VON TU VAY MUON TU TIENG PALI-SANSKRIT
^•
CUA TIENG THAI LAN
NGUYEN TUdNG LAI*
T
ieng T h i i Lan vd'n thupc loai ngdn ngd ddn lap ddn am tiet tinh. T r i i qua mdt q u i trinh p h i t trien dai lau, tieng Thai Lan da cd nhdng phat trien d i p dng dupe vdi nhu c i u p h i t trien van boa xa hdi cua dat nUdc. La mdt tdc ngUdi Thai di cU xudng vung Ddng Nam A luc dja, ngUdi T h i i Lan da cd nhdng tiep xuc vdi Phat giao vda thdng qua cac nha nude eua ngUdi Mdn, ngUdi Khdme va ngUdi Mien vda tiep xuc rapt cich triic tiep vdi Phat giio An Dp. Cbinh vi cd nhdng tiep xdc dd ma ngUdi Thai Lan da Cd dUdc mpt nen van h o i truyen thd'ng rat dac sac trong dd phai ke den la ngdn ngd. Tieng Thai Lan hien dai td chd la tieng T h i i cua rapt n h i n h cU dan Thai trd thanh mdt thd tieng Thai cua rapt qud'c gia T h i i Idn raanh va p h i t trien khdng ngdng. Do cd sii tiep xuc va vay mUdn manh me tieng Pali-Sanskrit vd'n la thd ngdn ngii thupc Idai bien hinh nen tuy thoat thai td thd ngdn ngd ddn lap ddn am tiet tinh dien hinh, tieng T h i i Lan hien dai da d i n trd thanh rapt thd tieng Cd xu hUdng da tiet tinh. Tuy vay, tieng T h i i Lan v i n la thd tieng thupc loai hinh ngdn ngfl ddn lap va cbinh cai ngudn gdc ay da trd thanh cd sd benvdng, cd sd chu dao trong qua trinh bien ddi ngdn ngfl do tiep xdc vay mUdn ve sau nay. Neu ndi tieng Viet hien dai la ket qua cua qua trinh tiep xuc va vay mUdn tieng H i n thi chung ta thay day la hai ngdn ngfl cung thupc loai hinh ddn lap anh hudng Ian nhau. The nhUng Tieng T h i i Lan hien dai lai la rapt raau hinh dac biet, rapt ket qua cua q u i trinh tiep xuc va vay mUdn cua hai loai hinh ngdn ngfl khac nhau; mdt la ddn lap (Thai Lan) va mdt la bien hinh (Pali- Sanskrit). Ket qua tiep xdc rd nhat va nhieu nhat tap trung vao Iinh vUc td vUng. Vd'n tfl cua tieng T h i i Lan hien dai chinh la ket qua cua sii tiep xuc va vay mUdn vd'n td chu yeu la cua cic tieng Pali-Sanskrit, sau dd mdi la cua Khdme, Han, Anh, v.v
Cd th§ ndi neu tieng Viet chiu anh hudng cua tieng H i n nhu the nao thi tieng T h i i Lan chiu i n h hudng cua tieng Pali-Sanskrit nhU the ay. Td cua tieng Pali-Sanskrit xara nhap vao tieng Thii Lan p h i n Idn cd the chia thanh 3 loai la:
- Danh td - Tinh td
- M i n g td dUdc gpi la Khara-kit^^^
* PGS.TS. Nguyin Tucing Lai, TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&NV Ha Noi
Nguyen Tuang Lai - Vdn tii vay mugn ta tieng Pali-Sanskrit. 19
D a n h t d ciia tieng P a l i - S a n s k r i t k h i vad tieng T h i i L a n da dUde sd d u n g t h a n h cac d a n h t d va t i n h td. VI du:
D a n h td: TO "dan", rjini "be trai", rtiin
"tre sd sinh", IJTU "nara gidi", IHJUO " n h a n loai", uu "dai sii", lan "the gidi", mm "cdn khi, con tieu", snl "phu nfl", v.v
T i n h td: (TB)T!nn "(vi) ngon", (Bni)tm-3
"(tudi) t h a n h t h i e u nien", (fm)nirtiiqi "(ngUdi) h i e u thao", 'bqiqi(Tm) "(nha) t h d n g thai", inf!(n»Wn) "tdc (cua vua)", xi "kien co", v.v.
