Trao ddi hoc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe
TU DUY PHUONG BONG VA PHUONG TAY: CHONG GAI CUA CAC NGHIEN ClTU SINH VIET NAM
TRONG KY THI DOC VA VIET TIENG ANH B2 KHUNG CHAU AU
ThS. BINH NHU LE Bp mdn Anh van Khoa KItoa hoc Cff bdn Tnrdng Bgi hgc Giao tiidng Van tdi
Tdm tdt: Muc dich ciia bdt bdo ndy Id phdn lich de chi ra .su khdc hiit irong loi lu duy hdnh vdn giira ngudi noi liing Anh nhu uing me de vd ngudi Viet Nam hoc liing Anh nhir mot ngogi ngir chinh. Nhd kit qua ndy loi mong muon tim hiiu nhirng kho khdn cua cdc nghiin ciru sinh gdp phdi Irong qud trinh chudn bi cho ky thi doc. viit hoc ihu^l iieng Anh theo lieu chudn B2 khung chdu Au vd de xudt mot sd gidi phdp giiip cdi thien ndng luc lu hpc hai ky ndng tiing Anh ndy cua ddi tugng nghiin ciru sinh
Tir khda: Tu duy, .sa do nhgn thirc. B2 khung chdu Au
Summary: The aim ofthe article is lo analyze and find out Ihe cognitive differences in writing style between l¥e.slerners who speak English as the mother tongue and Vietnamese people who speak English as a foreign language. Thanks to the outcome. I expect lo work out what are challenging PhD student in FCE reading and writing tests and suggest solutions to improve the ability of self- .studying for these adult learners.
Keywords: Cognition, cognitive chart. B2 Framework of Common European
I. D A T V A N D E
Vai nam kinh nghiem day ky nang doc va viet l u | n tieng Anh cho cac hpc vien cao hpc thudc khdi ky thuat cho tdi cam nhan rang hg khong tu tin vdi cac bai dgc va lung ti'ing trudc de tai v i l t hpc thuat ciia tieng Anh. Hp t h u d n g mac ldi ng& phap va te h a n la khdng t h i d i l n dat y t u d n g mpt each t u nhien, chuan m y c bang tieng Anh ciia minh. T h d n g t h u d n g cac Idi ngu phap s6 d u g c kh5c phuc dan trong qua trinh hgc cdn each viet cau khdng chuan van phong hgc thuat lai khdng phai de d a n g d u g c cai thien ngay. Ty le ldn cdc sinh vien t h u d n g chgn each viet la djch y ciia minh bang t u duy ciia ngudi Viet sang tieng Anh lam cho ngudi dgc bai luan cam thay triic chac va cd dieu gi do khdng dn. Hay kiem chirng nhan xet nay bang mgt minh hga nho sau day.
Y tudng: N h u a cd tinh dan hoi va nhe, khdng nhirng de dang de lao thanh nhieu hinh dang mong mudn ma cdn de nhudm thanh nhieu mau sac khac nhau.
Cach dien dat thir nhat "... Plastic is elastic and soft so not only easily to create many shapes they want but also easily to paint different colors. ."
Cach d i l n dat thu hai: "pla.^tic is elastic and lighiweight enough to be easily fanned into
2 3 0 Tap chi K H O A H O C G I A O T H O N G V A N T A I S 6 4 3 - 0 9 / 2 0 1 3
Trao ddi hoc thudt & Thdng tin khoa hgc Cong nghe
different .shapes and made with different colors depending on the users'purposes...'
So sanh hai each d i l n dat ve mdt > tirdng tren, mgt giao vien cd kinh nghiem se h i l u rang giup hgc vien cai thien each d i l n dat thiir nhat theo chuan cua each d i l n dat thir hai khdng phai la cdng viec de dang.
