dyng nang lugrng thap, phat sinh nhieu khoi bui, khi dpc hai (CO, SO^, NO^...) gay 6 nhiem moi trirong vaanh hucmg toi sue khoe nguai sudung [3].
d nude ta hi?n dang c6 hai loai bep gas sii dung nguon nhien Heu la cac phu pham nong nghiep: bep gas dun true tilp v^ bep t^o ra khi gas va chuyen khi gas do ra ngoai de dun tren mot hoac nhieu bg phan d6t ciia Trung Quoc. Bep dun gas true tiep chi phi re Hon so voi bep tao ra khi gas va chuy6n ra ngoiti de dun, phii hgp vdi ngudi c6 thu th|ip thap va dan cu cac vung nong thon, nai ma nguon nguyen !i?u phy pham nong nghi?p doi dao. Tuy vay, bep gas dun true tiep c6 mot so nhugc diem la viec cap nhien li?u khong thyc hien dugc lien tyc do moi Ian mcr de cap nhien lieu la phai tat bep. Hem nua bep khong dun dugc rom r? va dac biet la khong the dun cung mot liic tren nhieu bg phan dot dugc, trong khi do,
\6\ bep tao khi gas va chuyen gas ra ngoai de dun bang nguon nhien lieu dugc che bien thanh dang vien (vien n^n) nhir bep gas hong ngoai cai tien c6 the dun moi loai nhien lieu c6 nguon goo thuc vat va bep CO the dun tren nhieu bg phan d6t do khi gas c6 th8 dan tcri cac bg phan d6t Dae bi?t c6 the dan khi gas de d6t a khoang each xa tiiy muc dich su dyng.
Tr§n CO sa khao sat cong nghe va thiet bj da c6, cac nha khoa hgc da tien hanh nghien cuu, cai tien bep gas sinh hgc hong ngo^i su dung cac phu ph4m nong nghiep phii hgp vai quy mo hg gia dinh Vi?t Nam.
2. B 6 I TlTtjING VA PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ
2.1. Doi tugng nghien cuu; la bep dot khi hoa, c6 cong nang chuyen hoa nhien lieu tir cac phy pham nong nghi?p thanh dgng khi gas va chuy€n khi gas den bg phan d6t tao hong ngoai.
2.2. Phucmg phap nghien cuu:
a Phuong phap thyc nghi?m:Tren ca so khao sat cong nghe va thiet bj bep hoa khi cua nuoc ngoai
\k trong nir6c ve tinh loan can bang nhiet, nhien lieu... Tien hanh nghien ciju cai ti^n, nang cSp va che 190 bep CO kha nang chuyen hoa cac phy pham nong nghiep (votrSu, rom ra, loi ngo...) dang vien thanh nguon khi chiy de chuyen den bg phan dot dat hieu qua nang lugng cao tao dai sang hong ngoai c6 buac s6ng tCr 0,76pm d^n vai miiimet (Ion hem buoc song ciia anh sang do va nho hem buoc song ciia song v6 tuyen eye ngjn)
b. Phtrong phap xay dyng mo hinh: Xay dyng cac mo hinh bep thuc nghiem dl dua ra cac thong so dam bao edc dieu ki^n toi uu trong qua trinh hoa khi.