T i n h t d cua tieng P a l i - S a n s k r i t k h i vao tieng T h a i L a n da dUde sd d u n g t h a n h cac d a n h t d va t i n h td. Vi du: .... ... ,^,
D a n h tfl: ni»fi " b u y n h (anh)", nft»fi "em", rmjimi "cdng n h a n " , fta "hat huyen", v.v
T i n h tfl: tpmt " b a y , im "cao quy", tnxi
"dai", ifnii "bach", »iwt« "da, nhieu", BUU« "vd tan", ftina " q u a n g dai", v.v
K h a m - k i t eua P a l i - S a n s k r i t dUdc chia t h a n h 2 n h d m la: D a n h tfl vdn tfl ddng tfl c h u y e n t h i n h ; va ddng tfl.
Nhdra d a n h tfl vd'n tfl dpng tfl chuyen t h a n h k h i vao tieng T h a i L a n da dUdc sd d u n g t h a n h cac d a n h tfl, t i n h tfl, dpng tfl.
Vl du:
D a n h tfl: f\« "viec", ti-m "vat b d t h f , w
"vi", aran "mdn de", mun "ngUdi bieu" JTU "he", fi' 'Vd dc", uTon "chu tich", Tinif "sU", v.v
T i n h tfl: On "(ban) yeu quy", BIBI "Ginh) k h d n g quan", imw?i "(ngUdi) t u a n theo giao p h i p " , Biaii "(Idi) tiec thUdng", amm
"(Idi) tUdng nhd", v.v
Ddng tfl: (IIB)TTII» "(xin) loi", (Bin)Biao "(dflng) thUdng tiec", (»nt7lnit)mfm "(sU) t h u y e t giid", (ii8»ii)ki«n "(nha budn) q u a n g cao", (iin)ln'ni
"(nd) gian", n^mi "de nghj",v.v N h d n g tfl nay p h a n Idn nd vdn lanhflng d a n h tfl cua tieng P a l i - S a n s k r i t .
N h d m dpng tfl k h i vao tieng T h a i L a n da dupe sd d u n g t h a n h c i c d a n h tfl, t i n h tfl va dpng tfl. Vi du:
D a n h tfl: nnir "Phat", ^»nS« "tuc ngfl", dwi
"chien t r a n h " , HI* " h a n h ddng", «&« "sU t i n h toan", intn "so'phan", v.v _.:«<, '•• T i n h tfl: Itmri' " s i n g sua", \i>i% "lUdng
t h i e n " , ijrt* "gian", rinur "khdn khd",
\l%ii(ijfifla) "(ngUdi) da thd", 'ftii(Tni) "(vua) c h i e n t h i n g " , Bi^m(iiJiJ^) " ( h a n h dpng) thUdng xuyen", v.v
Ddng tfl: iJ-inna "thdi", nti "da Ien (thien dang)", Bimjifi "cho phep", Bitnn "phuc thu", Tjtftii "gian", v.v , - : ;. ,j
Tfl P a l i - S a n s k r i t chu yeu xara n h a p vao tieng T h a i Lan qua con dUdng P h a t giao. Luc d i u c h u n g la Idp tfl d u n g rieng cho P h a t giao va rdi sau dd p h a t t r i e n d i n len t h a n h Idp tfl d u n g trong v a n hpc, trong cung dinh, ddng thdi cung la cd sd tao nen c i c tfl chinh trj, k i n h te hien dai.
Neu n h u trong giao tiep h a n g ngay t a t h a y ngUdi T h a i Lan p h i n Idn dflng tfl t h u i n T h a i thi trdng v a n hpc, bao chi, khoa hpc, tdn giao v.v Idp tfl vay mUdn P a l i - S a n s k r i t van chiem vi tri r a t Idn.
