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% 5 ^
Hinh 5. Acanthostega (giap gai), hoa thach ky Devon co quan he vdi Bon chi.
1. Xuong nang dd mang. 2. Bg xuong chi ciia Bdn chi
Su da dang Idn lao ciia Bdn chi (Te- dai Trung sinh. De'n cud'i Trung sinh, phin Idn trapoda) da xuat hien trong cac ky Devon va bd sat bi diet ehiing, nhudng mdi trudng cho Than da, mdt vai loai dai tdi 2m. Dua tren hinh Chim va Thu phat then tU ky de tam de'n nay.
thai va noi phat hien hda thach, phin Idn eac
bdn ehi sdm nay v i n cdn gan vdi nudc gidng ^'^^ ^ ^ ^ ' - ' T H A M K H A O
nhu ludng eu hien dai. ^ ^'""P^^" ^^" ^ - ^'''' ^''' ^- ^'^'^"' Tiep theo la su xuat hien trirng ed
mang di danh dau budc khdi d i u cua Dong
Lawrence G,, 2008 - Biology, eight edition. Unit 5, The evolutionary history of biological diversity:
Chapter 34 - Vertebrates: pp, 698 - 735.
vat CO mang di (Amniota) vdi bude chuyen ^ ,,, , ^, , , „ • , , , c
^ ^ ' 2, Hickman Cleveland P.. Roberts Larry S., hin len song tren can cua bb sat, md dau eho ^^^^^^ ^,,g^ ^.^^^^^ ^g,^^^ ^-^^^^^^^ 0^^,^^
su phat then rue rd eiia Chim va Thii ve sau. 20O6 - Integrated pnnciples of Zoology, thirteenth VUa mdi dat duoc kha nang thich irng vdi ddi edition. McGraw-Hill Intemational edition. Chapter sdng tren can, bd sat phat tnen rue rd trong 23 - Chordates: pp. 480-497.
KIEM TRA, DANH GIA KET QUA HOC TAP MON TIENG VIET VA PPDH TIENG VIET
TRONG HE DAO TAO CUT NHAN GIAO DUG TIEU HOC
LE PHUONG NGA
r
Trucyng DHSP Ha Noi
1. Kiem tra, danh gia la mgt m i l xieh kieu nao hoe kieu ay nen kiem tra danh gia edn quan trgng cua qua trinh dao tao, nd khdng nhung thiic day dieu chfnh qua tnnh hgc tap ciia sinh cho chiing ta biet ke't qua hpc tap ciia sinh vien vien. Vi vay, viec xem xet lai de dieu ehfnh, eai tie'n ma cbn giiip chiing ta cb can cir de dieu chfnh khau kiem tra, danh gia ke't qua hpe tap mdn ndi dung, phuong phap, cae tai lieu day hpc. Thi Tie'ng Viet va Phudng phap day hgc Tie'ng Viet
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trong he dao tao eir nhan Giao due Tieu hge la rat quan trgng.
2. Viee kiem tra, danh gia ke't qua hge tap mbn Tie'ng Viet va Phuang phap day hge Tie'ng Viet trong eae he dao tao cU nhan Giao due Tieu hge eiia ehiing ta the hien tren eae de thi van edn mgt sd han che nhu sau:
2.1. Hinh thirc kiem tra, danh gia chua da dang, phong phii, ehua eg nhUng each kiem tra, danh gia mgi de khuyen khich sinh vien va giang vien ehii ddng, sang tao trong day va hge.