II. NQI D U N G
2.L T i m hieu c a c hpc t h u y e t lien q u a n d e n q u a t r i n h n h a n thirc
Ai cung bilt r i n g khi chung ta gia di, kha nang nhan thirc cua chiing ta thay ddi va cham han khi chimg ta cdn tre. Cac nha khoa hoc va tam ly giao due n h u (Lieb,1991; Malcolm 1969; Bloom, 1956) cung cho r i n g t6c do nhan thirc ciia bd nao khdng K.nowles,l970; Jean
nhUng giam dan theo thdi gian a cdn cd the s i p xep dugc tii c i p do t h i p din c i p do cao.
Eva|/
Combining information to form a unique product, requires creativity and Driginality
Using information to solve problems; transfering abstract or theoretical ideas to practical situations.
Identifying connections and relationships and how they apply
Memorizing verbatim.
Being able to remember, but not necessarily fully understanding the material
Restarting in your own words;
paraphrasing, summarizing, translating
Bloom 's taxonomy (1956)
Dua vao s o dd ciia Bloom, ch6ng ta t h i y r i n g , d cap do sau dai hpc, viec hpc ciia hpc vien ddi hdi nhieu s u phan tich, long hgp va danh gia d u a tren nen tang kien thirc. dp hieu biet va kha nang u n g d u n g kien thirc da cd tir cac cap hpc trudc. Doi chieu thang bac nay vdi cac dang bai trong ky thi dpc viet B2 khung chau Au, chiing ta se h i l u d u g c nhirng trd ngai kien thiic ngdn ngir ma cac hgc vien phai v u p t qua.
T a p chi K H O A H Q C G I A O T H O N G V A N T A I S 6 4 3 - 0 9 / 2 0 1 3 231
Trao ddi hgc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hgc Cdng nghe
Tam ghi nhd, hieu va irng dung ly thuyet
Cung theo sa dd ve muc do nhan thtic cua Bloom (Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Bloom et al., 1956), cap dp thap nhat ciia nhan thirc chinh la kha nang thau hieu va ghi nhd kien thuc dd. Nd dugc phac hga rat ro trong bai tap kiem tra ngO" phap phan 4 (dgng dgc cau va lua chgn cau tra Idi A, B, C hoSc D. Cap dg thii hai nhim myc tieu tim hilu kha nang irng dung cac kiln thiic da dugc hpc va kha "nang nay se dugc chirng minh bang loat diem ciia phan vilt sd 1 (dien tir cho san) va so 2 (xay dung cau). Hai cap dd nay dugc coi la mirc dg co ban cOa qua trinh nhan thuc. Kien thiic nay thudng dugc giang day ho§c tdng hgp trong mgt sd gid hpc nhat dinh v^ cho ra ket qua nhan thirc ban dau kha khac nhau dua vao kien thuc nen lang san co ciia hpc vien vl ITnh vuc dd.
Nhdm 1, nhdm hpc vien biet tieng Anh hpc thuat. Day la nhdm hpc vien "ly tudng" vi hp cdn nhd dugc kien thiic tieng Anh da dugc hpc tir trudc. Hg ciing se de dang chuyen sang giai doan tiep theo ciia tu duy ngdn ngir ma khdng gap nhieu trd ngai; do dd, ket qua bai thi, dac biet d mang Iy thuyet ngir phap kha cao. Hp cung thudng la ngudi hpc chac va cd the lam tdt cac ky nang cua tim tu duy sau.