1 Vtin Nghi&n ctiu vd Phdt trien Viing - Bg Khoa hgc va Cong nghe
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Gic3l THIEU
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CVV VA THAO LUAN
3.1. K8t qua nghien cuu cai tien mot so bo phan chii yeu cua b6p gas hong ngoai dugc nSu trong
Bang 1. Ket qua nghien cum cai tien mot so bo phao chii yeu ciia bep gas hong ngoai
TT 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 4 5 6 6.1 6.2
Noi dung cai tien Bo ph^n hoa khi Nhiet dp trong 16 Dp am a tang nhien lieu Kich thuac 16 hoa khi Nhiet dp lop v616 hoa khi Cum dau dot
Thao lap Tinh im viet Cita Id
Dp thoat khoi Thao ijp
Bo phan quat cap khi Bd phan loc khi Bo phan than vo bep Van chuyen bep Tinh tham my
Ket qua Triro^c cai tien
500°C - 800»C Cao (65-75%) 0,068m' 80-89»C
Kho Tac
Cao Kho khan Cong suit Ion 60w Hinh \m rong K h o n g CO Kho khan Trung binh
dat du'o'c Sau cai tien
> 1000"C Thdp (15-25%) 0,04m' 40-45°C
D I dang
Khong tSc
Thip D I dang Cong suit nho 20W Cycle
Khoi khep kin De dang Cao
<* Bo phan lb hoa khi
L6 hoa khi sau cai tien chiu dugc nhiet do cao tir 800-1 OOO^C. L6 c6 cong nang lam giam lugng nhiet phat ra tu than 16 nen giam dugc tinh nguy hiem gay bong cua bip. Dong thai lop each nhiet da dugc tinh toan c6 tinh each nhiet cao voi moi truong khong khi ben ngoai (la noi c6 do im thuong dao dgng 60-80%) lam giam sy ngung dgng hai nude trong 16 hoa khi v6n dugc hinh thanh do sy ehenh lech nhiet do trong 16 vo\ moi truong khong khi ben ngoai, giup lam gia tang nhiet do chay cua 16 tir 500-800''C kieu cQ len 1000"C va giam do am cua tang nhien lieu d6t. Dieu nay, lam gia tang hieu suSt hoa khi, duy tri su chay, giam kich thucrc 16.
*•* Cum Mu dot
Dau dot dugc tinh toan, thiet ke de phia tren dinh ciia dku dot c6 mot tim chSn vai kich thuac 35mm X 35mm nhlm giam bat sy tiep xiic ciia tro nhien lieu vai dhu dot va cac lo cap khi lam giam kha nang bj tac. Duong kinh eiia bg phan diu dot dugc thik ke c6 duong kinh Ion han so vai duong kinh cua ong dan khi dg chyp dku dot vao 6ng dSn khi, giiip viec thao l4p, siia ehua, thay the bg phan dau dot don gian va de dang.
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GlOl THIEU
• Bo phan cua Id hda khi
Cua bdp dugc thiet ke dang hinh con tron. Nap day cOra cung c6 dang tron kbit voi eiJa bep nen rat kin khi, thao ma dl dang bang bg phan tay don gin tren nap day, cau tao nay giup tiet kiem nhien Heu va de dang lay tro xi va ve sinh bep.
•J* Bo phan qofil cap khi
Bg phan quat cSp khi va tao hong ngoai dugc tmh toan, thi6t k6 nho ggn vai nguon dien sijr dung 220V, cong suit tieu thu di|n 20W, Imi lugng khi 3,2m7gia. Quat dugc di6u chinh t6e dQ cap gi6 diong qua eac volume chiet ap rieng biet, din tai dl dang di6u ehinh tang hoac giam mite do hong ngoai, nhiet dg chay be mat va lugng khi boa trong 16. Ben canh do, he thong quat dugc thiet ke de sii dung nguon di?n tir acquy 12V de cung cap nguon cho quat trong truoTig hgp bi mat nguon dien luoi 220V khi dang su dyng b6p. Quat dl mua ngoai th| truong dk thay thi.
• Bo phan loc khi
Bg phan loc khi dugc tinh toan, thiet ke dang hinh try, kich ca cao 450mm, duong kinh 200mm voi the tich V = 0,014m^ Ben trong binh dugc thilt ke vai cau tao dac biet nhu mot cycio d6 Igc bo lugng bui CO trong khi chay, dong thai vat lieu dugc lam bang inox de gia tang lugng ngung tu hoi nuac giup chat lugng khi chay tot hem khi len den be mat dot, nggn liia chay mau do, khong khi khu vuc dat bep dot khong c6 miii.