2.2. Ndi dung kiem tra, danh gia nhieu khi ehf ddi hdi sinh vien the hien kha nang ghi nhd va lam bai theo giao tnnh.
2.3. Kiem tra, danh gia ehua toan dien, ndi dung hgc theo ehuong trinh nhieu nhung ndi dung kiem tra, danh gia it.
2.4. Ngi dung kiem tra, danh gia ehua eb nhung dinh hugng rg ret cho viec dao tao nghe (day hgc Tieng Viet d Tieu hgc).
2.5. Viec kiem tra, danh gia ehua dam bao tinh khach quan nen ehua kich thich viee hge tap eiia sinh vien cung nhu chua giiip cho ngugi day xac dinh diing tnnh dd eua sinh vien, chua phan anh duge tinh hinh day va hgc bb mbn nham giiip eho giang vien va can bg quan ly cb nhung quyet dinh kip thbi de dieu chfnh nbi dung va phuong phap day hge eu the,
3. De nang eao chit luang kiem tra, danh gia ket qua hge tap mdn Tie'ng Viet va Phuang phap day hgc Tieng Viet, lam cho viec kiem
tra, danh gia ed kha nang thiic day, dieu chfnh qua trinh day hgc Tie'ng Viet va Phuang phap day hgc Tie'ng Viet, theo chiing tdi viec kiem tra danh gia c i n bao dam cae yeu c i u sau:
3.1. Ve ndi dung kiem tra
3.1.1. Oe dam bao tinh toan dien cung nhu tinh khach quan ciia kiem tra, danh gia, tranh tinh trang hge "tii" ciia sinh vien, cin kiem tra cae kien thire, ky nang theo dien rgng bang each tang lugng cau hdi trong de thi de kiem tra dugc nhieu ngi dung khac nhau. Mgt de kiem tra cin eg it nhit 4 cau hdi, bai tap. Hien nay, eb nhieu de kiem tra eae hge phin Tieng Viet ehf cb 1 - 2 cau, bai tap nen chf dung den 1 - 2 nbi dung day hgc. Can tach thanh nhQng cau hdi, bai tap nhd hon de cb the kiem tra duge nbi dung lien quan den it nhat 4 ITnh vuc ngi dung day hgc khac nhau.
3.1.2. Viee ddi hdi tinh toan dien trong kiem tra, danh gia khdng mau thuin vdi yeu ciu ve viec phai xae dinh dugc trgng tam kien thire, ky nang ein kiem tra, danh gia. Od la nhifng kie'n thire, ky nang thie't thuc, thie't yeu, khdng the khdng ed de lam "nghe day hge Tieng Viet d Tieu hge", dg la nhifng kien thire, ky nang eg kha nang irng dung nhieu trong day hgc d Tieu hgc. Vi du, ve he thd'ng ngu am Tie'ng Viet khdng nen yeu c i u sinh vien phai nhd va mieu ta dugc het cac am vi Tie'ng Viet, khong ein phai ehf rd su khac biet cua eae am vi Tie'ng Viet vdi cac am vi tuong duong ciia he thd'ng ngu am khae (Vi du: lui trong tieng Viet va lui trong
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tieng Nga, III trong tieng Viet va HI trong tie'ng Nga) nhung sinh vien phai nim duoc su phan biet hai binh dien ngu am va chu viet, cau tao am tiet Tie'ng Viet, phan loai am tie't dua vao yeu td ke't thiie, giai phap am vi IKI..., phan biet (den mirc cb bien phap nhan dien true quan eho tre em Idp 1) nguyen am va phu am (phat am keo dai mgt am, gio tay xae dinh ludng hoi phat ra manh hay yeu khi phat am), phan biet den mire cb bien phap nhan dien true quan cho tre em viing phuang ngU Bae Bg hai am l/n: Vi th cau am la d i u ludi ehan rang va dau ludi Igi, phudng thire phat am la khdng vang (mui khdng rung) va vang (mui rung). Day la nhQng kien thQc, ky nang cd su ehi phd'i trong day hoc van Idp 1 va ngQ phap Idp 2, Idp 4.
Hoac khi kiem tra kien thQc ve nghia ciia tU khdng nen ra nhQng cau hdi theo tQng mue trong giao trinh ("NghTa ciia tQ la gi"^.,.) ma phai kiem tra dQgc ky nang xac dinh nghTa cu the, vi du yeu eiu sinh vien phan biet nghia ciia eae hinh vi thien trong thien phii, thien ly. thien vi, phan biet nghTa ciia cae hinh vi thii trong thu dd, thu mdn. Mdt vi du khac khdng nen hdi nghTa bieu vat la gi ma c i n kiem tra kie'n thQc ve nghia bieu vat eiia tQ bang each thQ thach ky nang xae lap kha nang ke't hgp bieu vat de chf ra nhQng tQ diing bat thQbng, gay an tuang, nhQng tQ eg gia tn nghe thuat trong bai Tap doe, Db la nhQng kieu bai tap yeu c i u sinh vien chf ra tQ dung sai, xae dinh-nguyen nhan va each chua cho eae eau cb tU diing sai cu
the, vi dii: Truae mat em hien ten mot giong ndi am ap, Ban Hung chay bon bon. Con trau eay nhanh nhau, Am muu ciia bon cudp da bi pha hiiy... hay chf ra tQ diing hay trong eac cau va giai thich vi sao diing tQ nhQ the lai hay, vi du vbi eae eau: G;d ve dua huang ta I Cir tham hoai xdn xao. Vang trang trdn vanh vanh sang a tren khdng va du du nhu sao dieu.