Tieng T h a i L a n vay mUdn tfl eua P a l i - S a n s k r i t t h e e n h i e u each k h a e n h a u , n h u n g deu n i m trong hai c i c h chu yeu:
Hoac la vay mUdn toan bd hoac rapt p h i n cac yeu to' ngfl ara va nhU vay nhflng tfl nay se thupc Idp tfl ddn; hoac chi vay mUdn rapt yeu to' ngfl ara nao dd de bien nd t h a n h h i n h vi ca'u tao tfl ket hdp vdi rapt h i n h vi cau tad tfl t h u i n T h a i k h i c h i n h t h a n h n e n tfl mdi va nhfl vay nhflng tfl radi n a y se thupc Idp tfl ddn bdae tfl ghep. Tieng P a h - S a n s k r i t la ngdn ngfl thupc loai bien td' raa tfl eua c h u n g cd n h i e u ara tiet va nhieu ara t i c yet h i u [?].
20
Nghien cihi Ddng Nam A 10/2009Do chju n h i e u i n h hUdng c u a P a l i - S a n s k r i t m a tfl vay mUdn la nhflng tfl ddn da ara t i e t chiera m e t sd lUdng Idn t r o n g vd'n tfl eua tieng T h a i L a n . T a cd t h e tha'y dieu dd q u a rapt vai t h i du n h u s a u :
nwqiqi "hieu thao", wifti "con mat", liJ-wflu
"bUu dien", nugi "dan chung", STSOTU "sdc vat", nq»3 "Iy thuyet", animtur "cdng cdng",
\Phfin "sU Io a u , sii suy tudng", mJin "lam dieu p h a i , gid vflng le phai", v.v
Da sd' tfl vay mUdn b i t n g u d n tfl tfl ghep cua P a l i - S a n s k r i t va d day c h d n g tdi xep c h d n g vae tfl ddn bdi le dd'i vdi ngfldi T h i i L a n c i c i i td hdp ghep ay hp linh hdi n h u mdt tfl ddn da a m tiet; chi trfl nhflng ngUdi cd hpc va biet tieng P a l i - S a n s k r i t mdi ed t h e hieu n g h i a tflng t h a n h p h i n cua tfl raa thdi. Dd la nhflng tfl kieu nhU:
mufliatn "luat" (mw "le phai" - fiiain "luat") iminnii "thien nhien" (ITJJI "le p h a i " - m*
"sii h i n h t h a n h " )
ujilniT "sdng ngan ha" (un "trdi" - 'Stu^ "sdng") mi^B "quy dao raat trdi" (lui "trdi" - ^f\
"con dudng")
uTtna "nen trdi" (m "trdi" - na "nen") uiwj "cdn dau" (\n "mdi" - YIJ "ngUdi con gii")
utitifnaoi "nghe t h u a t m u a " (uqiiu " n h a y m u a " - mati'i "khoa")
uqiltiil "hoang h a u " (uq "ngUdi" - iTwU "vd") Ha»i-n "rdng" (H& " r i n " - fi-n "cbda te") iTn/nw "vd t u y e n t r u y e n h i n h " Gm "xa" - mn "hinh anh")
v.v
Nhflng tfl vay mUdn gan n h u n g u y e n ven d t r e n p h i n Idn la thupc c i c Idp tfl tdn g i i o va cung dinh.