• B^ ph&n than vo
Toan bg cac bg phan ciia bep bao gom 16 hoa khi, binh Igc khi, quat cip khi, bg phan mat dot dugc thilt ke nam toan bg ben trong va ben tren mgt kh6i hgp vuong c6 kich thuae dai 1.070mm, rgng 470mm, cao 750 mm. C6 2 c ^ h de ma ra d6ng vao de d^ng khi cin ve sinh hay thay thao cac thiet bi b6n trong. Di^n tich can thiet de su dyng bep tuang duong vdi bSp gas LPG hien dang dugc diing ph6 bien tgi nhi^u hg gia dinh, dual chan ciia h? thong bep dugc gan them cac banh xe giup cho vi?c di chuyen bep di cac nai khac thuan tien va dl dang.
Hinh 1.1 Mo hinh, eau t^o ehung cua bep gas hong ngo^i
Hinh 1.2 Bep gas h6ng ngoai san pham
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GlOl THIEU
3.2. K€t qua thir nghiem de so sanh chat lomig khong khi trong bep gas hong ngo^i triro'c va sau cai tien
D I so sanh chat lugng khong khi trong bip gas h6ng ngoai tnrac va sau cai tien thu nghiem da dugc tiSn hanh theo eac thong s6 trinh bay a bang 2
Bang 2. Gia tri trung binh mot so thong so moi trvoug Dan vi: mg/m^
Thong so
Bui CO SO, CH, H,S NH3
Tru'o'c khi nau B£p gas hong ngoai Tru&c cai tien
0,05 1,42 0,11 50,29 0,021 0,17
Sau cai tien 0,08 1,31 0,07 48,23 0,01 0,15
SaulchinSu '''Jis'S BSp gas hflng ngoai * j ^ Jruic cai tiin
0,42 3,98 1,15 75,60
0,24 2,35
Sau cat tien g|
0,21 1,58 0,12 52,48 0,19 1,68 So lieu a bang 2 cho thay:
Chat lugng moi truong trong nha bep ea trudc va sau khi sir dung bep gas hong ngoai cai tiSn deu thap han so vai bep truoc cai tien. Dieu nay cho thay, nhiing cai tien ciia bep gas hong ngoiii da thuc sy CO ket qua trong viec cai thien va giam sy 6 nhilm moi truong khong khi trong nha bep.
Ket qua so sanh mot so chi tieu moi tnrong cua bep gas h6ng ngoai cai tien so vai cac Igai bep dun truyen thong khac. So lieu so sanh cho thay, bep gas hong ngoai cai tien c6 nhiet do cao han so voi bep than nhung thap hon so vai nhiet do bep gas.
Bang 3. So sanh bep gas hong ngoai cai tien vdi cac bep khac
TT 1 2 3 4 5
Chi tieu Nhiet dp Biii CO CO, SO,
Dffnvi
"C mg/m^
mg/m' mg/m^
mg/m^
Bep gas hong ngoai cai tien
784 0,10s 2,248 8,324 0,123
Bipgas
890 0,043 2,137 8,254 0,072
Bip tlian 772 0,118 4,825 11,452 0,132
QC¥N 05: 2009/
BTNMT ( Trung binh 1 h)
-
0,3 30
-
0,35 Lugng byi phat sinh va cac chat khi CO, SO^tir b6p gas hong ngoai cai tien thip hem nhieu so v6i bep than do chat lugng nguon khi dot cua bSp da di qua he thSng Igc khi truoc khi chuyin din bl mat d6t.
4. Danh gia hieu qua cua bep gas hong ngoai cai tien dun nhien lieu vien nen voi mot so loai bep dun thong dung khac.
4.1. Hieu qua ve mat kinh te
Dk danh gia hieu qua kinh te eiia bip gas hong ngoai cai tiln so vai mgt so loai bep dun truyen thong
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Gl<3l THigU
khdc nhom nghien cuu tien hanh dieu tra khao sat thu thap thong tin ve mgt so loai bep dun thong dung.