Nhdm 2, nhdm hpc vien biet giao tiep bang tieng Anh. Day la nhdm hgc vien dugc cho la
"biet tieng Anh" va kien thirc cua hp cd dugc chu yeu do qua trinh tich luy rdi thuc hanh khi Iam viec va giao tiep xa hgi. Hg thudng la nhu'ng hpc vien cd kha nang tiep thu nhanh. Tuy nhien, khi bat tay vao luyen tap cac d^ng bai thi hgc thuEit, hg van khdng dat diSm cao bang cac nhdm hgc vien dau tien. Ket qua nay cd the dugc ly giai nhu sau. Vdn hieu biet tieng Anh cua nhdm hpc vien nay la vdn hieu biet tich luy va cop nhat tir nhieu ngudn tieng Anh khong chinh thong khac nhau; trong khi dd kien thirc m& hg dugc truyen dat tren Idp la khdi kien thirc chuan hpc thuat, bai ban va theo dinh hudng ciia ky thi B2. Vi the, d khia canh nao dd, vdn kiln thdc s5n cd cd the trung dung vdi nhiJng gi hg dugc hpc, nhung ciing cd nhiing quan niem hay each hieu chua chuan so vdi tieng Anh ly thuyet. Ket qua la, mgt phan kien thdc ciia nhdm nay can phai dugc dieu chinh, thay ddi sau khi dugc giai thich can ke trong cac gid len Idp. Doi vdi nhdm hpc vien nay hp nhanh chdng nhan thirc dugc ngay su khac biet trong ngdn ngij Anh cdng viec va ngdn ngiJ Anh hgc thuat, tuy nhien, tir nhan thiic din van dung va thay ddi dl trd thanh mdt phin kien thii-c mdi trong tu duy ciia hp lai cin thdi gian luyen t|ip them.
Nhdm 3, nhdm khdng bilt tiing Anh: Hiln nhien day la nhdm hpc vien cd trinh dp thip nhat trong Idp. Nhdm nay cd thi da dugc hgc tieng Anh nhung hau nhu da quen het kien thirc da hgc. Hg ciing la nhdm hpc vien khdng sir dung tieng Anh trong giao tiep. Ty le nay la tuong
232 Tap chl KHOA H Q C GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 43 - 09/2013
Trao ddi hoc thudt & Thdng tin khoa hoc Cong nghe ddi cao d cac hpc vien tren dp tudi 40. Chinh nhdm hpc vien nay la ngudi gap nhilu khd khan nhit do can phai tiep thu khoi lugng kien thuc khdng Id trong khoang thdi gian dn thi han hep.
Dfli vdi hg kien thiic ngS phap va tir vung tieng Anh trong giai doan nay khdng khd hilu nhung l?i nhieu va khd nhd ngay. Va khi budc sang qua trinh luyen t^p ky nang d tim tu duy sau, hp de bi cang thing, chan nan va thit vong
Tam tir duy sau
Tim tu duy sau bao gdm cac ky nang phan tich, tdng hgp va danh gia, ddi hdi ngudi hgc phai cd lugng kien thiic nen tang chac chin va dp nhanh nhay trong qua irinh dn luyen thi. Sau khi dS hieu, ghi nhd kien thirc ngi? phap va lugng tir vyng nhit dinh, hpc vien bit diu qua trinh phan tich, tdng hgp, img dung va danh gia kien thiic dd trong loat bai lien quan din ky nang dpc va vilt. Theo Bloom, ky nang phan ttch bao gdm viec nhan dang mpt mang kiln thirc nhit dinh de ap dung kien thirc dd vao mgt tinh hudng cu thi. d cap do nay, hgc vien phai dpc hilu nhimg doan van ngan rdi lua chpn cac phuong an tra ldi A, B, C, hoac D. Cung d cip dp nay, ly thuyit dugc truyen tai tren Idp se it dan, chii yeu danh thai gian cho luyen tap cac ky nang dpc va vilt bing each ting dung kien thiic da cd. CJ day, nang luc ciia cac hpc vien dugc thi hien kha ib trong san pham dgc hieu va viet luan cua hp. Van la lugng kien thirc ngu' phap va tir vyng da dugc gidi han, nhung chinh sy khac biet vl kiln thirc nin tang va anh hudng tu duy tiing Viet khac nhau ma cho ra cac san phim dgc hieu va vilt luan khac nhau.
2.2. Tim hieu su khac biet trong tu duy phuang dong va phuong tay
Trong mpt nghien ciru vl tu duy gida phuong Ddng va phuang Tay, nha tam ly hpc Howard Gardner thudc trudng dai hpc Havard ndi rang; "Rat nhieu nha tam ly va sau nay la cac nha nghien ciiru ve nhan thirc deu cho rang ciing mgt hien tugng khach quan nhung cd su khac biet Idn ve each tu duy giiia nhirng ngudi phuong ddng va phuong tay" (Sharon, B, 2003).