Ngoai viec vay mUdn g i n nhU nguyen ven, tfl mUdn P a l i - S a n s k r i t cua T h i i Lan n h i e u k h i cdn la k e t q u a cua viec gian lUdc c i c ara cua tfl n g u y e n gdc tfl mflc dp t h a p den mdc dp eae; cd nghia la tfl nhieu am tiet den it a m tiet hdn, tfl nhieu a m tac yet h i u den it ara tac yet h i u hdn va cd t h e den mdc chi cdn lai mpt a m tiet. Ta cd the thay dupe dieu n a y q u a mpt sd' t b i du sau:'^)
iftiTiTu [pa? ri? t h e w a ? na?] >
[pa? ri? t h e w i ? ] "sU t h a n v a n "
iftwi [ba? ri? x a t ] > [bd ri? xat ]
"cdng ty"
ifliqin [pri cb'd? gia] > [pri ch'a ]
"sU ara hieu"
ifft [pri dj?] > [pri di ] "sU thoa man"
Tnat [thd xa?] > [thd xd ] "sU gian ddi"
v.v
T a cd t h e chia r a t h a n h c i c loai gian lUdc s a u :
a- G i a n lUdc cac a m t i e t d i u cua tfl ma chi gifl lai p h i n s a u :
TU Pali-Sanskrit Tit Thdi Lan
•jmi'n [rdn n a ? rdng]
wi'n [ n i ? rdng] "sU c h i e n d a u "
rujituT [ x i m n e n ] inn [nen] "chd t i e u "
%««nwj [ch'i ph'l? t a c xay]
«nwj [tac xay] " t d vong"
afliJTiD [a? ph'i? p r a i ]
fiilTiB [ph'i? prai] "thao l u a n "
fltirTu [ha? r d ? t h a y ] qVru [rd? t h a y ] "trai tira"
v.v
Nguyen Tugng Lai - Vdn ta vay mUgn ta tieng Pali-Sanskrit... 21
b - Gian ludc cic ara tiet sau cua tfl raa chi gifl lai phan dau:
Tvt Pali-Sanskrit Tie Thdi Lan
»itlBi [cho r i ? li la]
«ya [cho r i ? Ii]"budc uyen chuyen"
mnnia [ph'a ran n i ? xi]
»«Tn [ph'a ra] "thanh thi"
*ft««i [ph'i? nit cha? ch'ay]
ftft^ [ph'l? nit] "sfl suy xet"
BTinnsn [at ch'a xay]
Mnn [at ch'a] "tinh tinh tdt"
IBTITOI [ay ra van]
IBTI [ay ra] "tUdng, voi"
v.v
c- Gian lUdc cac ara tiet d i u va sau ciia tfl raa chi gifl lai p h i n gifla (trUdng hdp nay it cd):
Tie Pali-Sanskrit Tie Thdi Lan Sn\vft& [ac khd ph'i ni]
In [khd] "vd khdi"
v.v
Cac tfl Pali-Sanskrit khi vao tieng T h i i Lan da hi Thai Lan boa theo nhflng quy t i c ngfl am cua T h i i Lan; tflc la khi chdng di vao vd'n tfl tieng Thai Lan thi phai tuan theo luat hai am va hai thanh cua tieng T h i i Lan. Ching ban:
a- Phat am khic vdi am cua Pali- Sanskrit b i n g each chuyen phu am ddng cud'i cua Pali-Sanskrit thanh phu am cud'i cua T h i i Lan, vi du:
qjm "tre em nam" trong tieng Pali- Sanskrit phat am la [cu? raa r i ? ] (phu ara ddng cud'i i dUdc p h i t am la [ri? ] ) khi
sang Thii Lan thi dUdc p h i t am la [cu?
man] (b day i da dUdc chuyen thanh phu am cud'i [n]).
U^ "ke cUdp" trong tieng Pali-Sanskrit phat am la [chd r i ? ] (phu am ddng cuoi i dUdc p h i t ara la [ri? ]) khi sang Thai Lan thi dUdc phat ara la [ehdn] (b day i da dUdc chuyen thanh phu ara cudi [n]).
Tan "the gidi" trong tieng Pali-Sanskrit phat ara la [Id ca? ] (phu ara ddng cudi n dUdc phat am la [ca? ] ) khi sang Thai Lan thi dUdc p h i t am la [looc] (b day n da dUdc chuyen thanh phu am cudi [c]).
13a "dai sfl" trong tieng Pali-Sanskrit p h i t am la [thu ta? ] (phu am ddng cudi « dUdc phat am la [ta? ] ) khi sang Thai Lan thi dUdc p h i t ara la [thuf^] (b day a da dUdc chuyen thanh phu ara cuoi [t]).
im "dan, ngUdi" trong tieng Pali- Sanskrit phat am la [ch'i? ni? ] (phu am ddng CUOI u dUdc phat am la [ni? ]) khi sang Thai Lan thi dudc p h i t ara la [ch'on]
(b day u da dUdc chuyen thanh phu ara cud'i [n]).
v.v
b- Phat am khac vdi cich p h i t am cua Pali-Sanskrit raa theo each phat am cua Thai Lan, vf du:
Pali-Sanskrit doc Id Thdi Lan doc Id min [knd'c]
[ca ndc] "kira, vang"
\fta [ehrit]
[cha rjt] "hanh kiem"
iTtD^* [ban dat tj?]