3,1,3. Oe nbi dung kiem tra, danh gia tae ddng ngQOc trd lai qua trinh day hoc, lam cho ngQd day va ngQai hge dinh hQgng chac chan vao nhQng kie'n thQc thie't yeu, ddng thgi tranh tinh trang sinh vien copy giao tnnh hay copy bai eiia ban thi trong 6 mQc cua thang danh gia: 1. Biet 2. Hieu, 3. Man dung. 4. Phan tieh, 5. Tong hgp, 6. Danh gia nen han che viee kiem tra, danh gia chf dQng lai d mQc 1 (tQc la ehf yeu eiu sinh vien nhd va sao chep) ma can kiem tra d cae mQc sau. Tren thuc te, trong bai lam cua sinh vien ed khi trinh bay khai niem, neu dinh nghia diing nhung lay vi du sai, dieu db chQng td sinh vien khbng hieu.
Vi vay, trong de khi yeu c i u sinh vien neu khai niem, dinh nghia it nhat cung kem theo yeu eiu lay vi du, chang han: Tu lay vi du de lam rd the nao la nghia bieu thai ciia tif. Trinh bay ea sa va ndi dung mot nguyen tae day hoc Tieng Viet ma anh (chi) tam dac va lay mot thuc te day hoe ciia ban than de lam rd su van dung nguyen tae nay.
Oe thi can kiem tra kha nang van dtjng ly thuyet, vi du de kiem tra viec hieu nghTa bieu
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thai eiia tQ, ta eb bai tap: Hay chi ra the doi lap ve nghia eiia cap tir sau: pha hoai I pha tan, cho/bieu, doan ket/eau ket.
Oe thi nen cb cae eau hdi, bai tap yeu ciu sinh vien tdng hgp khai quat cae kien thQc da dQgc trang bi chQ khdng chep lai mdt trang nao db trong giao trinh, vi du: Nen van dung eae quan he ngdn ngU vao day hoe Tieng Viet a
Tieu hoc.
Oe cung c i n cd nhQng eau hdi, bai tap mang tinh chit danh gia de tranh cai nhin mdt chieu trong hge tap, vi du: Chi ra nhung uu diem, han che ciia quan diem phan loai tir theo eau tao hoac: Chi ra eac diem bat hgp ly cua cac tai lieu day hoe mdn Tieng Viet a Tieu hoc va de xuat bien phap xir ly eiia minh.
Cac ngi dung kiem tra vQa neu tren cd tac dung ddng vien, khfch le ngQdi hge vi dd la nhQng ndi dung khdng qua xa la, khd hieu dd'i vdi hg, ddng thdi nhQng ndi dung nay lai bubc sinh vien phai hgc thgc SQ vi phai hieu mgi lam dQgc bai, khbng the sao chep trQc tiep tQ tai lieu.
3.2. Ve hinh thQc kiem tra, danh gia nen tan dung tat ea cac hinh thQc eb the dam bao tinh khach quan, chinh xac trong qua trinh kiem tra, danh gia, kich thich hoat dbng day va hgc thue su ciia thay va trg.
Mdi hinh thQc kiem tra, danh gia: Viet bai tQ luan, v i n dap, trie nghiem khach quan, thgc
hanh, viet bai thu hoach deu cd uu the, han che rieng. Vi vay nen su dung ddng thdi nhieu hinh thQc kiem tra, danh gia de hd trg cho nhau.
Hien nay, hau nhQ trong cac he dao tao cQ nhan Giao due Tieu hgc, viec kiem tra, danh gia mdi chf sQ dung each thQc chii yeu la eae bai tQ luan, trong khi dd ed nhieu kie'n thQc, ky nang phai kiem tra van dap mdi danh gia dQgc, vi du: Nang IQC didn dat bang Idi ndi mieng, ky nang dgc, ke chuyen, cac ky nang day hge eu the. Hinh thQc kiem tra, danh gia thQC hanh cGng chQa dQgc sQ dung diing mQc.
Hinh thQc cho sinh vien sQ dung tai lieu viet bai thu hoach d nha cung la mdt hinh thQc hay nhQng it dQgc sQ dung. Cdn kiem tra, danh gia bang trie nghiem khach quan thi h i u nhQ chQa dQgc diing, Chung tdi thay c i n cd nhQng bQdc ehuan bi ehu dao de cb the dQa hinh thQc kiem tra, danh gia bang trac nghiem khach quan vao trong qua trinh dao tao he cQ nhan Giao due Tieu hgc. Day la mdt hinh thQc kiem tra, danh gia cd nhieu QU the: bao dam dQgc tinh toan dien ciia ngi dung kiem tra, chd'ng viec hgc "tii" ciia sinh vien, bao dam tfnh khach quan cua danh gia, tiet kiem thbi gian. Mdi de kiem tra nen quy dinh mdt yeu td'/1 phut. NhQ vay, neu kiem tra trong 1 gid, ta se kiem tra dQgc 60 don vi kie'n thQc nhd va c i n cd 1 de vdi 60 yeu td. Tat nhien, hinh thQc khach quan chf bd sung chQ khdng loai trQ cac hinh thQc kiem tra, danh gia da cb.
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