Trong thi nghiem ciia minh, dng neu ten ba ddi tugng la "gau true - qua chudi - con khi" rdi phong van ngau nhien nhdm khach du ljch cd qudc tich Anh, My, Nhat va Trung Qudc, yeu can hp chpn hai trong ba ddi tugng do va xep chiing vao mgt nhdm. Ngudi Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban thudng chpn: qua chudi - con khi, trong khi ngudi dan Anh ho|c My se chpn: giu triic - con khi.
Dilu dd cho thiy ring ngudi dan phuang ddng thudng cd ldi tu duy mang tinh lien he (khi an chudi) cdn ngudi dan phuong tay thudng cd Idi tu duy phan loai (gau triic va khi deu la dgng vSt).
Cung cd nhilu cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu khac ve nhan thirc giira phuang Ddng va phuong Tay da cho thay su khac bi$t rat rd ve dieu nay. "Nhan thiic cua con ngudi d moi noi la khac nhau", nha tam Iy hpc Richard E. Nisbett thugc trudng dai hpc Michigan da viet nhu vay trong cuon sach mdi ciia dng vdi ten gpi "Anh hudng dja ly trong tu duy nhan thuc". Dd la vi "dac tinh tu duy ciia mdi ngudi bj tri phoi bdi cac quan niem giao due, tu tudng xa hpi va giao thoa vSn hda".
Trong nghien ciiu nay, dng dua cho cac sinh vien ngudi Nhat va ngudi My mpt birc tranh be thiiy cung nhan tao trong dd cd mdt con ca to dang boi, mdt vai ngudi nhan vien dang dgn d?p be, mpt vai cay san hd, da sdi va bong bdng trang tri. Sau mdt phut xem xet rdi cat tranh di, dng da hdi cac sinh vien xem hp nhd gi vl biic tranh thiiy cung nhan tao va thu dugc nhtmg kit qua thuc su khac biet. Cac sinh vien Nhat Ban gin nhu ngay lap tiic nhd dugc han 60% cac chi tiet nhd trong tranh nhu san hd, sdi da ngoai hinh anh con ca to dang bai ldi. Ca biet cdn co cac sinh vien Nhat nhd dugc sd thg lan va sd vien da trong tranh. Trong khi dd, cac sinh vien ngudi T9p chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 43 - 09/2013 2 3 3
Trao ddi hgc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe
My chii yeu chi biet la hp dang xem mpt birc tranh vl bl thiiy cung nhan tao, cd ca ldn va thg lan ma khdng quan tam dti^ cac chi tiet nhd khac trong tranh.
Dieu do da khang dinh dupc rang tu duy phuong ddng bi chi phoi nhilu bdi cac yeu td ngoai canh nen hp cd xu hudng nhan thirc mpt hien tugng theo moi quan he. Hg thudng de y den cac chi tilt nhu mdt ngudi xem tranh can canh; trong khi ngudi phuang Tay thudng tu duy hien tugng mdt each tdng quan. Hp xem cac net chinh nhu mpt ngudi dung xem tranh tir xa de cam nhan tdng the biic tranh dd.
Vi thdi quen nhan thiic nay, ngudi phuong lay thudng suy nghT mgi viec mdi each logic va true dien nen van phong viet hpc thuat ciia phuong tay ludn yeu cau ngudi viet phai tuan thii chat che cac quy dinh va each trinh bay. San pham bai viet thudng xuc tich, rd rang va gdi gpn trong sd lupng tir gidi han. Day ciing chinh la tieu chuan bat budc dugc ap dung trong ky thi viet luan (essay) khung B2 chau Au.
Tuy nhien, do thdi quen nhan thuc va nhin nhan hien tugng mdt each chi tiet va dya tren cac mdi quan he rang budc, phuo'ng Dong hau nhu khdng co khai niem bai viet luan hoc thuat.