[ban dat] "dieu le"
iJ«T?l [pra? vat tj? ] [pra? vat] "ly Ijch, tieu sd"
22
Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 10/2009BUI [xmon]
[xa mdn] "chien sii" ; l»ia [xlay]
[xa lay] "nui d i "
w-ja [xvef^]
[xa vet] " m i u t r a n g , bach"
rini* [rdc]
[rdc'^] "gid l a n h , n g a y l a n h "
v.v
e- T h a y ddi n g u y e n a m va p h u a m cua tfl P a l i - S a n s k r i t k h i vao tieng T h a i L a n , vf du:
Pali-Sanskrit doc Id Thdi Lan doc Id
•At [va? ch'in]
"^Am [vf? eh'ien]
ijp* [pu? r u t ]
HTM [bu? r u t ] "nam gidi"
a; [tru]
a"ij [dam r u ] "dep, de thUdng"
•^^B [vi? vit]
««i [ph'i? ph'i't] "tap, Iinh t i n h "
v.v
d- D a t d a u c a m ( k a - r a n ) vao a m t i e t cud'i e u a tfl de g i a m di sd' lUdng a m t i e t , vi du:
Pali-Sanskrit doc Id Thdi Lan doc Id
mflo [ca? r i ? ni d i ? ] mflu [co r a ? ni] "vu, sU, viec"
iotm [ k h a n k h i ? ] iwn [khdn] "chUdng, p h i n "
mia [ t h a n ta? ] liua' [ t h a n ] "nha, r a n g "
B-niua [a n a n ta? ]
B-mua' [a n a n ] "vd t a n , vd van"
iTai) [ p h ' i t xa? du? ]
wrq' [ p h ' i t ] " p h a m vat, bUu p h a m "
v.v
e- Bd s u n g t h a n h dieu cho p h d hdp vdi t h a n h dieu T h i i L a n , vi du:
Pali-Sanskrit doc Id Thdi Lan doc Id
nfl [ca? pi? ] nd [ca? bi] "con k h i "
Irs [thi r i ? ]
ifai [thien] "khdn, t h d n g rainh"
unit [ph'ut thd ] TjTiIi [ph' d t thd'^] "trdi di"
Tin [ra? da ] TOI [ r i ? d i ] "chflra"
Ijia*^ [may t r i ]
iJal [mai tri] "ten rapt d a u t h a n h "
v.v
f- Tfl P a l i - S a n s k r i t k h i vao tieng Thai L a n da hi bien ara di, vi du:
Pali-Sanskrit dpc Id Thdi Lan doc Id
n*m [ca? ti? ca]
nriwjm [krjt xa? di ca] "hiep Udc"
iwf [x in t h d ? ]
nKlrui [kra? xin] "con sdng"
L-wn [gia choc]
n-iru-Nn[kra? gia chdc]"hanh k h a t "
B%Mfm [a? t h i t x t h a n ]
«i*jTu[ph'ft xa? t h a n ] " c i u n g u y e n "
iBUTis [xera ha?]
isaa uxa? let ] "ddra"
v.v
C u n g cd t h e cho r a n g t i e n g T h a i Lan cdn t h u n a p tfl P a l i - S a n s k r i t b i n g c i c h bd bdt rapt sd n e t n g h i a nao dd cua tfl nguyen gdc va t a n g cUdng mpt so' n e t n g h i a khac len heac t h e m vao rapt so n e t n g h i a k h a c
Nguyen Tuong Lai - Vdn ta vay niugn ta tieng Pali-Sanskrit...