Ket qua thu dugc the hien:
Bang 4. So sanh hieu qua kiob te ciia mot so loai bep dun voi bep gas hong ngoai cai tien
.'•Jjfi "*»''>«?
B€p than to ong Bep gas LPG B€p dun ram ra Bep dun trau
Then gian dun soi 5 lit DOQ^C (phut)
20 19 22 21 Bgp gas hong ngoai cai ti6n ] 7
Binh quan chi phi /thang cho l h 6 gia dinh (lOOOd)
240-300 345-360
-
100-150 So lieu bdng 4 cho thay, khi su dyng cae loai bep khac nhau de dun soi 5 lit nuac thi bep than, bep dun trau va dun rcmi ra lau hem so vdi bep gas hong ngoai cai tien va bep gas LPG. Rieng bep gas LPG tuy CO nhiet do chay be mat dot cao hem so vai bep gas hong ngoai cai tien (bang 3) nhung dien tich be mat dot ciia bep gas LPG lai nho han bep gas hong ngoai cai tien, day la ly do thoi gian dun soi 5 lit nuac bep LPG cao hon so voi bep gas hong ngoai cai tien.
Khi tinh chi phi hang thing de sii dyng bep gas hdng ngoai cai tien, ket qua cho thay tiet kiem hon tir 27-42% so vai bep gas LPG va tir 12-32% bep than to ong (bang 5).
Bang 5. Hi^u suat dot cua bep gas hong ngoai so voi mot so loai bep khac NhiSn li|u
Than Cui Khi sinh hgc
: •_: I ; AnDO(*)^,. ; Kieu bep
Than to ong Bep kieng Dau dot tieu chuan
Hi?u suat dot (%) 28
17,3 60
, -, r.- Vi§tNam(**J.
Kieu bep Bip VIE Bep gas hong ngoai Bep trau
Hieu suit dot (%) 21,9 85***
20***
Nguon: (*)- Biogas thefiiture sustainable Energy for the survival of Human nature
(**) - Biogas Appliances Comparative Study. Supported by SNV- Netherlands Devenlopment Organization under Asia Biogas Programe, 2007
(***). Trung tam nghien ciru vd phat irien viing
Tir so li^u bang 5 cho thay, hieu suat dot ciia bep gas hong ngoai cai tien cao hem so vai cac loai bip than to ong, bep kilng va mgt s6 loai bip truyen thong khac. Hieu suat dot ciia bip dat 85% cao han 3 lin so vdi bep dun trau, hon tir 3-5 Ian so voi cac loai bep than to ong, bep kilng.
4.2. Hi^u qua ve moi truong
- Bep t^n dyng dugc cac phu pham nong nghiep hien dang la nguyen nhan gay 6 nhiem moi truong iruang khong khi, dat va nuoc a mgt so dia phuong de lam nhien lieu dit.
- Lugng byi lo ICmg, CO va Hydrocacbon khi dun bing bIp gas hong ngoai cai tiln thap han nhilu so vai truae cai tien va bep than to ong.
4.3. Hifu qua ve xa hgi
Nghien cuu, eai tien che ta,o thanh cong bep gas hong ngoai cai tien sii dung nhien lieu tir rom ra vi cdc phy pham nong nghi?p la mgt giai phap huu ich trong viec han che khai thac va sir dung cac
(Tiep theo trang 16)
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KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
nguon nhien lieu hda thach khong tai t^o. Bep gas
NGHIEN CflU CAI TIEN BEP... ^?:^^:t^^^^'^Zt^
dun nau cho ngudi noi trg. Ngudi noi trg cd nhieu (Xem tiep trang 7) thdi gian d& tham gia va tim hiSu ti€p xiic vdi cac hoat dgng xa hgi hon.
Viec dua b6p gas hong ngoai cai tien vao thuc tien san xuat ddi song gdp phan tao them viec lam tu viec thu mua va san xult vien nhien lieu cho mgt bg phan ngudi dan gdp phan lam giam ap lire len cac van de an sinh xa hgi.