Cach dat van de cua mdt ngudi viet phuong Ddng thien ve Idi dan dat, vdng vo hon la vao thang van de. Hp ciing thudng viet theo mach tu duy hon la viet theo mdt mau, mdt dang cd djnh doi hoi phai tuan thii chat che cdng thuc va ban che luong tu So dd sau se giiip minh hpa ro net hai each tu duy nay.
Tu duy phirang Tdy Tu duy phuang Ddng (lu duy theo dudng thang) (lu duy theo dudng vong) 2.3. Giai phap tir hoc cho hpc vien on luyen ky thi B2
Vilt luan tiing Anh hoan loan khac so vdi viet van tieng Viet. Cac bai viet luan tiing Anh thudng cd cdng thuc chung ve ket cau bao gdm cac quy udc cu the cho tirng phan gdm md bai, than bat va ket luan. Vi vay cac hpc vien can phai tuan thu chat che cac quy dinh do mac dii rat khd khan. Them vao dd, thay ddi each tu duy ve mdt van de tu vdng vo sang tryc dien ciing ddi hdi hoc vien can thdi gian va phai dugc lam quen vdi van phong dd qua viec dgc tu lieu. 6 khia canh nay, ky nang viet se dugc cai thien rat nhieu neu mdt hoc vien da doc nhieu tu lieu hgc thuat bang tieng Anh. Phai ndi ring hien nay chiing ta cd the tim thay nhieu ngudn tu lieu dpc bing tieng Anh. Tuy nhien, de ho trg cho vilt, hgc vien nen tim dpc cac bai dpc dudi dang bao chl hoac thdng cao bao chi vi phong each viet, each diing tii; each dat van d6 ciia bao chi cd nhieu diem tuang ddng vdi cac bai viet luan tieng Anh trong ky thi B2 Ngoai ra, trong qua trinh dpc cac tu lieu, hgc vien se thu nap hoac tham nhuan, dii it hay nhieu each diing tir ngu", each hanh van ciia phuang tay. Tir do. tu duy viet ve indt van de cung dugc dieu chinh va thay ddi cho phii hgp vdi Idi tu duy viet ciia phuang lay.
Danh thdi gian tim tai lieu dgc lien quan den van de can viet bang tieng Anh chuan trudc khi bat tay vao viet ve van de dd. Mdt trong nhitng yeu td de tu tin viet luan va viet luiin dat dugc diem cao la phai ludn than trpng khi vilt. Hgc vien tuyet ddi khdng nen viet bai lu^n bing tieng Viet sau dd dich bai vilt do sang tiing Anh vl nhu vay cac y tudng trong bai viet dd da bi Viet hda bing cau chii va tu duy tiing Viet Han nira. mpt sd each dien dat ciia tieng Viet khdng
2 3 4 Tap dli KHOA H O C GIAO THONG V ^ N TAI S6 43 - 09/2013
Trao ddi hgc thudt & Thong tin khoa hgc Cdng nghe tuong thich vdi tieng Anh, vi thi. hoc vien khi viet luan theo each nay thudng mic cac ldi vl dien dat hoac te hon la khdng truyen tai het > ciia bai.
2.4. Giai phap ldng ghep day dgc trong cac gid viet cho giang vien
Cac gid dpc va vilt thudng dugc thiet ke la nhijng gid hpc ky nang rieng biet. Han chl ldn nhit cua thilt kl chuong trinh nay la lam hgc vien gap khd khan khi truyln tai cac tu duy cua mpt dl tai viet bang tieng Anh. Vi the, nhu cau ldng ghep viet vdi dpc la mdt giai phap mdi, vdi nhilu hi vpng nang cao chit lupng ciia ca hai ky nang dgc va vilt. Vdi each tilp can nay, ben canh kiln thirc ve mat ngdn ngd bao gdm ciu triic, tii' vyng, thii thuat dpc va vilt, sinh vien se duac tilp can cimg liic hai ky nang nay; kien thiic ciia cac bai doc se tao nen tang cho bai vilt va dugc ap dyng thong qua thyc hanh viet. Kha nang viet ciia hgc vien, ngugc lai, se dugc cai thiSn thong qua tirng thiet ke bai viet nhd tu xay dyng cau, lam bai viet phac thao, vilt nhap din vilt trpn ven bai luan. Muc dich ciia each day nay la mudn tan dung bai doc lam tu Heu cho bai viet.