23
m a d tfl n g u y e n gdc k h d n g cd va cudi cung da h i n h t h a n h nhflng tfl la k e t q u a cua sii bien ddi n g h i a cao den radc cd tUdng nhU dd la nhflng tfl t h u i n T h a i vay. Diera tieu bieu la nhflng tfl c h u y e n lara cac t h a n h to' t r o n g c i c tfl ghep cua tieng T h i i L a n n h u W "toa nha", m-j "sU viec", fm»i "sii viec", v.v Ddng thdi cung cd t h e n g h i r i n g tfl fm [khdn] "ngUdi" cua T h i i L a n la b i t n g u d n tfl tfl ijftfia [hue khdn] " n h a n " eua tieng Pali; tfl iJi [ p h i ] "trdi" la b i t n g u d n tfl tfl um [na? ph'a] "trdi" eua S a n s k r i t ; v.v Cd nhflng tfl gdc P a l i - S a n s k r i t da trd t h a n h phd bien trong t i e n g
T h i i L a n den radc ngUdi t a cd tUdng r i n g dd la n h d n g tfl T h a i L a n thflc thu;
c h a n g b a n : nsi "thdi gian", uula "thang", iH^qj "gap", wmuiM "cd' gang", BITIJI "den thd", Ta "chua", TT "xe", in*m "ddng bd", v.v C u n g cd nhflng tfl P a l i - S a n s k r i t khi vac tieng T h a i L a n da bj bien ddi nghia khdng gidng vdi n g h i a gdc nfla, vi du:
Tie Nghia Pali-Sanskrit Nghia Thdi Lan
nriuT "cira g i i e sUdng, k h d ' ^ '
"tdi nghiep, de thudng"
Binti "khdng ndi nUdng tiia"
" d i n g tdi nghiep"
^a"^ "rat, lara"
"ngUdc ddi, p h i each"
IJJITII "SU l i m lac, sU ngu dai"
"tdc, gian"
uls "cai dep, cai td't",
"kieu h a n h , si dien".
v.v
De cau t a o n e n nhflng tfl radi, ngUdi T h a i L a n cdn g h e p mdt sd yeu t d gdc P a l i - S a n s k r i t n a o dd vao vdi rapt yeu t d
t h u i n T h i i va nhU vay da x u d t h i e n k h a n h i e u tfl ddn t r d n g dd t h a n h td' c h i n h la t h a n h td' t h u i n T h i i va t h a n h td' p h u la t h a n h td' gdc P a l i - S a n s k r i t . Dd la nhflng tfl k i e u nhU:
mairi-nli "nha nghi ben sdng" (fiiai yeu td' S a n s k r i t cd nghia la "nha chua" - ri-nii yeu td' t h u i n T h a i cd nghia la "ben"); umiiinm 'Tbut d a n h " (ma yeu td' Pali cd nghia la
"ten" - iJinm yeu to' t h u i n T h a i cd nghia la
"but"); wiaT " r a i t " (m yeu td' P a l i - S a n s k r i t cd nghia la " m i t " - an yeu to' t h u i n T h i i cd nghia la "mit"); B'THH "trflng t r j " (a' yeu td' t h u i n T h a i cd nghia la "xud'ng, dUa ra"
- Ini* yeu td' S a n s k r i t cd nghia la "sii trflng phat"); isSw " t r u n g t h a n h , t h a n h thiic" (4B yeu to' t h u i n Thai cd nghia la " t r u n g t h a n h " - Ban yeu to' Pali ed nghia la " t r u n g thanh"); ^aU "tim, t a m hdn" (^a yeu td'Pali cd nghia la "tam hdn, tU tUdng" - \H yeu to' t h u i n T h i i cd nghia la "tara Idng"); •^Sm'
"eon dudng, phUdng hudng" f^S yeu td' Pali cd nghia la "con dUdng, phUdng hudng" - m' yeu t d ' t h u i n T h a i cd nghia la "dUdng");
rpAiiu "chu nghia tU ban" (r)u yeu td' t h u i n Thai cd nghia la "vd'n" - TILU yeu td' P a l i - S a n s k r i t ed nghia la "nguyen Iy, chu nghia"); v.v
Dac diem dac trUng n h a t cua sii vay mUdn n a y la t i e n g T h i i L a n d a vay mUdn mdt loat c i c t i e n to' va h a u t d cua P a l i - S a n s k r i t vdi ca cd che ca'u tad tfl.