5. Ket luan
Qua trinh nghien ciiu cai tien da dat dugc mgt so ket qua nhu sau:
Cac bg phan chi tiSt, kieu dang bep phu hgp vdi guy mo hg gia dinh: San pham bep vdi cac b6 phan vd, than bgp va cac bg phan khac dugc thilt k8 thao lap, thay the de dang, kieu dang nhd ggn. Bep cd kha nang tiep dugc nhien lieu lien tuc ma khong can tat bep nhu cac loai bep tuong tu khac. Bg phan buong ddt, dlu ddt cd kha nang chiu nhiet do cao tir 800"C -lOOO^C, each nhiet va an toan vdi ngudi su dung.
ChSt lugng khong khi trong nha bep khi sir dung bep gas hong ngoai cai tien tot hon cac lo£ii bep tmy6n thong. Lugng bui, chit vo ca CO, SO^ phat sinh tir bep gas hdng ngoai cai tien thdp hon nhieu so vdi bep than.
Bep gas hong ngoai cai tien dun nhien lieu vien nen hieu qua hon so vdi mgt so loai bep dun thon^
dung khac, tiSt kiem hon tir 27-42% so vdi bep gas LPG va tir 12-32% bIp than to ong. Hieu suat dot ciia bep gas hong ngoai cai tien dat 85% cao hem 3 lin so vdi hip dun triu, hem tir 3-5 lan so vdi cac loai b6p than to ong, bep kieng va b€p VIE.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ky thuat chay : Giao trinh cho sinh vien cdc truong dgi hgc khoi ky thuat / Iran Gia My. H. : Khoa hoc vd Ky thuat. 2005
2. Lo cong nghiep : Gido trinh danh cho sinh vien Dgi hoc Bach khoa vd cdc trudng dgi hgc khdc I B.s: Phan Van Tri(ch.b), Duang Diec Hong, Nguyen Cong Udn H: Khoa hgc vd Ky thuat, 1999.
3. Nang lugng cho the 21 - nhirng thdch thuc vd trien vong /Ho Si Thodng, Iran Manh Tri.NXB Khgc vd Ky thuat, 2009.
4. Sir dung nang lugng trong ddi song. H. : Lien hiep cdc hgi khoa hgc vd iy thuat Viet Nam. Vu Cong nghiep, 1987.
Luu y khi su' dung dung cu de nau trong 16 vi song
- Chi su dung dung cu dugc san xuat dac biet chuyen cho Id vi song. Khay, dTa, to thiiy tinh, sii va nhya deu can phai dugc dan nhan sir dung cho 16 vi song. Khong bao gid diing to, dTa chat lieu kim lo?i trong 16 vi song vi no c6 the gay ra tia iica.
- Khong bao gid diing cac to, khay nhua nhu hop bo va cac loai hop diing mgt lan de quay thii-c an trong 16 vi song. Cac dung cu loai nay khi gap nhiet do cao cd the tan chay, khien cac hda chit dgc hai ngam vao thuc an.
- Nen diing do nau to hon mdu an de khoi tran ra ngoai. Khong bao gid sir dung tiii nilon mong, cac hop xop, bao giay nau vi hoa chat dgc tir cac thii nay khi nong cd the khulch tan vao thiic an.
Khong nen dat 16 dudi dat, nai co do am cao hoac sat cac do dien khac. Tranli de thuc phim trao ra lam hong 16. Muon 16 vi song ben va an toan, can cam thiet bi nay vao mgt nguon dien rieng, 6 ckm phai chac chan. tdt nhat la 6 gan c6 dinh tren tudng. Khong nen de thirc an trong hii nhua hoac tiii giay khi dua vao Id. Neu cd khdi xuat hien trong Id, nen tit ngudn ngay. Luon luon tit Id vi song trudc khi md cira Id.
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