Dieu nay giiip sinh vien khai thac tdi da dp am hieu ve mdt de tai dpc va dng dung de tai do vao ngay irong bai viet ciia chinh minh. De lam dugc dieu nay, giao vien phai chuan bi va thiet ke ngudn lai lieu dpc hieu ve mdt de tai hpc thuat cu the phii hgp vdi de tai viet va yeu cau sinh vien phai dpc trudc d nha. Day c6 the duoc coi la mdt trong nhung yeu to then chot quyet djnh chat lugng bai viet ciia hgc vien bdi cac yeu td sau. Thir nhat, giao vien la ngudi co chuyen mdn nen de dang tim dugc ngudn dpc chuan van phong hpc thuat de hudng hpc vien viet theo mot dang bai luan theo yeu cau. Thd hai, ngudn tai lieu dgc khong chi khoi mao y tirong ma con giiip hpc vien ciing cd, dung nap vdn tu vung cau tnic can thiet cho bai viet ciia hg ma khdng phai mat nhieu thdi gian tim kiem. Do dd, trong qua trinh viet ciia minh, hpc vien se cd them lu li?u dl khai thac, ty tin khi viet va giam bdi nhgc nhan trong qua trinh chda bai ciia giao vien.
111. K t T LUAN
Ky thi tieng Anh B2 khung chau Au la mpt trong nhung ky thi ddi hdi phai cd su chuan bj toan dien, tdng hop kien thirc ngii' phap va ky nang ngdn ngii'. Cac hpc vien ldn tudi, trong bao nhieu nam hoc ngoai ngu, khdng phai ai cung dugc hpc dgc va viet luan bang tieng Anh mpt each bai ban. Trong bdn ky nang dpc, vilt, nghe, ndi thi ky nang viet dugc cho la khd dat diem cao bdi nd la ky nang thi hien san phim ngdn ngii da dpc va tich luy ciia ngudi hpc. Hg thudng lam vao tinh trang khdng bilt vilt thi nao, khdng bilt vilt cai gi va cam thiy khong ty tin trudc mpt dl tai chi ven ven cd vai ba cau nhung phai cho ra san pham vilt dai tir 200 den 300 tir. Bai bao nay da trinh bay su khac biet trong nhan thuc ciia hpc vien Idn tudi. tir dd se giiip thay ddi tu duy ciia hp vl vilt luan tiing Anh. Bai bao nay cung dl xuit nhiing dilu chinh nho trong phuang phap giang day dl mang lai khdng khi hpc tap lot ban va nang cao chit lugng hpc trong cac ldp luyen thi danh cho ddi tugng hgc \ ien sau dai hoc.
Tfli lieu tham khao
[1], Association for Psychological Science (2011. Kdvember 28). Smd\ looks al the iiauirc of change in our aging.
changing brains
[2], Sharon. B. 2003 Bast Versus Wesr One Sees Uig Piclure, Other Is Focused Science Journal.
\y\. Nisbeii. R E. (2003): The geographv nf ihoughf How Asians and Westerners think ditTerentl\ and \\h\. New York'The Free Press.
|4] iViule. RandV Arndl. 1991-Process Writma l-lailow London,
|51. Badger. R and Wliile. G 2000, A Process (jcnie Approach lo Teaching Writing. ELF Journal. 54/2. Oxford Uni\erMl> Pre''--*
Phan bien: ThS. \'a Thanh Hi6n
Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG V.AN TAI S6 43 - 09/2013 2 3 5