C h a n g ban'"^*:
- C i c tien td:
^ "tdt, dep, b i d , Ijch (thiep), hay, de"; cd nhflng d a n g bien am la Isu qpl
Vi du:
,/,iT, "Ijch su" (^ "dep" - m« "cd chi") ipnui' "hUdng thdm" (^i "hay" - fiws "radi")
24
Nghien cOu Dong Nam A 10/2009yi-iSa "tuc ngii" (^ "hay" - mw "chara ngdn") lurwB "sfl raay rain" (Is "tdV - mno "sdphan") v.v
a "vo, b a t , k h d n g cd"; cd nhflng d a n g bien ara la utiu IITU iw\ Vf du:
uriflB "vo sU, k h d n g cd t a i boa" (uq "vo" - m "tai hoa")
afuaTiD "vd sU, k h o n g cd nguy khdn" (ftiit
"vo" - BuaTiu "nguy hiem")
iiMfjoi "vd dn" (lUT "vd" - ^w "dn") v.v
T] "xau, khd"; cd n h d n g d a n g bien a m la
TiTu ijil V l d u :
»]?ia " h a n h vi xa'u" (ij "xa'u" - *a " h a n h vi") rinm "ke xa'u" (rii "xau" - w "ke")
Tf]*» "benh d a u m u a " (m "xau" - *»
"chat dpc") v.v
^ "dae biet, khac, vd, ro rang, nghjch nghia, ddi, dao"; cd dang bien ara la M Vf du:
^ a i hoac Wai "tuyet dep" (^a-j "dep") yit hoac ftftu "da dang" (^ "dang, dang ve")
"^lit hoac ^nv "quay lUng lai" (ni "mat") v.v
BJ> "dai, sieu, trUdc m i t , t r e n , dac biet";
cd nhflng d a n g bien a m la huu SJIDTA Vi du:
aJ^Tjio hoac frntH "rat vui sUdng"
BJ\I)TIB hoac ?IIJTIB "cupc t r a n h l u a n Idn"
aVibiniB "cd hdi Idn"
Bwnua-jr "nguy Cd Idn"
v.v
B« "rat, q u i , vUdt, tuyet"; cd d a n g bien a m la B?) hoac n h d n g d a n g la a^l
Vf du:
ailnn hoac aftim "ngoai gid"
B»^n hoac aJlflu "sieu viet, k h i c thUdng"
atm "dai vUdng"
v.v
Bit "tieu, be, h a u , theo". Vf du:
B1JT1 "em, k e s i n h s a u , h a u sinh"
ai|%« "chien t h a n g lien t i e p "
BijnTJin "vd be, vd le"
v.v
m " n h a n vat, ngUdi". Vf du:
m-jui "ndng d a n " (ui "rupng") muiu " d a n l i n g " (J-m "nha") Tmnria "ngU d a n " (rsis "bien")
vn\vu "ngUdi T h i i L a n " (^vo "Thai Lan") m n ; ' "ngUdi t h u do" (07' " t h u do") v.v
- Cac h a u to':
•8 (hau td' -i) hoac 'Bm (hau t d -i ka) hoac
"iA (hau td'-i ru) cd nghia chi gidng cai. Vf du:
M "nfl ke CUdp"
rjjiT^ "dda t r e g i i , cd be"
m!im "ngUdi d a n b a b a n p h i t "
Tlrnitt "sU nfl, ni sU"
Tflft "nfl h o a n g "
v.v
t (hau t d -i) hoac 'Su ( h a u t d -in) "co, hflu". Vf du:
*a!i hoac wsilu "con voi" (vat cd tay) ilnS hoac Jnau "chim" (vat cd c i n h ) i»c»5 "ngUdi giau, n h a g i i u " (ke cd cua) v.v
a hoac 'Sa chi t h e h o a n t h a n h . Vf du:
na "da lara"
fia "da di"
n^a [ca? ri? ta? ] n a y p h i t ara la [ck?
rjt] "da h a n h ddng"
v.v
B&tj " d i n g , nen, c i n phai". Vf du:
wrtUi "dang xem, n e n thd, dep" ^
Nguyen Tuang Lai - Vdn ta vay mugn ta tieng Pali-Sanskrit.. 25
\iJ-n*<lo "bUu dien" (cin phai dUa di) nifltir "bdn phan" (cin phai lam) v.v
an "sU, tinh". Vi du:
natuqiai "sU hieu thae, Idng biet dn"
amuai "tinh ban, tinh ddng chf' v.v
u hoac cu la yeu to' di sau ddng tfl de danh tfl h o i dpng tfl dd. Vf du:
aau "sfl di"
aiBu "sU giang d a y mm "sU hanh ddng"
iiTOi "sfl chet chdc"
v.v
n neu ddng sau dpng tfl thi chi ngUdi hanh ddng, neu ddng sau so' tfl thi chi
"chfldng, tap, phin". Vi du:
«in "ngUdi du hanh, du khich"
mm "ngUdi gay ra, ngUdi gay ra hanh ddng'' mun "ngUdi ban phit, ngUdi chd"
lann "phin rapt, chUdng rapt"
il "su". Vf du:
nil "sfl sinh ra"
uii "sfl hieu biet"
nil "sfl tien hanh"
v.v
Nhflng tien to' va hau to' nay hien nay v i n dang cdn phat huy tac dung manh me trong qua trinh ca'u tao tfl. Rd rang day la hien tUdng rapt ngdn ngd ddn lap vay mUdn khdng chi cd che cau tao tfl ma ca cic yeu td' cau tae tfl cua rapt ngdn ngfl bien td'. Qua trinh vay mUdn nay rat raanh do dd da lam cho dien mao cua tieng Thai Lan khdng cdn la rapt ngdn ngfl ddn lap t h u i n tuy; ngUdi ta cd the cdi tieng T h i i Lan la rapt ngdn ngfl pha trdn gifla ddn lap va bien td'. Thiic vay, nhd cd
q u i trinh vay mUdn n i y rai so' lUdng cic tfl ddn da ara tiet rat Idn, ddng thdi lai xuat hien c i rapt he thd'ng cac hinh vi phu to' cau tao tfl theo cd che cua cic ngdn ngfl bien td' Pali-Sanskrit. Cii cd che nay khdng phai chi dflng lai d cac yeu td vay mUdn ma thiic ra nd cdn anh hudng tdi ca cic yeu td' t h u i n Thii khic. Dd la nhflng hinh vj thuan Thai cd kha nang ket hdp vdi rat nhieu hinh vi khac de tae ra tfl radi raa chung tdi gpi la hinh vi ket hdp.^''' Nhflng hinh vi ket hdp nay cung cd vai trd khdng khic gi nhflng hinh vi phu td' vay mUdn nhu da neu tren. Tuy vay Ap liic ddn tiet cua tieng Thai Lan van cdn chi phd'i mpi yeu td' vay mUdn. Qua nhflng tien td va hau td' neu tren day ehung ta tha'y cd xu hudng ddn tiet h e i hdae ddn gian boa cac phu to' vd'n la da tiet; cdn nhflng phu td' nao d dang ehUa phii la am tiet hoan chinh thi chdng cung phai bj am tiet boa bang each ket hdp vdi rapt am vj nao dd de tdn tai trong tfl./.
CHU THICH
1. Theo each goi cua Kam-chay Thoong-16 trong
c u o n : riTtiij na'waau nsn/nnilvA Tiunsm ni'inwi /r/n
(Kam-chay Thoong-16, Dgi cUdng ve tieng Thdi Lan. Nxb Ruom-xan, Bang Cdc, 1997) 2. De tien cho viec an loat, chiing toi dung
chii Qudc ngii de phien am cac tfl theo each phien am trong cuo'n: Nguyin Tudng Lai. Sdeh hgc tieng Thdi Lan (tap 1). Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, Ha Noi, 2001.
3. 4. Xin xem them: Que Lai. Nhiing van de cdu tgo tU tieng Thdi Lan hien dgi. Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi. Ha Noi, 1994.
